第10课 Not for jazz 不适于演奏爵士乐 — 语法深度分析
课号：第10课（共96课）
标题：Not for jazz（不适于演奏爵士乐）
核心语法重点：被动语态的多种时态形式
难度等级：★★☆☆☆（初级进阶）
课文原文
**Lesson 10: Not for jazz 不适于演奏爵士乐**
**参考译文**：
我们有一件古老的乐器。它被称为古钢琴。它于1681年制造于德国。我们的古钢琴放在客厅里。它属于我们家已经有很长时间了。这件乐器是我祖父多年前买的。最近它被一位访客弄坏了。她试图用它演奏爵士乐！她敲键太用力，弄断了两根弦。我父亲很震惊。现在我们不被允许碰它。它正由我父亲的一位朋友修理。
We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord (古钢琴). It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the living-room. It has belonged to our family for a long time. The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my father’s.
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| instrument | /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ | n. | 乐器；工具 | instruments (复数) |
| clavichord | /ˈklævɪkɔːd/ | n. | 古钢琴 | - |
| musical | /ˈmjuːzɪkl/ | adj. | 音乐的；悦耳的 | music (n.) + -al |
| belong | /bɪˈlɒŋ/ | v. | 属于 | belongs (三单), belonged (过去式) |
| damage | /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ | v./n. | 损坏；损害 | damages (三单), damaged (过去式) |
| shock | /ʃɒk/ | v./n. | 使震惊；震惊 | shocks (三单), shocked (过去式/形容词) |
| allow | /əˈlaʊ/ | v. | 允许 | allows (三单), allowed (过去式/过去分词) |
| repair | /rɪˈpeə(r)/ | v./n. | 修理；修复 | repairs (三单), repaired (过去式/过去分词) |
| visitor | /ˈvɪzɪtə(r)/ | n. | 访客；参观者 | visit (v.) + -or |
| string | /strɪŋ/ | n. | （乐器的）弦 | strings (复数) |
| key | /kiː/ | n. | 琴键；钥匙；关键 | keys (复数) |
| strike | /straɪk/ | v. | 敲击；打 | strikes (三单), struck (过去式) |
1.2 词形变化要点
1.2.1 不规则动词变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 含义 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| strike | struck | struck | 敲击 | ”She struck the keys too hard” |
| belong | belonged | belonged | 属于 | ”It has belonged to our family” |
| buy | bought | bought | 购买 | ”The instrument was bought by…“ |
| break | broke | broken | 折断 | ”two of the strings were broken” |
重点分析：
- strike → struck（同形变化）：过去式和过去分词形式相同
- break → broken：过去分词用于被动语态 “were broken”
- buy → bought：过去分词用于被动语态 “was bought”
1.2.2 派生词族
词根变换示例：
music (n.) 音乐
↓ + -al
musical (adj.) 音乐的 → musical instrument 乐器
visit (v.) 访问
↓ + -or
visitor (n.) 访客 → a visitor 一位访客
repair (v.) 修理
↓ + -er
repairer (n.) 修理者 → 本课用被动语态 "is being repaired"
1.2.3 复合形容词
musical instrument（乐器）
- musical (adj.) + instrument (n.) = 名词短语作整体名词使用
- 类似结构：musical performance（音乐表演）、musical talent（音乐天赋）
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 10 | 83.3% | “It is called a clavichord.” |
| 并列句 | 1 | 8.3% | “She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken.” |
| 复合句 | 1 | 8.3% | “It is being repaired by a friend of my father’s.”（含名词所有格结构） |
| 总计 | 12 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇引入
“We have an old musical instrument.”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: We (代词，第一人称复数)
- [谓语]: have (一般现在时，主动语态)
- [宾语]: an old musical instrument (名词短语)
句型判定: S + Vt + O（主谓宾）— 简单句
S2: 被动语态引入
“It is called a clavichord.”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: It (代词，指代instrument)
- [谓语]: is called (一般现在时被动语态)
- is: be动词
- called: 过去分词
- [主语补足语]: a clavichord (说明主语的身份)
句型判定: S + V + C（主系表/主谓补）— 简单句，被动语态
语法要点：
- 这是课文第一次出现被动语态，是一般现在时的被动形式：am/is/are + 过去分词
S3: 一般过去时被动语态
“It was made in Germany in 1681.”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: It (代词)
- [谓语]: was made (一般过去时被动语态)
- was: be动词过去式
- made: 过去分词
- [地点状语]: in Germany (介词短语)
- [时间状语]: in 1681 (介词短语)
句型判定: S + V（被动）— 简单句
语法要点：
- 一般过去时被动语态结构：was/were + 过去分词
- 施事者未说明（制造者未知或不重要）
S4: 一般现在时被动语态
“Our clavichord is kept in the living-room.”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: Our clavichord (名词短语，our为形容词性物主代词)
- [谓语]: is kept (一般现在时被动语态)
- [地点状语]: in the living-room (介词短语)
句型判定: S + V（被动）— 简单句
词汇说明：
- living-room (n.) 客厅 = sitting-room = lounge
S5: 现在完成时主动语态
“It has belonged to our family for a long time.”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: It (代词)
- [谓语]: has belonged (现在完成时，主动语态)
- has: 助动词
- belonged: 过去分词
- [介词短语]: to our family (与belong搭配)
- [时间状语]: for a long time (介词短语，表示持续)
句型判定: S + Vi（主谓）— 简单句
语法要点：
- 现在完成时结构：have/has + 过去分词
- belong to 是固定搭配，无被动语态形式
- for + 时间段 表示动作或状态持续的时间长度
S6: 一般过去时被动语态（带施事者）
“The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago.”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: The instrument (名词短语)
- [谓语]: was bought (一般过去时被动语态)
- [施事状语]: by my grandfather (by短语，说明动作执行者)
- [时间状语]: many years ago (名词短语)
句型判定: S + V（被动）— 简单句
语法要点：
- by + 施事者：强调动作由谁执行
- many years ago: 与一般过去时连用的时间标志词
S7: 一般过去时被动语态
“Recently it was damaged by a visitor.”
句子成分分析:
- [时间状语]: Recently (副词，位于句首)
- [主语]: it (代词)
- [谓语]: was damaged (一般过去时被动语态)
- [施事状语]: by a visitor (by短语)
句型判定: S + V（被动）— 简单句
S8: 一般过去时主动语态
“She tried to play jazz on it!”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: She (代词，指代visitor)
- [谓语]: tried (一般过去时，主动语态)
- [宾语]: to play jazz on it (不定式短语作宾语)
句型判定: S + Vt + O（主谓宾）— 简单句
词汇语法：
- try to do sth. 试图/努力做某事
- play jazz on it 用它演奏爵士乐（it指代clavichord）
S9: 并列句（并列复合句）
“She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken.”
句子成分分析（分句1）:
- [主语]: She (代词)
- [谓语]: struck (一般过去时，主动语态)
- [宾语]: the keys (名词短语)
- [方式状语]: too hard (副词短语)
句子成分分析（分句2）:
- [主语]: two of the strings (名词短语，“the strings中的两根”)
- [谓语]: were broken (一般过去时被动语态)
并列连词: and (表示顺承关系)
句型判定: 并列句 — 两个分句用and连接
S10: 一般过去时被动语态
“My father was shocked.”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: My father (名词短语)
- [谓语]: was shocked (一般过去时被动语态)
语法要点：
- shocked 在此作形容词化的过去分词，表示”感到震惊的”
- 这是一种状态被动语态（stative passive），表示状态而非动作
S11: 一般现在时被动语态
“Now we are not allowed to touch it.”
句子成分分析:
- [时间状语]: Now (副词)
- [主语]: we (代词)
- [谓语]: are not allowed (一般现在时被动语态，否定形式)
- [主语补足语]: to touch it (不定式短语)
句型判定: S + V + C — 被动语态 + 不定式作主语补足语
语法要点：
- allow sb. to do sth. → sb. be allowed to do sth. (被动转换)
- 否定形式：be + not + allowed
S12: 现在进行时被动语态
“It is being repaired by a friend of my father’s.”
句子成分分析:
- [主语]: It (代词，指代clavichord)
- [谓语]: is being repaired (现在进行时被动语态)
- is: 助动词
- being: 现在分词（进行体标记）
- repaired: 过去分词（被动标记）
- [施事状语]: by a friend of my father’s (by短语，含双重所有格)
句型判定: S + V（被动）— 简单句
语法要点：
- 现在进行时被动语态结构：am/is/are + being + 过去分词
- 双重所有格：a friend of my father’s = one of my father’s friends
2.3 句子成分统计
| 成分类型 | 出现次数 | 典型例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 12 | ”It was made…” | 句子的主体 |
| 被动谓语 | 8 | ”was bought”, “is kept” | 强调动作的承受者 |
| 主动谓语 | 4 | ”tried”, “struck” | 强调动作的执行者 |
| 状语（时间） | 6 | ”in 1681”, “many years ago”, “recently” | 说明时间 |
| 状语（地点） | 2 | ”in Germany”, “in the living-room” | 说明地点 |
| 状语（施事） | 4 | ”by a visitor”, “by my grandfather” | 说明动作执行者 |
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 3 | ”We have…”, “It is called…”, “we are not allowed…” | 陈述现状、客观事实 |
| 一般过去时 | 6 | ”It was made…”, “was bought…”, “was damaged…” | 叙述过去事件 |
| 现在完成时 | 1 | ”It has belonged…” | 过去持续到现在 |
| 现在进行时 | 1 | ”It is being repaired…” | 当前正在进行的被动动作 |
时态分布图谱：
时间轴：
1681年 ───────────── 多年前 ───────────── 最近 ───────────── 现在 ───────────── 将来
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
was made was bought was damaged is being repaired
(制作于德国) (祖父购买) (访客损坏) (正在修理中)
│ │ │
└───────────────────┴────────────────┤
│ │
has belonged are not allowed
(一直属于) (不被允许)
3.2 语态分析（本课核心语法点）
3.2.1 被动语态全表
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | makes | is made | ”It is called a clavichord.” |
| 一般过去时 | made | was made | ”It was made in Germany in 1681.” |
| 现在完成时 | has made | has been made | — |
| 现在进行时 | is making | is being made | ”It is being repaired…“ |
3.2.2 被动语态用法详解
为什么要使用被动语态？
本课12句话中有8句使用被动语态（占比66.7%），原因分析：
| 句子 | 使用被动的原因 |
|---|---|
| ”It is called a clavichord.” | 强调乐器名称，而非命名者 |
| ”It was made in Germany…” | 制造者未知或不重要 |
| ”Our clavichord is kept…” | 强调存放状态，而非存放者 |
| ”The instrument was bought…” | 虽然施事者重要（祖父），但乐器仍是叙述焦点 |
| ”it was damaged by a visitor” | 强调受损事实，施事者次要 |
| ”two of the strings were broken” | 强调损坏结果，而非谁弄断 |
| ”My father was shocked” | 描述状态 |
| ”we are not allowed to touch it” | 强调禁令，而非谁禁止 |
| ”It is being repaired…” | 强调修理状态，施事者次要 |
3.2.3 被动语态结构公式
被动语态 = be动词 + 过去分词
时态变化通过be动词体现：
- 一般现在时被动：am/is/are + done
- 一般过去时被动：was/were + done
- 现在进行时被动：am/is/are + being + done
- 现在完成时被动：have/has + been + done
3.3 名词所有格
本课出现两种所有格形式：
| 类型 | 例句 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| ’s所有格 | ”my grandfather” → “my grandfather’s” (friend) | 我祖父的朋友 |
| 双重所有格 | ”a friend of my father’s” | 我父亲朋友中的一位 |
双重所有格结构：
a + 名词 + of + 名词's所有格
例：a friend of my father's
= one of my father's friends
（强调是众多朋友中的一位，而非唯一）
3.4 情态功能分析
| 表达方式 | 例句 | 情态功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动语态的客观性 | ”It was made in Germany” | 客观陈述，不带主观色彩 |
| 被动语态的委婉性 | ”we are not allowed” | 避免指出禁止者，表达委婉 |
| 状态描述 | ”My father was shocked” | 描述受事者的状态 |
四、本课语法重点总结
4.1 核心语法点：被动语态
4.1.1 语法图谱
被动语态 (Passive Voice)
├── 一般现在时被动
│ └── am/is/are + done
│ └── It is called / is kept / are not allowed
├── 一般过去时被动
│ └── was/were + done
│ └── was made / was bought / was damaged / were broken / was shocked
└── 现在进行时被动
└── am/is/are + being + done
└── is being repaired
4.1.2 被动语态使用场景
何时使用被动语态？
-
施事者未知或不重要
- “It was made in Germany.”（谁制造的不重要）
-
强调动作的承受者
- “The instrument was bought by my grandfather.”（乐器是焦点）
-
施事者从上下文中已明确
- “it was damaged by a visitor.”（前文已提到visitor）
-
表达客观事实或科学真理
- “It is called a clavichord.”（客观命名）
-
避免指出施事者（委婉表达）
- “we are not allowed to touch it.”（不说谁禁止）
4.1.3 主动→被动转换练习
| 主动句 | 被动句 |
|---|---|
| We call it a clavichord. | It is called a clavichord. |
| Someone made it in Germany in 1681. | It was made in Germany in 1681. |
| We keep our clavichord in the living-room. | Our clavichord is kept in the living-room. |
| My grandfather bought the instrument many years ago. | The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. |
| A visitor damaged it recently. | It was damaged by a visitor recently. |
4.2 难句解析
难句: “It is being repaired by a friend of my father’s.”
结构拆解:
It / is being repaired / by a friend of my father's
│ │ │
│ │ └── 施事状语（含双重所有格）
│ │
│ └── 现在进行时被动语态
│
└── 主语（指代clavichord）
语法难点:
- 现在进行时被动语态的三部分结构：is + being + repaired
- 双重所有格：a friend of my father’s = one of my father’s friends
中文翻译: “它正由我父亲的一位朋友修理。“
4.3 本课文被动语态统计
| 被动语态类型 | 例句数 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时被动 | 2 | is called, is kept, are not allowed |
| 一般过去时被动 | 5 | was made, was bought, was damaged, were broken, was shocked |
| 现在进行时被动 | 1 | is being repaired |
| 被动语态总计 | 8 | 占全文66.7% |
五、与四级考试的关联
| 语法点 | 四级考点 | 典型真题例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动语态时态 | 时态与语态结合考查 | ”The book has been translated into many languages.” |
| 现在进行时被动 | 进行体+被动的结合 | ”A new bridge is being built over the river.” |
| by短语用法 | 施事者的引出 | ”The letter was written by my sister.” |
| 双重所有格 | 名词所有格的特殊形式 | ”He is a friend of my brother’s.” |
| 状态被动语态 | 过去分词作形容词 | ”I am interested in English.” |
本课涉及的语法术语
- 被动语态 | 一般现在时被动语态 | 一般过去时被动语态 | 现在进行时被动语态
- 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 | 现在完成时 | 现在进行时
- 主语补足语 | 施事状语 | 状语 | 介词短语
- 名词所有格 | 双重所有格 | 物主代词
- 不规则动词 | 过去分词 | 现在分词
- 并列句 | 并列连词 | 简单句
- 不定式 | 不定式短语 | 固定搭配
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分析完成时间: 2026-04-02
课号: Lesson 10
文本长度: 109词/12句