第32课 Shopping made easy 深度语法分析
课号:第32课(共96课)
标题:Shopping made easy(购物变得很方便)
核心语法重点:比较级、定语从句、时间状语从句、被动语态
难度等级:★★★☆(四级进阶)
课文原文
People are not so honest as they once were. The temptation to steal is greater than ever before—especially in large shops. A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings. One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her. The woman first bought a few small articles. After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. Then the woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying. When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop-assistant was her daughter. The girl ‘gave’ her mother a free dress once a week!
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| temptation | /tempˈteɪʃn/ | n. | 诱惑 | temptations (复数) |
| detective | /dɪˈtektɪv/ | n. | 侦探 | detectives (复数) |
| well-dressed | /ˌwel ˈdrest/ | adj. | 穿着考究的 | — |
| article | /ˈɑːtɪkl/ | n. | 物品;商品 | articles (复数) |
| expensive | /ɪkˈspensɪv/ | adj. | 昂贵的 | more/most expensive |
| assistant | /əˈsɪstənt/ | n. | 店员;助手 | assistants (复数) |
| parcel | /ˈpɑːsl/ | n. | 包裹 | parcels (复数) |
| arrest | /əˈrest/ | v./n. | 逮捕 | arrested (过去式/过去分词) |
1.2 词形变化要点
1.2.1 形容词比较级变化
honest → more honest(更诚实的)/ honest → less honest(不那么诚实的)
本课例句:
"People are not so honest as they once were."
(人们不像以前那样诚实了)
结构分析:
not so + 形容词原级 + as = 不如...那样
表示两者之间的比较关系
变化规则:
- 单音节/部分双音节形容词:直接加
-er/-est(great → greater → greatest) - 多音节形容词:前面加
more/most(expensive → more expensive → most expensive) - 以
-y结尾的双音节:变y为i加-er/-est(easy → easier → easiest)
1.2.2 形容词最高级变化
expensive → most expensive(最昂贵的)
本课例句:
"she chose one of the most expensive dresses"
(她选了店里最昂贵的衣服之一)
结构分析:
one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 名词复数
"...之一"的标准表达
1.2.3 动词不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 本课出现 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| steal | stole | stolen | stealing | steal (偷窃) |
| go | went | gone | going | went (去) |
| choose | chose | chosen | choosing | chose (选择) |
| hand | handed | handed | handing | handed (递给) |
| take | took | taken | taking | took (拿) |
| find | found | found | finding | found (发现) |
| give | gave | given | giving | gave (给) |
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 4 | 33.3% | S2, S5, S7, S9 |
| 并列句 | 1 | 8.3% | S4 |
| 复合句(含从句) | 7 | 58.4% | S1, S3, S4, S6, S8, S10, S11 |
| 总计 | 12 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇主题句
People are not so honest as they once were.
句子结构:主从复合句(含比较状语从句省略形式)
主干:
People │ are │ not so honest │ as they once were
主语 │ 系 │ 表语 │ 比较状语从句
比较状语从句(省略形式):
(as) │ they │ once │ were (honest)
连词 │ 主语 │ 状语 │ 系动词(省略表语)
语法要点:
1. not so...as... 比较结构,"不如...那样"
2. 从句中省略了与主句相同的表语honest
3. once 副词,"从前",与现在形成对比
4. 本句为全文奠定主题:人心不古
S2: 背景补充
The temptation to steal is greater than ever before—especially in large shops.
句子结构:简单句(含比较结构)
主干:
The temptation │ to steal │ is │ greater │ than ever before
主语 │ 定语 │ 系 │ 表语 │ 比较状语
评注性状语:
especially in large shops(尤其是在大商店里)
语法要点:
1. temptation to steal 不定式作定语,"偷窃的诱惑"
2. greater than ever before 比较级+than结构
= greater than it has ever been before 的省略
3. especially 评注性状语,强调大商店是重点场景
S3: 引入人物
A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings.
句子结构:主从复合句(含定语从句)
主干:
A detective │ recently │ watched │ a well-dressed woman [who...]
主语 │ 状语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语(含定语从句)
定语从句(修饰woman):
who │ always │ went into │ a large store │ on Monday mornings
主 │ 状语 │ 谓语 │ 地点状语 │ 时间状语
语法要点:
1. well-dressed 复合形容词,"穿着考究的"
2. who引导定语从句,在从句中作主语(不可省略)
3. on Monday mornings 复数形式表示习惯性动作
4. recently 时间状语,与现在完成时或一般过去时连用
本句涉及语法术语:定语从句
S4: 场景设定(难句)
One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her.
句子结构:并列复合句(含比较结构+时间状语从句)
分句1:
One Monday │ there were │ fewer people │ in the shop │ than usual │ [when...]
时间状语 │ 谓语 │ 真正主语 │ 地点状语 │ 比较状语 │ 时间状语从句
时间状语从句:
when │ the woman │ came in
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语
分句2(结果分句):
so │ it │ was │ easier │ for the detective │ to watch her
连 │ 形主│ 系 │ 表语 │ 逻辑主语 │ 真正主语
语法要点:
1. fewer...than 比较级结构(few修饰可数名词)
2. than usual = than it was usual 的省略
3. when引导时间状语从句,"当...时"
4. so连接并列句,表示因果关系
5. It was + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 句型
- it 形式主语,to watch her 真正主语
本句涉及语法术语:比较级和最高级 | 时间状语从句 | 形式主语
S5: 行为描述
The woman first bought a few small articles.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
The woman │ first │ bought │ a few small articles
主语 │ 状语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
语法要点:
1. first 顺序副词,"首先"
2. a few 修饰可数名词,表示肯定含义(一些)
3. small articles 小件商品(为后文做铺垫)
S6: 关键动作(定语从句重点句)
After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible.
句子结构:并列复合句(含定语从句)
时间状语:
After a little time(过了一会儿)
分句1:
she │ chose │ one of the most expensive dresses │ in the shop
主 │ 谓语1 │ 宾语 │ 定语
分句2:
(she) │ handed │ it │ to an assistant [who...]
主 │ 谓语2 │ 宾 │ 状语(含定语从句)
定语从句(修饰assistant):
who │ wrapped │ it │ up │ for her │ as quickly as possible
主 │ 谓语 │ 宾 │ 副 │ 状语 │ 程度状语
语法要点:
1. one of + the + 最高级 + 名词复数 = "最...之一"
2. hand sth. to sb. = hand sb. sth. 双宾语结构
3. who引导定语从句,修饰assistant,作主语
4. wrap up 短语动词,"包裹"
5. as...as possible = "尽可能..."
S7: 偷窃行为
Then the woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying.
句子结构:简单句(含并列谓语)
主语:the woman
谓语1:
simply │ took │ the parcel
状语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
谓语2:
(simply) │ walked │ out of the shop │ without paying
状语 │ 谓语 │ 地点状语 │ 方式状语
语法要点:
1. simply 副词,"干脆地、简单地"
2. walk out of 走出
3. without paying 介词+动名词,"没有付钱"
- 否定含义的方式状语
S8: 真相揭露(被动语态重点句)
When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop-assistant was her daughter.
句子结构:主从复合句(时间状语从句+宾语从句)
时间状语从句(被动语态):
When │ she │ was arrested
连词 │ 主语│ 谓语(一般过去时被动)
主句:
the detective │ found out │ [that...]
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语从句
宾语从句:
that │ the shop-assistant │ was │ her daughter
连词 │ 主语 │ 系 │ 表语
语法要点:
1. was arrested 一般过去时被动语态
2. when引导时间状语从句,"当...时"
3. that引导宾语从句,可省略
4. find out 短语动词,"发现、查明"
5. shop-assistant 复合名词,"店员"
S9: 讽刺结尾
The girl ‘gave’ her mother a free dress once a week!
句子结构:简单句
主干:
The girl │ 'gave' │ her mother │ a free dress │ once a week
主语 │ 谓语 │ 间接宾语 │ 直接宾语 │ 频率状语
语法要点:
1. 'gave' 单引号表示讽刺意味(并非真正赠送)
2. give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. 双宾语结构
3. once a week 频率状语,"每周一次"
4. free dress 免费的衣服(实际上是偷窃所得)
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 比较级系统分析(本课核心语法)
3.1.1 比较级结构汇总
| 比较类型 | 结构 | 例句 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原级比较 | as…as | not so honest as | 不如…诚实 |
| 比较级 | -er / more…than | greater than ever before | 比以往更大 |
| 比较级 | fewer…than | fewer people than usual | 比平时少 |
| 比较级 | easier… | it was easier | 更容易 |
| 最高级 | the most… | the most expensive | 最昂贵的 |
3.1.2 比较级详细解析
1. not so…as 结构(否定原级比较)
原句:People are not so honest as they once were.
公式:A + be + not so + 形容词原级 + as + B
含义:A不如B那样...
变化形式:
- not so + 形容词 + as (不如...)
- not as + 形容词 + as (不如...)【口语常用】
- so + 形容词 + as (用于否定句)
例句对比:
✓ He is not so tall as his brother. (他不如他哥哥高)
✗ He is so tall as his brother. (错误,so...as不用于肯定句)
✓ He is as tall as his brother. (正确)
2. -er / more…than 结构(比较级)
原句1:The temptation to steal is greater than ever before.
原句2:it was easier for the detective to watch her
公式:
- 单音节/部分双音节:A + be + -er + than + B
- 多音节:A + be + more + 形容词 + than + B
特殊形式:
- greater than ever before = greater than it has ever been before (省略)
- easier for sb. to do sth. (it作形式主语结构)
3. fewer/less…than 结构(比较级限定词)
原句:there were fewer people in the shop than usual
规则:
- fewer + 可数名词复数 (fewer people)
- less + 不可数名词 (less time, less money)
注意:
✗ There were less people.
✓ There were fewer people.
4. one of + the + 最高级 结构
原句:one of the most expensive dresses
公式:one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数
含义:最...的...之一
语法要点:
- 最高级前必须加the
- 名词必须用复数(因为是"之一")
- 谓语动词用单数(主语是one)
例句:
She is one of the best students in our class.
(她是我们班最好的学生之一)
3.2 定语从句分析(本课重点语法)
3.2.1 定语从句一览
| 先行词 | 关系词 | 从句功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| woman | who | 定语从句(作主语) | a woman who always went… |
| assistant | who | 定语从句(作主语) | an assistant who wrapped it up… |
3.2.2 定语从句关系词选择
指人:
主格 → who / that
宾格 → whom / who / that / 省略
所有格 → whose
指物:
主格 → which / that
宾格 → which / that / 省略
所有格 → whose / of which
本课分析:
1. "who always went into..."
- 先行词:woman(人)
- 关系词:who(作主语,不可省略)
- 从句类型:限制性定语从句
2. "who wrapped it up..."
- 先行词:assistant(人)
- 关系词:who(作主语,不可省略)
- 从句类型:限制性定语从句
3.3 时间状语从句分析
3.3.1 本课时间状语从句汇总
| 引导词 | 例句 | 含义 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | when the woman came in | 当…时 | 时间状语 |
| when | When she was arrested | 当…时 | 时间状语 |
3.3.2 when 用法详解
本课例句1:
...when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her.
用法要点:
1. when 引导时间状语从句,表示"当...时"
2. 主从句时态一致(均为一般过去时)
3. when从句可位于主句前或后
本课例句2:
When she was arrested, the detective found out that...
用法要点:
1. when 从句使用被动语态(was arrested)
2. 主句动作(found out)发生在从句动作之后或同时
3. 逗号用于分隔位于句首的从句
when vs while vs as 对比:
| 连词 | 含义 | 从句动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | 当…时(点/段) | 短暂性或延续性 | When he came in, I was reading. |
| while | 当…期间 | 延续性动词 | While I was reading, he came in. |
| as | 一边…一边 | 延续性动词 | As time went by, … |
3.4 被动语态分析(本课重点语法)
3.4.1 被动语态公式
被动语态基本结构:be + 过去分词 (be + done)
时态变化:
┌─────────────┬──────────────────┐
│ 时态 │ 被动形式 │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┤
│ 一般现在时 │ am/is/are done │
│ 一般过去时 │ was/were done │ ← 本课出现:was arrested│
│ 一般将来时 │ will be done │
│ 现在进行时 │ am/is/are being done│
│ 过去进行时 │ was/were being done│
│ 现在完成时 │ have/has been done│
│ 过去完成时 │ had been done │
│ 情态动词 │ can/must/should be done│
└─────────────┴──────────────────┘
3.4.2 本课被动语态详解
原句:When she was arrested, ...
分析:
- 结构:was + arrested(be + 过去分词)
- 时态:一般过去时被动语态
- 主动形式:The police arrested her.
- 被动原因:强调动作的承受者(she)而非执行者
被动语态转换步骤:
1. 找出宾语 → she(变为被动句主语)
2. 确定时态 → 一般过去时
3. be动词形式 → was
4. 动词变为过去分词 → arrested
5. 执行者(可选)→ by the police
完整被动句:She was arrested (by the police).
3.5 时态系统分析
3.5.1 时态分布统计
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | 10 | were, watched, went, chose, handed, wrapped, took, walked, was arrested, found, gave | 叙事主线 |
| 一般现在时 | 2 | are, is | 客观陈述 |
| 过去进行时 | 0 | — | 未出现 |
| 现在完成时 | 0 | — | 未出现 |
3.5.2 时态时间轴
时间轴示意图:
过去 ──────────────────────────────────────────────► 现在
were(过去状态)
│
watched(侦探观察)
│
went(习惯性进入)
│
came in(进入商店)
│
bought(购买小件)
│
chose → handed(选择并递给)
│
wrapped(店员包裹)
│
took → walked out(拿走并离开)
│
was arrested(被逮捕)★ 被动语态
│
found out(发现真相)
│
'gave'(讽刺的"赠送")
│
are(现在状态-开篇)
│
is(现在状态-诱惑)
四、本课语法重点总结
4.1 核心语法点:比较级系统
4.1.1 比较级结构图谱
英语比较系统
│
┌───────────────┼───────────────┐
│ │ │
原级比较 比较级 最高级
│ │ │
as...as... -er/more... the -est/most...
not so...as... ...than... ...in/of...
│ │ │
本课例句: 本课例句: 本课例句:
not so honest greater than the most expensive
as they once fewer people dresses
were than usual
easier for...
4.1.2 比较级易错点
| 错误类型 | 错误例句 | 正确例句 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| fewer/less混淆 | less people | fewer people | people可数,用fewer |
| 最高级缺the | most expensive | the most expensive | 最高级前必须加the |
| so…as用于肯定 | so honest as | as honest as | so…as只用于否定 |
| 比较对象不一致 | than usual | than it was usual | than后可接从句或代词 |
4.2 定语从句使用总结
4.2.1 关系词选择规则
先行词为"人":
作主语 → who / that(不可省略)
作宾语 → whom / who / that / 省略
作定语 → whose
先行词为"物":
作主语 → which / that(不可省略)
作宾语 → which / that / 省略
作定语 → whose / of which
本课实例:
✓ a woman who always went... (who作主语,不可省)
✓ an assistant who wrapped... (who作主语,不可省)
4.3 被动语态使用总结
4.3.1 被动语态使用场景
1. 不知道或不必说出动作执行者
She was arrested.(谁逮捕的不重要)
2. 强调动作的承受者
The parcel was wrapped by the assistant.
3. 使文章客观、正式
The dress was taken without paying.
4. 上下文已提及执行者
(前文提到detective,后文用被动)
4.4 难句深度解析
难句1:含多层从句的句子
One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her.
【分层拆解】
第一层(主句):
there were fewer people in the shop
商店里有较少的人
第二层(比较状语):
than usual
比平时
第三层(时间状语从句):
when the woman came in
当那个女人进来时
第四层(并列结果分句):
so it was easier for the detective to watch her
所以侦探更容易监视她
【句子特点】
- 共4层结构
- 包含比较级、时间状语从句、并列句
- 难点:than usual与when从句的关系
【理解关键】
"当女人进来时,商店里的人比平时少,所以侦探更容易监视她。"
难句2:含定语从句的长句
After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible.
【分层拆解】
时间状语:
After a little time(过了一会儿)
主干动作1:
she chose one of the most expensive dresses
她选了最昂贵的衣服之一
后置定语:
in the shop(在店里)
主干动作2:
handed it to an assistant
把它递给一位店员
定语从句(修饰assistant):
who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible
尽快给她包好的(店员)
【句子特点】
- 两个并列谓语(chose and handed)
- 定语从句嵌套在宾语中
- 含最高级和短语动词
【理解关键】
"过了一会儿,她选了店里最昂贵的衣服之一,把它递给一位店员,店员尽快给她包好。"
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 四级语法考点
| 本课语法 | 四级考查形式 | 真题示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 比较级 | 选择填空、改错 | than前后比较对象一致 |
| 定语从句 | 关系词选择 | who/which/that的选用 |
| 被动语态 | 语态转换、改错 | 时态+语态结合考查 |
| 时间状语从句 | 连词选择 | when/while/as辨析 |
5.2 四级翻译考点
| 中文表达 | 英文翻译(用本课语法) |
|---|---|
| 人们不如以前诚实了。 | People are not so honest as they once were. |
| 他比我小两岁。 | He is two years younger than me. |
| 这是最美的城市之一。 | This is one of the most beautiful cities. |
| 当他被捕时,真相大白了。 | When he was arrested, the truth came out. |
5.3 四级写作应用
写作模板句:
1. 表达变化:
People are not so...as they once were.
(人们不像以前那样...了)
2. 比较级强调:
...is greater than ever before.
(...比以往任何时候都大)
3. 最高级描述:
It is one of the most...that...
(这是最...之一)
4. 时间状语从句:
When..., sb. found that...
(当...时,某人发现...)
六、学习检测与练习
6.1 语法填空
用适当的比较级或最高级形式填空:
- This book is _______ (interesting) than that one.
- She is _______ (tall) girl in our class.
- There are _______ (few) students today than yesterday.
- The weather is getting _______ (bad).
答案:
- more interesting
- the tallest
- fewer
- worse
6.2 定语从句填空
选择适当的关系词填空(who/which/that/whose):
- The man _______ is standing there is my teacher.
- This is the book _______ I bought yesterday.
- The girl _______ mother is a doctor is my friend.
- He lives in a house _______ windows are broken.
答案:
- who/that
- which/that/省略
- whose
- whose
6.3 被动语态转换
将下列句子改为被动语态:
-
The police arrested the thief. → The thief _______ _______ by the police.
-
Someone stole my bike. → My bike _______ _______.
-
The assistant wrapped the dress. → The dress _______ _______ by the assistant.
答案:
- was arrested
- was stolen
- was wrapped
6.4 翻译练习
将下列句子翻译成英文:
- 这家商店比以往任何时候都繁忙。
- 她选择了一件最便宜的衬衫。
- 当他被发现时,警察逮捕了他。
参考答案:
- The shop is busier than ever before.
- She chose one of the cheapest shirts.
- When he was found, the police arrested him.
七、考点清单
7.1 本课四级考点清单
- 原级比较:not so…as… 结构
- 比较级:-er/more…than… 结构
- 最高级:the most…,one of the + 最高级
- 定语从句:who引导(作主语)
- 时间状语从句:when引导
- 被动语态:一般过去时被动 was/were done
- 形式主语:It was + adj. + for sb. + to do
- 短语动词:wrap up, find out, hand to
7.2 前置知识复习
| 前置课程 | 相关知识点 | 本课应用 |
|---|---|---|
| L8 | 比较级基础 | greater, fewer, easier |
| L10 | 被动语态入门 | was arrested |
| L21 | 定语从句(who) | who went into…, who wrapped… |
| L28 | 时间状语从句 | when the woman came in |
7.3 后续学习建议
- 关联课程:L41 (as…as结构), L52 (定语从句进阶), L68 (被动语态综合)
- 练习建议:完成2018-2024年四级真题中比较级相关语法题
- 拓展阅读:查找含比较级和定语从句的四级阅读长难句进行分析
八、附录:本课语法数据卡片
{
"lesson": 32,
"title": "Shopping made easy",
"title_cn": "购物变得很方便",
"core_grammar": "比较级、定语从句、时间状语从句、被动语态",
"difficulty": "★★★☆",
"duration": "25min",
"cet4_level": "B",
"key_structures": [
"not so...as... (原级比较)",
"greater/fewer/easier than... (比较级)",
"the most expensive (最高级)",
"who引导定语从句",
"when引导时间状语从句",
"was arrested (被动语态)"
],
"clause_types": [
"定语从句 x2",
"时间状语从句 x2",
"比较状语 x3",
"宾语从句 x1"
],
"vocabulary_focus": [
"temptation /tempˈteɪʃn/ n. 诱惑",
"detective /dɪˈtektɪv/ n. 侦探",
"well-dressed /ˌwel ˈdrest/ adj. 穿着考究的",
"expensive /ɪkˈspensɪv/ adj. 昂贵的",
"arrest /əˈrest/ v. 逮捕"
],
"related_lessons": [8, 10, 21, 28, 41, 52, 68]
}文档版本:v1.0
生成日期:2026年4月2日
适用教材:《新概念英语》第二册 Lesson 32
本课涉及的语法术语
- 比较级和最高级 | 原级比较 | 比较级 | 最高级
- 定语从句 | 关系代词 | who
- 时间状语从句 | when
- 被动语态 | 一般过去时被动语态
- 形式主语 | it作形式主语
- 宾语从句 | that引导的宾语从句
- 不定式 | 不定式作定语
- 短语动词 | wrap up | find out
- 复合形容词 | well-dressed
- 副词 | simply | especially
💡 提示:点击术语链接可跳转到详细解释,使用 Obsidian 可查看双向链接关系。