第21课 Mad or not? 是不是疯了？深度语法分析
课号：第21课（共96课）
标题：Mad or not?（是不是疯了？）
核心语法重点：被动语态（一般过去时被动/情态动词被动/现在完成时被动）
难度等级：★★★☆（四级进阶）
课文原文
**Lesson 21: Mad or not? 是不是疯了？**
**参考译文：**
飞机正在慢慢地把我逼疯。我住在一个机场附近，过往飞机日夜都能被听到。这个机场是在战争期间修建的，但由于某种原因当时不能使用。然而去年，它开始投入使用了。一百多人肯定是被噪音赶离了家园。我是少数留下来的人之一。有时我想这房子会被一架经过的飞机撞倒。有人给我一大笔钱让我搬走，但我决心留在这里。每个人都说我一定是疯了，他们可能是对的。
Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad. I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. The airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aeroplane | /ˈeərəpleɪn/ | n. | 飞机 | aeroplanes (复数) |
| drive sb. mad | /draɪv ˈmæd/ | 短语 | 把某人逼疯 | drove (过去式), driven (过去分词) |
| passing | /ˈpɑːsɪŋ/ | adj. | 经过的；过往的 | pass (v.) |
| night and day | /naɪt ənd deɪ/ | 短语 | 日日夜夜 | — |
| come into use | /kʌm ˈɪntuː juːs/ | 短语 | 开始投入使用 | — |
| drive away | /draɪv əˈweɪ/ | 短语 | 赶走；驱逐 | drove away, driven away |
| be determined to | /bi dɪˈtɜːmɪnd tuː/ | 短语 | 决心做某事 | — |
1.2 词形变化要点
1.2.1 不规则动词变化
drive → drove → driven（驱赶；驾驶）
本课例句：
1. "Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad." (现在进行时)
2. "Over a hundred people must have been driven away..." (情态+完成被动)
3. "Everybody says I must be mad" (形容词)
用法：
- drive sb. mad = 把某人逼疯/使某人发疯
- be driven away = 被赶走
- drive away (from) = 从...赶走
常见不规则动词：
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 本课出现 |
|---|---|---|---|
| drive | drove | driven | driving me mad, driven away |
| build | built | built | was built |
| use | used | used | be used, came into use |
| leave | left | left | (people) left |
| knock | knocked | knocked | be knocked down |
| offer | offered | offered | have been offered |
1.2.2 派生词族
determine 词族：
determine (v.) 决定；使下决心
↓
determined (adj.) 坚定的；决意的
↓
determination (n.) 决心；决定
用法：
- be determined to do sth. = 决心做某事
- 课文中：I am determined to stay here.
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 7 | 63.6% | S1, S3, S5-S6, S8-S10 |
| 并列句 | 3 | 27.3% | S2, S4, S7 |
| 总计 | 11 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇点题
Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.
句子结构：简单句（现在进行时）
Aeroplanes │ are slowly driving │ me │ mad
主语 │ 谓语(现在进行时) │ 宾语│ 宾语补足语
语法要点：
1. 【核心词汇】drive sb. mad = 把某人逼疯
- drive 是及物动词，"驱使/迫使"
- mad 是形容词，作宾语补足语
- 结构：drive + 宾语 + 形容词
2. slowly 修饰 driving，表示过程的渐进性
3. 现在进行时表示正在进行的动作或过程
S2: 被动语态展示（核心语法）
I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.
句子结构：并列句（and 连接）
分句1：
I │ live │ near an airport
主│ 谓语 │ 地点状语
分句2（核心语法）：
passing planes │ can be heard │ night and day
主语 │ 谓语(情态被动)│ 时间状语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】情态动词 + 被动语态
- can be heard = 能够被听到
- 结构：情态动词 + be + 过去分词
2. passing 作形容词用，修饰 planes
- passing planes = 经过的飞机/过往飞机
3. night and day = 日日夜夜 (固定短语)
S3: 被动语态（过去时）
The airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then.
句子结构：并列句（but 连接）
分句1（核心语法）：
The airport │ was built │ during the war
主语 │ 谓语(过去被动)│ 时间状语
分句2（核心语法）：
it │ could not be used │ then
主 │ 谓语(情态否定被动)│ 时间状语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】一般过去时被动语态
- was built = 被建造
- 结构：was/were + 过去分词
2. 【核心语法】情态动词否定被动语态
- could not be used = 不能被使用
- 结构：情态动词 + not + be + 过去分词
3. for some reason = 由于某种原因
- 插入语，表示原因不明
S4-S6: 被动语态（推测+将来）
Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left.
S4 句子结构：
it │ came into use
主 │ 谓语短语
语法要点：
- come into use = 开始投入使用（固定短语）
- 相当于：began to be used
S5 句子结构（核心语法难点）：
Over a hundred people │ must have been driven away │ from their homes │ by the noise
主语 │ 谓语(情态完成被动) │ 地点状语 │ 施事状语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】情态动词 + 完成式被动语态
- must have been driven away = 肯定被赶走了
- 结构：must + have + been + 过去分词
2. 这是本课最复杂的语法结构：
情态动词 + 完成式 + 被动语态
3. drive away = 赶走；驱逐
- 被动：be driven away = 被赶走
4. by the noise = 被噪音（施事者）
S6 句子结构：
I │ am │ one of the few people left
主│ 系 │ 表语
语法要点：
- left 是过去分词作后置定语，修饰 people
- the few people left = 少数留下的人
- 相当于：the few people who were left
本句涉及语法术语：被动语态 | must have done | 过去分词
S7-S8: 将来时被动+现在完成时被动
Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here.
S7 句子结构（宾语从句含被动）：
I │ think │ [this house will be knocked down by a passing plane]
主│ 谓语 │ 宾语从句
宾语从句：
this house │ will be knocked down │ by a passing plane
主语 │ 谓语(将来被动) │ 施事状语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】一般将来时被动语态
- will be knocked down = 将被撞倒
- 结构：will + be + 过去分词
2. knock down = 撞倒；拆除
- 被动：be knocked down
S8 句子结构（并列句）：
分句1：
I │ have been offered │ a large sum of money │ to go away
主│ 谓语(现在完成被动)│ 宾语 │ 目的状语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】现在完成时被动语态
- have been offered = 已经被提供/收到
- 结构：have/has + been + 过去分词
2. a large sum of money = 一大笔钱
- sum = 金额；款项
3. to go away = 不定式表目的
分句2：
I │ am determined │ to stay here
主│ 表语(形容词) │ 不定式
语法要点：
- be determined to do = 决心做某事
- determined 是形容词，表示状态
S9-S10: 结尾点题
Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.
句子结构：并列复合句
分句1（含宾语从句）：
Everybody │ says │ [I must be mad]
主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语从句
宾语从句：
I │ must be │ mad
主│ 谓语 │ 表语
语法要点：
- must be = 一定是（肯定推测）
- mad = 发疯的；疯狂的
分句2：
they │ are │ probably right
主 │ 系 │ 表语
语法要点：
- probably = 大概；很可能
- right = 正确的
2.3 被动语态用法汇总
| 时态/形式 | 结构 | 课文例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 情态动词被动 | can be + done | can be heard | 能够被听到 |
| 过去时被动 | was/were + done | was built | 被建造 |
| 情态否定被动 | could not be + done | could not be used | 不能被使用 |
| 情态完成被动 | must have been + done | must have been driven away | 肯定被赶走 |
| 将来时被动 | will be + done | will be knocked down | 将被撞倒 |
| 现在完成被动 | have been + done | have been offered | 已经被提供 |
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 被动语态系统（本课核心语法）
3.1.1 被动语态的形式变化
被动语态的基本结构：be + 过去分词
不同时态的被动形式：
1. 一般现在时被动：am/is/are + done
例：Planes are heard.
2. 一般过去时被动：was/were + done
例：The airport was built.
3. 一般将来时被动：will be + done
例：The house will be knocked down.
4. 现在完成时被动：have/has been + done
例：I have been offered money.
5. 情态动词被动：情态动词 + be + done
例：can be heard, could be used
6. 情态动词完成被动：情态动词 + have been + done
例：must have been driven away
3.1.2 被动语态的使用场景
本课被动语态使用场景分析：
1. 不知道或不强调动作执行者：
- The airport was built. (建造者不重要)
2. 强调动作承受者：
- Over a hundred people must have been driven away.
(重点是被赶走的人)
3. 客观描述：
- passing planes can be heard
(客观陈述事实)
4. 施事者由 by 引出：
- by the noise, by a passing plane
3.2 情态动词+完成被动（本课难点）
结构：must have been + 过去分词
课文例句：
Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.
分解：
- must = 肯定推测 (95%以上把握)
- have been = 完成式 (已经)
- driven away = 被动 (被赶走)
综合含义：肯定已经被赶走了
对比其他情态动词：
- may have been driven away = 可能已经被赶走
- can't have been driven away = 不可能被赶走
- should have been driven away = 本该被赶走
3.3 时态对比分析
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 | 课文例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | built | was built | The airport was built… |
| 情态动词 | could use | could be used | could not be used |
| 情态完成 | must have driven | must have been driven | must have been driven away |
| 一般将来时 | will knock down | will be knocked down | will be knocked down |
| 现在完成时 | have offered | have been offered | have been offered |
四、本课语法重点总结
4.1 核心语法点：被动语态
4.1.1 语法图谱
被动语态 (Passive Voice)
│
┌───────────────┼───────────────┐
│ │ │
一般时态 完成时态 情态动词
│ │ │
┌──────┴──────┐ ┌────┴────┐ ┌─────┴─────┐
│ │ │ │ │ │
was built can be have been must have been
(过去被动) heard offered driven away
被建造 能被听到 已被提供 肯定被赶走
4.1.2 本课例句公式化
| 原句 | 结构公式 | 四级写作模板 |
|---|---|---|
| The airport was built during the war. | 主语 + was/were + done | The bridge was built last year. |
| it could not be used | 情态 + not + be + done | It cannot be done. |
| must have been driven away | must + have been + done | He must have been told. |
| will be knocked down | will + be + done | The plan will be changed. |
| have been offered | have/has been + done | I have been invited. |
4.2 被动语态结构总结
| 时态 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | was/were + done | was built, were taken |
| 情态动词 | can/could/may/might/should/must + be + done | can be heard, must be done |
| 情态完成 | must/may/might/should + have been + done | must have been told |
| 一般将来时 | will/shall + be + done | will be built |
| 现在完成时 | have/has + been + done | have been offered |
4.3 难点解析
难点1：情态动词+完成被动式
结构：must have been + 过去分词
课文例句：
Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.
层次分析：
1. must = 肯定推测（95%以上把握）
2. have been = 完成时（已经）
3. driven away = 被动（被赶走）
翻译技巧：
"肯定已经被..."
"一定是被..."
类似结构：
- may have been built = 可能已经被建造
- should have been finished = 本该已经完成
- can't have been stolen = 不可能被偷
难点2：by 短语的使用
by 短语引出施事者（动作执行者）：
1. by the noise = 被噪音
Over a hundred people must have been driven away... by the noise.
2. by a passing plane = 被一架经过的飞机
this house will be knocked down by a passing plane.
注意：
- 当施事者不明确或不重要时，可以省略 by 短语
- 当需要强调施事者时，使用 by 短语
对比：
The airport was built. (不强调建造者)
The airport was built by the government. (强调建造者)
难点3：主动与被动的选择
何时使用被动语态？
1. 不知道动作执行者：
My bike was stolen. (不知道谁偷的)
2. 动作执行者不重要：
The book was written in 1990. (作者不重要)
3. 强调动作承受者：
Over a hundred people must have been driven away.
(重点是被赶走的人)
4. 客观陈述：
English is spoken all over the world.
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 四级听力考点
| 本课语法 | 四级听力应用 | 真题链接 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动语态 | 听懂动作承受者 | 2023年6月 Section C |
| must have been done | 推测题 | 2022年12月 Section B |
| will be done | 将来安排 | 2021年6月 Section A |
听力理解题示例：
【四级真题改编】
M: The bridge must have been built in the 19th century.
W: Actually, it was built in 1856.
Q: What does the man mean?
【答案】A. He is making a guess about when the bridge was built.
【解析】must have been built = 推测桥被建造的时间
5.2 四级阅读考点
| 本课语法 | 阅读应用 | 考查形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动语态 | 长难句分析 | 找出主语 |
| must have been done | 作者态度 | 推测语气 |
| by 短语 | 细节题 | 找出施事者 |
5.3 四级翻译考点
| 中文表达 | 英文翻译（用本课语法） |
|---|---|
| 这座桥是去年建造的。 | The bridge was built last year. |
| 这个问题必须被解决。 | This problem must be solved. |
| 他肯定已经被通知了。 | He must have been informed. |
| 我已经被邀请参加会议。 | I have been invited to the meeting. |
5.4 四级写作应用
写作模板句（可用于议论文）：
1. 客观陈述：
It is believed that education is the key to success.
(人们相信教育是成功的关键。)
2. 过去被动：
The policy was introduced in 2020.
(这项政策于2020年推出。)
3. 情态被动：
This problem must be addressed immediately.
(这个问题必须立即解决。)
4. 现在完成被动：
Great progress has been made in this field.
(这个领域已经取得了巨大进步。)
六、学习检测与练习
6.1 语法填空
用所给动词的适当形式（被动语态）填空：
- The house _______ (build) in 1990.
- English _______ (speak) all over the world.
- The problem must _______ (solve) soon.
- He _______ (offer) a good job last week.
- The letter _______ (send) yesterday.
答案：
- was built
- is spoken
- be solved
- was offered
- was sent
6.2 句型转换
将下列主动句改为被动句：
-
Someone built this bridge in 1900. → This bridge _______ _______ in 1900.
-
They will finish the project next month. → The project _______ _______ _______ next month.
-
Someone has stolen my bike. → My bike _______ _______ _______.
答案：
- was built
- will be finished
- has been stolen
6.3 翻译练习
将下列句子翻译成英文，使用本课语法：
- 这部电影是在好莱坞拍摄的。
- 这个问题必须立即解决。
- 他肯定已经被通知了。
- 我已经被邀请参加会议。
参考答案：
- This film was made in Hollywood.
- This problem must be solved immediately.
- He must have been informed.
- I have been invited to attend the meeting.
七、考点清单
7.1 本课四级考点清单
- 一般过去时被动：was/were + done
- 情态动词被动：情态动词 + be + done
- 情态动词完成被动：情态动词 + have been + done
- 一般将来时被动：will be + done
- 现在完成时被动：have/has been + done
- by 短语：引出施事者
- drive sb. mad：把某人逼疯
- be determined to：决心做某事
- come into use：开始投入使用
7.2 前置知识复习
| 前置课程 | 相关知识点 | 本课应用 |
|---|---|---|
| 基础 | be 动词 | 被动语态基础 |
| 基础 | 过去分词 | 被动语态构成 |
| L19 | must 表推测 | must be mad |
7.3 后续学习建议
- 关联课程：L41 (needn’t), L65 (ought to have done), L89 (should have done)
- 练习建议：完成历年四级真题中被动语态相关语法题
- 写作练习：在作文中使用被动语态进行客观陈述
八、附录：本课语法数据卡片
{
"lesson": 21,
"title": "Mad or not?",
"title_cn": "是不是疯了？",
"core_grammar": "被动语态 (Passive Voice)",
"difficulty": "★★★☆",
"duration": "25min",
"cet4_level": "进阶",
"key_structures": [
"was built (过去被动)",
"can be heard (情态被动)",
"could not be used (情态否定被动)",
"must have been driven away (情态完成被动)",
"will be knocked down (将来被动)",
"have been offered (现在完成被动)"
],
"clause_types": [
"简单句 x7",
"并列句 x3",
"宾语从句 x2"
],
"vocabulary_focus": [
"aeroplane /ˈeərəpleɪn/ n. 飞机",
"drive sb. mad 把某人逼疯",
"passing /ˈpɑːsɪŋ/ adj. 经过的",
"come into use 开始投入使用",
"be determined to 决心做某事"
],
"related_lessons": [19, 20, 41, 65, 89]
}文档版本：v1.0
生成日期：2026年4月2日
适用教材：《新概念英语》第二册 Lesson 21
本课涉及的语法术语
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