第42课_Not_very_musical_语法精讲

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第42课 Not very musical 并非很懂音乐 — 深度语法分析

课号：第42课（共96课）
标题：Not very musical（并非很懂音乐）
核心语法重点：过去完成时、时间状语从句、定语从句、情态动词
难度等级：★★★☆（中级进阶）

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课文原文

**Lesson 42: Not very musical 并非很懂音乐**

As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi, we stopped at a square to have a rest. After a time, we noticed a snake-charmer with two large baskets at the other side of the square, so we went to have a look at him. As soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets. When he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake. It rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe. When the snake-charmer suddenly began to play jazz tunes and modern pop songs, we were very surprised. However, the snake continued to “dance” slowly. It obviously could not tell the difference between Indian music and jazz!

**参考译文：** 当我们在旧德里的一个市场走了很长一段路后，我们在一个广场停下来休息。过了一会儿，我们注意到广场另一边有一个带着两个大篮子的耍蛇人，于是我们走过去看他。他一看到我们就拿起一根盖满硬币的长管子，打开了一个篮子。当他开始演奏曲子时，我们第一次看到了蛇。它从篮子里升起，开始跟随管子的移动。当耍蛇人突然开始演奏爵士乐和现代流行歌曲时，我们非常惊讶。然而，蛇继续慢慢地"跳舞"。它显然无法分辨印度音乐和爵士乐的区别！

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一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

词汇	音标	词性	本课含义	词形变化
musical	/ˈmjuːzɪkl/	adj.	懂音乐的；音乐的	musically (adv.), music (n.)
snake-charmer	/ˈsneɪk tʃɑːmə(r)/	n.	耍蛇人	snake-charmers (复数)
basket	/ˈbɑːskɪt/	n.	篮子	baskets (复数)
square	/skweə(r)/	n.	广场；正方形	squares (复数)
tune	/tjuːn/	n.	曲调；曲子	tunes (复数)
glimpse	/ɡlɪmps/	n./v.	一瞥；一看	glimpses (复数/三单)
jazz	/dʒæz/	n.	爵士乐	—
obviously	/ˈɒbviəsli/	adv.	显然地	obvious (adj.)
difference	/ˈdɪfrəns/	n.	区别；差异	differences (复数), different (adj.)

1.2 词形变化要点

1.2.1 复合名词

• snake-charmer: snake（蛇）+ charmer（施魔法者）= 耍蛇人
  • 构词方式：合成（Compounding）
  • 复数形式：snake-charmers（只将第二个词变为复数）

1.2.2 派生词族

music 词族：

music (n.) 音乐 → musical (adj.) 音乐的；懂音乐的
                         ↓
                   musician (n.) 音乐家
                         ↓
                  musically (adv.) 音乐上地

different 词族：

different (adj.) 不同的 → difference (n.) 区别；差异
                              ↓
                         differently (adv.) 不同地

1.2.3 不规则动词变化

原形	过去式	过去分词	现在分词	本课出现
have	had	had	having	had had
stop	stopped	stopped	stopping	stopped
notice	noticed	noticed	noticing	noticed
pick	picked	picked	picking	picked
rise	rose	risen	rising	rose
begin	began	begun	beginning	began
continue	continued	continued	continuing	continued
tell	told	told	telling	tell

特殊用法：

• rise vs raise:
  • rise（不及物动词）：升起，上升 → It rose out of the basket
  • raise（及物动词）：举起，提高 → raise your hand

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二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

句型类别	数量	占比	例句编号
简单句	3	30%	S5, S8, S9
并列句	1	10%	S2 (so连接)
复合句（含从句）	6	60%	S1, S3, S4, S6, S7, S9 (带宾语从句)
总计	10	100%	—

2.2 逐句成分分析

S1: 开篇背景句（过去完成时范例）

As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi, we stopped at a square to have a rest.

As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi, we stopped at a square to have a rest.
└──────────────────── 时间状语从句 ────────────────────┘

从句分析:
As │ we │ had had │ a long walk │ through one of the markets of Old Delhi
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语(过去完成时) │ 宾语 │ 地点状语

主句分析:
we │ stopped │ at a square │ to have a rest
主语 │ 谓语 │ 地点状语 │ 目的状语(不定式)

句型: 主从复合句（时间状语从句 + 主句） 语法要点:

• 过去完成时: had had = had + 过去分词(had)
  • 结构: had + done
  • 用法: 表示在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作（“过去的过去”）
  • 本句中: “走路”发生在”停下来”之前
• as 引导时间状语从句，表示”当……时”或”由于”（此处为时间含义）
• have a rest 固定搭配: 休息一下

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S2: 发现耍蛇人（并列句）

After a time, we noticed a snake-charmer with two large baskets at the other side of the square, so we went to have a look at him.

分句1: After a time, we noticed a snake-charmer with two large baskets at the other side of the square
        │ 时间状语 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 介词短语(作定语) │ 地点状语
        
分句2: so we went to have a look at him
       连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 目的状语(不定式) │ 介词短语

句型: 并列句（由 so 连接两个简单句） 语法要点:

• after a time: 过了一会儿（固定时间表达）
• with two large baskets: 介词短语作后置定语，修饰 snake-charmer
• so: 并列连词，表示因果关系，“因此、于是”
• have a look at: 固定短语，= take a look at，“看一看”

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S3: 耍蛇人开始表演（时间状语从句 + 定语从句）

As soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets.

As soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets.
└────────────── 时间状语从句 ──────────────┘

从句分析:
As soon as │ he │ saw │ us
从属连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语

主句分析:
he │ picked up │ a long pipe │ (which was covered with coins) │ and │ opened │ one of the baskets
主语 │ 谓语1 │ 宾语1 │ 定语从句(修饰pipe) │ 连词 │ 谓语2 │ 宾语2

定语从句分析:
which │ was covered │ with coins
关系代词 │ 谓语(被动语态) │ 介词短语

句型: 主从复合句（时间状语从句 + 主句 + 定语从句） 语法要点:

• as soon as: 时间状语从句连词，“一……就……”，强调两个动作紧密相连
• pick up: 短语动词，“拿起、捡起”
• which was covered with coins: 定语从句修饰 pipe
  • 关系代词 which 指代 pipe（物）
  • 被动语态 was covered，“被覆盖”
  • be covered with: 固定搭配，“被……覆盖”

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S4: 第一次看见蛇（时间状语从句）

When he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake.

When he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake.
└────────────── 时间状语从句 ──────────────┘

从句分析:
When │ he │ began │ to play a tune
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语(不定式短语)

主句分析:
we │ had │ our first glimpse │ of the snake
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 介词短语(定语)

句型: 主从复合句（时间状语从句 + 主句） 语法要点:

• when: 时间状语从句连词，“当……时”
• begin to do: 开始做某事（begin 后接不定式作宾语）
• have one’s first glimpse of: 固定搭配，“第一次瞥见……”
  • glimpse: 名词，“一瞥、一看”

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S5: 蛇的动作（简单句 + 并列谓语）

It rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe.

It │ rose out of the basket │ and │ began to follow the movements of the pipe
主语 │ 谓语1 │ 连词 │ 谓语2

句型: 简单句（含并列谓语） 语法要点:

• rise out of: 从……中升起/升起露出
  • rise: 不及物动词，过去式为 rose
• begin to follow: 开始跟随
• the movements of the pipe: 管子的移动（名词所有格 of 结构）

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S6: 演奏爵士乐（时间状语从句 + 被动形容词）

When the snake-charmer suddenly began to play jazz tunes and modern pop songs, we were very surprised.

When the snake-charmer suddenly began to play jazz tunes and modern pop songs, we were very surprised.
└──────────────────── 时间状语从句 ────────────────────┘

从句分析:
When │ the snake-charmer │ suddenly │ began │ to play jazz tunes and modern pop songs
连词 │ 主语 │ 状语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语(不定式短语)

主句分析:
we │ were │ very surprised
主语 │ 系动词 │ 表语(过去分词作形容词)

句型: 主从复合句（时间状语从句 + 主句） 语法要点:

• suddenly: 副词作状语，修饰 began
• jazz tunes and modern pop songs: 爵士乐曲和现代流行歌曲
• be surprised: 系动词 + 过去分词作表语，表示状态”感到惊讶的”

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S7: 蛇继续跳舞（简单句）

However, the snake continued to “dance” slowly.

However │ the snake │ continued │ to "dance" slowly
连接副词 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语(不定式) │ 状语

句型: 简单句 语法要点:

• however: 连接副词，“然而”，表示转折（注意与 but 的区别：however 可放句首/句中/句末，用逗号隔开）
• continue to do: 继续做某事
• slowly: 副词修饰动词 dance

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S8: 蛇不懂音乐（简单句 + 情态动词）

It obviously could not tell the difference between Indian music and jazz!

It │ obviously │ could not tell │ the difference │ between Indian music and jazz
主语 │ 状语 │ 谓语(情态动词+否定) │ 宾语 │ 介词短语(定语)

句型: 简单句（带宾语从句省略结构） 语法要点:

• obviously: 副词，“显然地”
• could not: 情态动词 can 的过去式 + 否定式
  • could: 表示能力（过去）
• tell the difference between…and…: 固定搭配，“分辨……和……的区别”
  • tell: 及物动词，此处意为”辨别、区分”

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三、核心语法详解

3.1 过去完成时 (Past Perfect Tense)

本课例句：

As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi...
（当我们在旧德里的一个市场走了很长一段路后……）

结构：had + 过去分词 (had done)

用法：

1. 表示在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作（“过去的过去”）
2. 常用于带有 时间状语从句 的复合句中

时间轴示意：

过去的过去 ─────── 过去 ─────── 现在
   had had        stopped
   (走路)        (停下来休息)

常见搭配：

• by the time + 过去时，主句用过去完成时
• before/after + 过去完成时/过去时

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3.2 时间状语从句连词对比

连词	含义	强调	本课例句
as	当……时；随着	强调两个动作同时发生或因果关系	As we had had a long walk…
when	当……时	强调时间点	When he began to play…
as soon as	一……就……	强调即时性	As soon as he saw us…
after	在……之后	先后顺序	After a time…

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3.3 定语从句 (Attributive Clause)

本课例句：

...a long pipe which was covered with coins...
（一根盖满硬币的长管子）

结构分析：

• 先行词: pipe（被修饰的名词）
• 关系代词: which（指代物，作主语）
• 从句: which was covered with coins

which vs that：

• which: 可指代物，常用于非限制性定语从句
• that: 可指代人或物，不能用于非限制性定语从句

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3.4 情态动词 could 的用法

本课例句：

It obviously could not tell the difference...
（它显然无法分辨……）

could 的主要用法：

1. 表示过去的能力: I could swim when I was five.
2. 表示委婉请求: Could you help me?
3. 表示可能性: It could be true.
4. could + have done: 过去本来能够（却没做）

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四、重点句型归纳

4.1 “have + 名词” 固定搭配

搭配	含义	本课例句
have a rest	休息一下	to have a rest
have a look at	看一看	have a look at him
have one’s first glimpse of	第一次瞥见	had our first glimpse of the snake

4.2 动词 + to do 结构

动词	结构	本课例句
stop	stop to do	stopped…to have a rest
begin	begin to do	began to play
continue	continue to do	continued to “dance”

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五、课后练习

5.1 用所给词的适当形式填空

1. As we _______ (have) a long walk, we stopped to rest.
2. The pipe which _______ (cover) with coins was very long.
3. When he _______ (begin) to play, we saw the snake.
4. The snake _______ (rise) out of the basket slowly.
5. It obviously _______ (can not) tell the difference.

点击查看答案

1. had had（过去完成时）
2. was covered（被动语态）
3. began（一般过去时）
4. rose（rise 的过去式）
5. could not（情态动词过去式）

5.2 句型转换

将下列句子改为含有定语从句的复合句：

1. I saw a snake-charmer. He had two large baskets.
2. The pipe was covered with coins. He picked up the pipe.

点击查看答案

1. I saw a snake-charmer who had two large baskets.
2. He picked up the pipe which was covered with coins.

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本课涉及的语法术语

术语	说明
过去完成时	表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，结构为 had + done
时间状语从句	由 as/when/as soon as/after 等引导，表示时间关系
定语从句	由关系代词 which/who/that 引导，修饰名词
关系代词	which, who, whom, whose, that，引导定语从句
情态动词	can/could, may/might, must 等，表示能力、许可、推测
被动语态	be + 过去分词，表示”被……”
并列句	由 and/but/so 等连词连接两个独立分句
简单句	只有一套主谓结构的句子
复合句	包含主句和从句的句子
并列连词	and, but, so, or，连接并列成分
不定式	to + 动词原形，可作宾语、状语等
副词	修饰动词、形容词或其他副词
介词短语	介词 + 宾语，可作状语或定语
过去分词	动词的一种形式，可作形容词用
名词	表示人、事物、地点、概念的词类
动词	表示动作或状态的词类
形容词	修饰名词，表示性质或特征
系动词	be, become, seem 等，连接主语和表语
表语	系动词后的成分，说明主语身份或状态
及物动词	需要接宾语的动词
不及物动词	不需要接宾语的动词
短语动词	动词 + 介词/副词，如 pick up
合成	两个词组合成一个新词，如 snake-charmer
连接副词	however, therefore 等，连接句子并表示逻辑关系