第51课 Reward for virtue 深度语法分析
课号:第51课(共96课)
标题:Reward for virtue(对美德的奖赏)
核心语法重点:现在完成时、so…that…结果状语从句、定语从句、as…as…原级比较
难度等级:★★☆☆(三级基础)
课文原文
My friend, Herbert, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. He began his diet a week ago. First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. The list included most of the things Herbert loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate, and sweets. Yesterday I paid him a visit. I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever. He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk. It was obvious that he was very embarrassed. When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk. He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. Then he showed me the contents of the parcel. It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!
我的朋友赫伯特一直很胖,但最近情况变得如此糟糕,以至于他决定节食。他一周前开始了他的节食。首先,他列出了一份长长的禁食清单。清单包括了赫伯特喜欢的大多数东西:黄油、土豆、米饭、啤酒、牛奶、巧克力和糖果。昨天我去拜访了他。我按了门铃,看到赫伯特仍然像往常一样胖,我并不惊讶。他把我领进他的房间,然后匆忙地把一个大包裹藏在他的书桌下。很明显,他感到非常尴尬。当我问他在做什么时,他内疚地笑了笑,然后把包裹放在了书桌上。他解释说他的节食太严格了,以至于他不得不偶尔奖励自己。然后他给我看了包裹里的东西。里面有五大块巧克力和三袋糖果!
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| diet | /ˈdaɪət/ | n./v. | 节食;饮食 | diets (复数/三单), dieting (现在分词) |
| forbidden | /fəˈbɪdn/ | adj./v. | 被禁止的 | forbid (原形), forbade (过去式), forbidden (过去分词) |
| embarrassed | /ɪmˈbærəst/ | adj. | 感到尴尬的 | embarrass (v.), embarrassing (adj.) |
| guiltily | /ˈɡɪltɪli/ | adv. | 内疚地;心虚地 | guilty (adj.), guilt (n.) |
| strict | /strɪkt/ | adj. | 严格的;严厉的 | stricter, strictest (比较级/最高级) |
| occasionally | /əˈkeɪʒnəli/ | adv. | 偶尔;间或 | occasional (adj.), occasion (n.) |
| hurriedly | /ˈhʌrɪdli/ | adv. | 匆忙地 | hurry (v./n.), hurried (adj.) |
| virtue | /ˈvɜːtʃuː/ | n. | 美德;优点 | virtues (复数) |
| parcel | /ˈpɑːsl/ | n. | 包裹 | parcels (复数) |
1.2 重点短语详解
1.2.1 go on a diet(进行节食)
结构分析:go on + a + diet
go on 表示"开始进行",a diet 表示"一种饮食控制"
本课例句:
"he decided to go on a diet"
(他决定开始节食)
同义表达:
- be on a diet(在节食中)
- put sb. on a diet(让某人节食)
1.2.2 write out(写出;列出)
结构分析:write + out(副词小品词)
表示完整地、详细地写出
本课例句:
"he wrote out a long list of all the foods"
(他列出了所有食物的详细清单)
辨析:
- write(写)→ 一般性动作
- write out(写出)→ 完整详细地写出
- write down(写下)→ 快速记录
- write up(撰写)→ 正式写成文章
1.2.3 pay a visit(拜访;访问)
结构分析:pay + a + visit(固定搭配)
pay 在此不作"支付"解,而是"进行、作出"的意思
本课例句:
"Yesterday I paid him a visit."
(昨天我去拜访了他。)
结构变形:
- pay a visit to sb.(拜访某人)
- pay a visit to + 地点(参观某地)
同义表达:
- call on sb.(拜访某人)
- drop in on sb.(顺便拜访)
1.2.4 as…as ever(像往常一样……)
结构分析:as + 形容词/副词 + as ever
表示"与往常一样;仍然",强调状态的持续性
本课例句:
"Herbert was still as fat as ever."
(赫伯特仍然像往常一样胖。)
类似表达:
- as busy as ever(像往常一样忙)
- as happy as ever(像往常一样开心)
1.3 词形变化要点
1.3.1 动词不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 本课出现 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| forbid | forbade | forbidden | forbidding | forbidden (被禁止的) |
| hide | hid | hidden | hiding | hid (藏) |
| lead | led | led | leading | led (带领) |
| ring | rang | rung | ringing | rang (按铃) |
| get | got | got/gotten | getting | got (变得) |
1.3.2 派生词族
embarrass 词族:
embarrass (v.) 使尴尬
↓
embarrassed (adj.) 感到尴尬的(修饰人)
↓
embarrassing (adj.) 令人尴尬的(修饰事/物)
↓
embarrassment (n.) 尴尬;难堪
本课中 embarrassed 作表语,表示 Herbert 感到尴尬的状态。
guilt 词族:
guilt (n.) 内疚;罪恶感
↓
guilty (adj.) 内疚的;有罪的
↓
guiltily (adv.) 内疚地;心虚地
本课中 guiltily 修饰动词 smiled,描述他微笑的方式。
1.3.3 形容词与副词转换
| 形容词 | 副词 | 含义 | 本课用法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| strict | strictly | 严格地 | strict(作表语) |
| hurry | hurriedly | 匆忙地 | hurriedly(作状语) |
| guilty | guiltily | 内疚地 | guiltily(作状语) |
| occasional | occasionally | 偶尔 | occasionally(作状语) |
| recent | recently | 最近 | recently(作状语) |
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 6 | 37.5% | S2, S3, S5, S8, S11, S12 |
| 并列句 | 3 | 18.8% | S1, S6, S9 |
| 复合句(含从句) | 7 | 43.7% | S4, S7, S10, S13, S14, S15, S16 |
| 总计 | 16 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇引入
My friend, Herbert, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet.
句子类型:并列句 + 复合句(but 连接两个分句,第二个分句含 so…that…结果状语从句)
成分标注:
[My friend], Herbert, [has always been fat], ← 分句一
S 同位语 V(现在完成时) C(表语)
but [things] [got] [so bad recently] [that he decided to go on a diet] ← 分句二
连词 S V C(表语) Adv. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句内部:
[that] [he] [decided] [to go on a diet]
连词 S V O(不定式短语作宾语)
语法要点:
- 同位语:Herbert 是 My friend 的同位语,用逗号隔开
- 现在完成时:has always been 表示从过去持续到现在的状态
- so…that…:so bad(如此糟糕)+ that 引导的结果状语从句
S2: 时间说明
He began his diet a week ago.
句子类型:简单句
成分标注:
[He] [began] [his diet] [a week ago].
S V O Adv.(时间状语)
语法要点:
- 一般过去时:began 表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作
- 时间状语:a week ago(一周前)是一过标志词
S3: 节食准备
First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.
句子类型:复合句(含定语从句)
成分标注:
[First of all], [he] [wrote out] [a long list of all the foods] [which were forbidden].
Adv.(插入语) S V O(含介词短语) 定语从句
定语从句内部:
[which] [were] [forbidden]
关系代词 V(被动) C(表语/过去分词)
语法要点:
- 插入语:First of all(首先)用于列举,通常用逗号隔开
- 定语从句:which were forbidden 修饰 foods,which 在从句中作主语
- 被动语态:were forbidden 表示”被禁止的”
S4: 清单内容
The list included most of the things Herbert loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate, and sweets.
句子类型:复合句(含省略关系代词的定语从句)
成分标注:
[The list] [included] [most of the things] [Herbert loves]: [butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate, and sweets].
S V O 定语从句 同位语(列举)
定语从句(省略 that):
[Herbert] [loves]
S V
语法要点:
- 省略关系代词:Herbert loves 是省略了 that 的定语从句,修饰 things
- 冒号用法:用于引出同位语,具体说明 things 的内容
S5: 拜访动作
Yesterday I paid him a visit.
句子类型:简单句
成分标注:
[Yesterday] [I] [paid] [him] [a visit].
Adv.(时间) S V IO DO
语法要点:
- 双宾语结构:pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb.
- him 是间接宾语(IO)
- a visit 是直接宾语(DO)
S6: 情景描述
I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever.
成分标注:
[I] [rang] [the bell] [and] [was not surprised] [to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever].
S V O 连词 V(系表结构) 原因状语(不定式短语)
不定式短语内部(含宾语从句):
[to see] [that Herbert was still as fat as ever]
V 宾语从句
宾语从句内部:
[Herbert] [was] [still] [as fat as ever]
S V Adv. C(表语)
语法要点:
- 并列谓语:rang 和 was not surprised 并列
- 主语补足语:be surprised to do sth. 表示”惊讶地做某事”
- as…as…原级比较:as fat as ever 表示”像往常一样胖”
S7: 动作描写
He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk.
句子类型:并列句
成分标注:
[He] [led] [me] [into his room] [and] [hurriedly] [hid] [a large parcel] [under his desk].
S V O Adv.(地点) 连词 Adv.(方式) V O Adv.(地点)
语法要点:
- 地点状语:into his room(进入房间)表示方向
- 方式状语:hurriedly(匆忙地)修饰 hid
S8: 状态判断
It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.
句子类型:复合句(含主语从句)
成分标注:
[It] [was] [obvious] [that he was very embarrassed].
形式主语 V C(表语) 真正主语从句
主语从句内部:
[he] [was] [very embarrassed]
S V C(表语)
语法要点:
- 主语从句后置:It 作形式主语,真正的主语是 that 从句
- 结构:It + be + 形容词 + that 从句
- embarrassed:过去分词作形容词,表示”感到尴尬的”
S9: 对话场景
When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk.
成分标注:
[When I asked him what he was doing], [he] [smiled] [guiltily] [and then] [put] [the parcel] [on the desk].
时间状语从句 S V Adv. 连词 V O Adv.(地点)
时间状语从句内部:
[When] [I] [asked] [him] [what he was doing]
连词 S V O 宾语从句
宾语从句内部:
[what] [he] [was] [doing]
关系代词 S V
语法要点:
- 时间状语从句:When 引导,表示”当……时”
- 双重从句:asked 后接双宾语 him 和 what 从句
- 过去进行时:was doing 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
S10: 解释说明
He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally.
句子类型:复合句(含宾语从句和结果状语从句)
成分标注:
[He] [explained] [that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally].
S V 宾语从句
宾语从句内部:
[his diet] [was] [so strict] [that he had to reward himself occasionally]
S V C(表语) 结果状语从句
结果状语从句内部:
[he] [had to] [reward] [himself] [occasionally]
S 情态短语 V O Adv.(频率)
语法要点:
- so…that…结构:his diet was so strict that…(他的节食如此严格以至于……)
- had to:情态动词短语,表示”不得不”(客观需要)
- 反身代词:himself 指代主语 he 本身
S11-S12: 展示内容
Then he showed me the contents of the parcel. It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!
句子类型:简单句 × 2
成分标注:
S11: [Then] [he] [showed] [me] [the contents of the parcel].
Adv. S V IO DO
S12: [It] [contained] [five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets]!
S V O
语法要点:
- 双宾语结构:show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.
- 量词表达:
- bars of chocolate(块巧克力)
- bags of sweets(袋糖果)
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 现在完成时 (Present Perfect Tense)
3.1.1 概念与用法
现在完成时表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
结构:have/has + 过去分词 (V-ed/V-en)
本课例句:
"My friend, Herbert, has always been fat"
(我的朋友赫伯特一直很胖)
分析:
- has been:现在完成时
- always:频度副词,强调状态的持续性
- 表示:从过去到现在一直保持着胖的状态
3.1.2 时间状语搭配
| 时间状语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| always | 一直 | has always been |
| recently | 最近 | things got so bad recently |
| for + 时间段 | 持续……时间 | for a week |
| since + 时间点 | 自从……以来 | since last week |
3.1.3 与一般过去时的区别
| 时态 | 用法 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | 强调与现在的联系 | has always been fat |
| 一般过去时 | 单纯叙述过去事件 | He began his diet a week ago |
3.2 so…that… 结果状语从句
3.2.1 结构分析
so…that… 表示”如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句。
结构:so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句
本课出现两处:
例句1:
"things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet"
(情况变得如此糟糕,以至于他决定节食)
分析:
- so bad(如此糟糕)
- that he decided...(以至于他决定……)
例句2:
"his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally"
(他的节食如此严格,以至于他不得不偶尔奖励自己)
分析:
- so strict(如此严格)
- that he had to...(以至于他不得不……)
3.2.2 与 such…that… 的区别
| 结构 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| so + 形容词/副词 + that | 修饰形容词或副词 | so bad that… |
| such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + that | 修饰名词 | such a strict diet that… |
转换示例:
His diet was so strict that...
= It was such a strict diet that...
3.3 定语从句 (Attributive Clause)
3.3.1 限制性定语从句
本课例句1(含关系代词):
"all the foods which were forbidden"
(所有被禁止的食物)
分析:
- 先行词:foods(指物)
- 关系代词:which
- 从句作用:限定 foods 的范围
本课例句2(省略关系代词):
"most of the things Herbert loves"
(赫伯特喜欢的大多数东西)
分析:
- 先行词:things(指物)
- 关系代词:that(在口语中可省略)
- 从句作用:限定 things 的范围
3.3.2 关系代词选择
| 先行词 | 关系代词 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 人 | who/that | — |
| 物 | which/that | which were forbidden |
| 人/物(作宾语) | whom/which/that(可省略) | (that) Herbert loves |
3.4 as…as… 原级比较
3.4.1 肯定式原级比较
结构:as + 形容词/副词原级 + as
含义:和……一样……
本课例句:
"Herbert was still as fat as ever"
(赫伯特仍然像往常一样胖)
分析:
- as fat as:和……一样胖
- ever:以往,从来(加强语气)
- still:仍然(强调状态的持续)
3.4.2 常见搭配
| 表达 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| as…as ever | 像往常一样…… |
| as…as before | 和以前一样…… |
| as…as usual | 和往常一样…… |
| as soon as | 一……就…… |
3.4.3 否定形式
not as/so + 形容词/副词原级 + as
不如……;没有……那么……
例:He is not as fat as before.
(他没有以前那么胖了。)
3.5 It 作形式主语的主语从句
3.5.1 结构分析
结构:It + be + 形容词 + that 从句
含义:……是……的
本课例句:
"It was obvious that he was very embarrassed"
(很明显,他感到非常尴尬)
分析:
- It:形式主语(占位)
- was obvious:系表结构
- that he was very embarrassed:真正主语从句
3.5.2 常用形容词
| 形容词 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| obvious | 明显的 |
| clear | 清楚的 |
| certain | 确定的 |
| true | 真实的 |
| important | 重要的 |
| necessary | 必要的 |
3.5.3 转换为正常语序
It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.
= That he was very embarrassed was obvious.
注意:正常语序头重脚轻,不符合英语表达习惯
3.6 when 引导的时间状语从句
3.6.1 基本用法
when 引导时间状语从句,表示”当……时候”。
本课例句:
"When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily..."
(当我问他在做什么时,他内疚地笑了笑……)
分析:
- When:从属连词
- I asked him what he was doing:时间状语从句
- 主句动作发生在从句动作过程中
3.6.2 时态搭配
| 主句时态 | 从句时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | 一般过去时 | When I asked… he smiled… |
| 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | When I asked… what he was doing |
| 一般将来时 | 一般现在时 | When he comes, I will tell him. |
3.7 时间状语的运用
3.7.1 一般过去时的时间标志
| 时间状语 | 位置 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|
| a week ago | 句末 | He began his diet a week ago. |
| yesterday | 句首/句中 | Yesterday I paid him a visit. |
| recently | 句末 | things got so bad recently |
3.7.2 时间表达排序
英语:从小到大(具体→笼统)
汉语:从大到小(笼统→具体)
本课:a week ago(一周前)
yesterday(昨天)
四、语法难点精讲
4.1 多个 that 从句的嵌套
本课难点句:
"I was not surprised to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever"
层次分析:
第一层:主句
I was not surprised to see...
第二层:不定式短语(含宾语从句)
to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever
↑
宾语从句引导词 that
第三层:宾语从句内部
Herbert was still as fat as ever
4.2 双宾语结构的转换
| 动词 | 双宾语结构 | 介词结构 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| pay | pay him a visit | pay a visit to him | paid him a visit |
| show | show me the contents | show the contents to me | showed me the contents |
| give | give him a book | give a book to him | — |
注意:能用于双宾语结构的动词通常是”给予”类动词。
4.3 反身代词的使用
本课例句:
"he had to reward himself occasionally"
(他不得不偶尔奖励自己)
分析:
- himself:反身代词
- 作用:指代主语 he 本身
- 常见搭配:reward oneself(奖励自己)
反身代词表:
| 人称 | 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一人称 | myself(我自己) | ourselves(我们自己) |
| 第二人称 | yourself(你自己) | yourselves(你们自己) |
| 第三人称 | himself/herself/itself | themselves(他们/她们/它们自己) |
五、课文语法地图
第51课 Reward for virtue
│
├── 时态系统
│ ├── 现在完成时:has always been(持续状态)
│ ├── 一般过去时:began, got, wrote, rang(过去事件)
│ └── 过去进行时:was doing(过去正在)
│
├── 从句系统
│ ├── 定语从句:which were forbidden, (that) Herbert loves
│ ├── 宾语从句:that he decided..., that Herbert was...
│ ├── 主语从句:It was obvious that...
│ ├── 时间状语从句:When I asked him...
│ └── 结果状语从句:so...that...(两处)
│
├── 比较结构
│ └── as...as...原级比较:as fat as ever
│
├── 特殊句式
│ ├── It 作形式主语:It was obvious that...
│ └── 双宾语结构:paid him a visit, showed me the contents
│
└── 词法要点
├── 派生词:embarrassed, guiltily, occasionally
├── 不规则动词:forbid-forbade-forbidden, hide-hid-hidden
└── 短语动词:go on a diet, write out, pay a visit
六、四级考点链接
6.1 so…that… 结构(高频考点)
四级真题示例:
The book is _____ interesting _____ I have read it three times.
A. too; to B. such; that C. so; that D. very; that
答案:C
解析:修饰形容词 interesting 用 so,后接 that 引导结果状语从句。
6.2 定语从句关系词选择(必考点)
四级真题示例:
This is the factory _____ I visited last year.
A. where B. which C. in which D. at which
答案:B
解析:先行词 factory 在从句中作 visited 的宾语,用 which 或 that,可省略。
6.3 现在完成时 vs. 一般过去时(常考点)
| 考点 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | 强调与现在的联系,常与 already, yet, ever, never, since, for 连用 |
| 一般过去时 | 单纯叙述过去,常与 ago, yesterday, last week 连用 |
七、术语索引
| 术语 | 英文 | 出现位置 |
|---|---|---|
| 并列句 | Compound Sentence | S1, S6, S9 |
| 复合句 | Complex Sentence | S1, S3, S4, S6, S8, S9, S10 |
| 简单句 | Simple Sentence | S2, S5, S7, S11, S12 |
| 现在完成时 | Present Perfect Tense | S1 |
| 一般过去时 | Simple Past Tense | S2, S5, S6, S7, S9 |
| 定语从句 | Attributive Clause | S3, S4 |
| 结果状语从句 | Adverbial Clause of Result | S1, S10 |
| 时间状语从句 | Adverbial Clause of Time | S9 |
| 主语从句 | Subject Clause | S8 |
| 宾语从句 | Object Clause | S6, S9, S10 |
| 同位语 | Appositive | S1, S4 |
| 插入语 | Parenthesis | S3 |
| 被动语态 | Passive Voice | S3 |
| 双宾语 | Double Object | S5, S11 |
| 反身代词 | Reflexive Pronoun | S10 |
| 形式主语 | Formal Subject | S8 |
| 原级比较 | Positive Degree Comparison | S6 |