第54课 Sticky fingers 粘糊的手指 深度语法分析
课号:第54课(共96课)
标题:Sticky fingers(粘糊的手指)
核心语法重点:过去完成时、no sooner…than…结构、形容词+enough+to do
难度等级:★★★☆(四级进阶)
课文原文
After breakfast, I sent the children to school and then I went to market. It was still early when I returned home. The children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quiet. So I decided to make some tarts for tea. In a short time I was busy mixing butter and flour and my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry. At exactly that moment, the telephone rang. Nothing could have been more annoying. I picked up the receiver between two sticky fingers and was dismayed when I recognized the voice of Mrs Bates. It took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later. At last I hung up the receiver. What a mess! There was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door-knobs. I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. This time it was the postman and he wanted me to sign for a registered letter!
早饭后,我送孩子们上学,然后去了市场。我回家时还很早。孩子们在学校,我丈夫在上班,家里很安静。所以我决定做一些馅饼当下午茶。不一会儿,我就忙着搅拌黄油和面粉,我的手很快就沾满了粘糊糊的糕点。就在那一刻,电话铃响了。没有什么比这更令人恼火了。我用两根粘糊糊的手指拿起听筒,当我认出是贝茨夫人的声音时,我感到沮丧。我花了十分钟说服她稍后再打过来。最后我挂断了电话。真是一团糟!我的手指上、电话上、门把手上都是糕点。我刚回到厨房,门铃就响了,声音大得足以把死人吵醒。这次是邮递员,他要我签收一封挂号信!
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 重点词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sticky | /ˈstɪki/ | adj. | 黏糊糊的;粘手的 | stickier, stickiest (比较级/最高级) |
| pastry | /ˈpeɪstri/ | n. | 油酥面团;糕点 | pastries (复数) |
| annoy | /əˈnɔɪ/ | v. | 使烦恼;使恼火 | annoyed (过去分词/形容词), annoying (现在分词/形容词) |
| dismay | /dɪsˈmeɪ/ | v./n. | 使沮丧;惊慌;沮丧 | dismayed (过去分词/形容词), dismaying (形容词) |
| persuade | /pəˈsweɪd/ | v. | 说服;劝说 | persuades (三单), persuaded (过去式), persuading (现在分词) |
| hang up | /hæŋ ʌp/ | phr. v. | 挂断(电话) | hung up (过去式), hung up (过去分词) |
| mess | /mes/ | n. | 混乱;脏乱 | messes (复数) |
| no sooner…than | /nəʊ ˈsuːnə ðæn/ | conj. | 一……就…… | — |
| enough | /ɪˈnʌf/ | adv./adj. | 足够地;足够的 | — |
1.2 词形变化详解
1.2.1 sticky 的形容词变化
sticky → stickier → stickiest(黏的 → 更黏的 → 最黏的)
本课例句:
"my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry"
(我的手很快就沾满了粘糊糊的糕点)
词源分析:
stick (v. 粘) + -y (形容词后缀) = sticky (adj. 粘的)
同类构词:
cloud → cloudy (多云的)
snow → snowy (下雪的)
sand → sandy (沙质的)
变化规则:
- 以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节形容词:变y为i加-er/-est
- sticky 属于规则变化,但发音要注意 /ˈstɪki/ → /ˈstɪkiə/ → /ˈstɪkiɪst/
1.2.2 annoy 的词族扩展
annoy (v.) 使烦恼
↓
annoyed (adj.) 感到烦恼的 ← 本课使用
"I was annoyed when the phone rang"
annoying (adj.) 令人烦恼的
"The noise is very annoying"
annoyance (n.) 烦恼;令人烦恼的事
"To my annoyance, the phone rang"
用法辨析:
- annoyed = 感到烦恼的(主语是人,描述感受)
- annoying = 令人烦恼的(主语是物,描述性质)
1.2.3 dismay 的双重词性
作为动词:
"I was dismayed when I recognized the voice"
(当我认出声音时,我感到沮丧)
结构:be dismayed + when从句
含义:感到沮丧/惊慌
作为名词:
"To my dismay, it was Mrs Bates"
(令我沮丧的是,是贝茨夫人)
常用搭配:
- to one's dismay 令某人沮丧的是
- with/in dismay 沮丧地
1.2.4 persuade 的常用结构
本课例句:
"It took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later"
(我花了十分钟说服她稍后再打过来)
核心结构:
persuade + sb. + to do sth. 说服某人做某事
扩展结构:
persuade + sb. + into + doing sth. 说服某人做某事
persuade + sb. + out of + doing sth. 说服某人不做某事
persuade + sb. + that从句 使某人相信……
对比记忆:
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事(不强调结果)
persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事(强调成功)
1.2.5 hang 的不规则变化(易混淆)
| 含义 | 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 悬挂 | hang | hung | hung | hanging |
| 绞死;吊死 | hang | hanged | hanged | hanging |
| 挂断(电话) | hang up | hung up | hung up | hanging up |
本课使用:
"I hung up the receiver"(我挂断了电话)
相关搭配:
- hang up 挂断电话
- hang on 别挂断;稍等
- hang up on sb. 挂断某人的电话(不礼貌)
记忆口诀:
- 悬挂/挂断用 hung(u像挂钩)
- 绞死/吊死用 hanged(法律用词,规则变化)
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 4 | 25% | S4, S9, S11, S14 |
| 并列句 | 3 | 18.8% | S1, S3, S7 |
| 复合句(含从句) | 9 | 56.2% | S2, S5, S6, S8, S10, S12, S13, S15, S16 |
| 总计 | 16 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇叙事
After breakfast, I sent the children to school and then I went to market.
句子结构:并列句(and连接两个分句)
分句1:
After breakfast │ I │ sent │ the children │ to school
时间状语 │主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 地点状语
分句2:
then │ I │ went │ to market
时间 │主 │ 谓语 │ 地点状语
语法要点:
1. After breakfast - 介词短语作时间状语,表示"在……之后"
2. send sb. to school - 固定搭配,"送某人上学"
3. go to market - 去市场(注意:market前不加冠词,指去市场买东西)
4. then - 时间副词,承接上文的动作顺序
S2: 时间状语从句
It was still early when I returned home.
句子结构:主从复合句(含时间状语从句)
主句:
It │ was │ still early
主 │ 系 │ 表语(状语+形容词)
从句(时间状语):
when │ I │ returned │ home
连词 │主 │ 谓语 │ 地点状语
语法要点:
1. It 指代时间,作主语
2. still early - still为副词,修饰形容词early,表示"仍然很早"
3. when引导时间状语从句,表示"当……时"
4. return home - 回家(home为副词,前面不加介词to)
【重要结构】
It was + 时间形容词 + when从句
= 当……时,时间还很……
S3: 并列描述
The children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quiet.
句子结构:三句并列(逗号和and连接)
分句1:
The children │ were │ at school
主语 │ 系 │ 表语(介词短语)
分句2:
my husband │ was │ at work
主语 │ 系 │ 表语(介词短语)
分句3:
the house │ was │ quiet
主语 │ 系 │ 表语(形容词)
语法要点:
1. 三个分句均为"主系表"结构
2. at school - 在学校(指上学状态)
3. at work - 在工作(指上班状态)
4. 三个并列分句共同营造"安静"的氛围,为下文做铺垫
S4: 简单句——决定做某事
So I decided to make some tarts for tea.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
So │ I │ decided │ to make some tarts for tea
连 │主 │ 谓语 │ 不定式短语(宾语)
不定式短语分析:
to make │ some tarts │ for tea
不定式 │ 宾语 │ 目的状语
语法要点:
1. So - 连词,承接上文的原因(因为安静,所以决定做……)
2. decide to do sth. - 决定做某事(decide后接不定式作宾语)
3. make tarts - 做馅饼
4. for tea - 下午茶时吃(tea在英国英语中可指"下午茶")
S5: 重点句——be busy doing / be covered with
In a short time I was busy mixing butter and flour and my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry.
句子结构:并列复合句
分句1:
In a short time │ I │ was busy │ mixing butter and flour
时间状语 │主 │ 系+表语 │ 动名词短语(真正宾语)
分句2:
my hands │ were soon covered │ with sticky pastry
主语 │ 谓语(被动) │ 介词短语(施事/材料)
语法要点:
1. 【本课重点】be busy doing sth. - 忙于做某事
- busy为形容词,作表语
- mixing为动名词,busy后省略了in
2. 【本课重点】be covered with - 被……覆盖
- covered为过去分词,构成被动语态
- with引出覆盖的材料
- soon为时间副词,表示"很快"
3. butter and flour - 黄油和面粉(做糕点的原料)
本句涉及语法术语:并列句 | 动名词 | 被动语态 | 过去分词
S6: 时间状语从句——就在那一刻
At exactly that moment, the telephone rang.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
At exactly that moment │ the telephone │ rang
时间状语 │ 主语 │ 谓语
语法要点:
1. At exactly that moment - 就在那一刻
- exactly强调时间的精确性
- that指代前文"忙着做糕点时"
2. 短促有力的简单句,制造紧张感
- 前文铺垫的安静被电话铃声打破
- 为下文的annoyed做铺垫
S7: 难点句——否定+比较级=最高级
Nothing could have been more annoying.
句子结构:简单句(含情态动词+完成式)
主干:
Nothing │ could have been │ more annoying
主语 │ 谓语(情态+完成)│ 表语(比较级)
语法要点:
1. 【本课核心语法】否定词+比较级 = 最高级含义
Nothing could have been more annoying
= It was the most annoying thing (implied)
(没有什么比这更令人恼火的了 = 这是最令人恼火的事)
2. could have been - 情态动词+完成式
- 表示对过去情况的推测或评价
- could表示可能性,语气比can更委婉
3. more annoying - annoying的比较级
- annoying为多音节形容词,比较级加more
- 本句用比较级形式表达最高级含义
【类似表达】
- I couldn't agree more. (我完全同意)
- Nothing is more important than health. (健康最重要)
本句涉及语法术语:情态动词 | 完成式 | 比较级 | 表语
S8: 复杂句——时间状语从句+被动语态
I picked up the receiver between two sticky fingers and was dismayed when I recognized the voice of Mrs Bates.
句子结构:并列复合句(and连接)+ 时间状语从句
分句1:
I │ picked up │ the receiver │ between two sticky fingers
主│ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 方式状语
分句2主句:
(I) │ was dismayed
主 │ 系+表语(过去分词作表语)
从句(时间状语):
when │ I │ recognized │ the voice of Mrs Bates
连词 │主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
语法要点:
1. pick up - 拿起(及物动词短语)
2. between two sticky fingers - 介词短语作方式状语
- 生动地描绘了当时狼狈的情景
3. was dismayed - 系表结构,dismayed为过去分词作表语
- 表示主语的状态:感到沮丧的
4. when引导时间状语从句
- 表示"当……时"
- 从句使用一般过去时,主句也用过去时
5. the voice of Mrs Bates - 贝茨夫人的声音(of所有格)
本句涉及语法术语:时间状语从句 | 并列句 | 过去分词 | 方式状语
S9: 重点句型——It takes sb. time to do sth.
It took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later.
句子结构:简单句(It作形式主语)
主干:
It │ took │ me │ ten minutes │ to persuade her to ring back later
形主│ 谓 │间宾│ 时间宾语 │ 真正主语(不定式短语)
不定式短语分析:
to persuade │ her │ to ring back later
不定式 │宾语 │ 宾语补足语(不定式)
语法要点:
1. 【本课核心语法】It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.
- 花费某人多少时间做某事
- It为形式主语,真正主语是后面的不定式短语
- took为take的过去式
2. persuade sb. to do sth. - 说服某人做某事
- her为persuade的宾语
- to ring back later为宾语补足语
3. ring back - 回电话
ring back later - 稍后再打过来
【句型转换】
原句:It took me ten minutes to persuade her...
= To persuade her... took me ten minutes.
= I spent ten minutes persuading her...
本句涉及语法术语:形式主语 | 不定式 | 间接宾语 | 宾语补足语
S10: 简单句——动作描述
At last I hung up the receiver.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
At last │ I │ hung up │ the receiver
时间状语│主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
语法要点:
1. At last - 最后;终于(表示经过等待或努力后)
2. hung up - hang up的过去式,挂断(电话)
- hang的过去式为hung(表示悬挂/挂断)
- 注意:表示"绞死"时过去式为hanged
3. the receiver - 听筒;电话接收器
S11: 感叹句——What a mess!
What a mess!
句子结构:感叹句(省略形式)
完整形式:
What │ a mess │ (it is)!
感叹词│ 表语 │ (主+系)
语法要点:
1. 【本课重点】What引导的感叹句
结构:What + (a/an) + 名词 + (主语+谓语)!
2. mess - 混乱;脏乱(可数名词)
- What a mess! = 真是一团糟!
- 省略了主语和谓语it is
3. 表达了作者看到满手、满电话都是糕点时的懊恼心情
【扩展】
What + a/an + 形容词 + 名词!
- What a beautiful day! (多好的天气啊!)
- What an interesting story! (多有趣的故事啊!)
S12: There be句型
There was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door-knobs.
句子结构:There be句型
主干:
There │ was │ pastry │ on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door-knobs
引导词│ 谓 │ 主语 │ 三个并列的地点状语
语法要点:
1. 【本课重点】There be句型 - 表示"存在有"
- There为引导词,无实际意义
- was为谓语动词(单数,因为pastry为不可数名词)
- pastry为主语(不可数名词)
2. 三个并列的地点状语:
- on my fingers(在我的手指上)
- on the telephone(在电话上)
- on the door-knobs(在门把手上)
3. 描述混乱的场面,呼应前文的What a mess!
【注意】
pastry作为"油酥面团"是不可数名词
作为"各种糕点"时可用复数pastries
本句涉及语法术语:There be句型 | 地点状语 | 并列结构
S13: 难点句——no sooner…than… + 过去完成时
I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead.
句子结构:主从复合句(no sooner...than...结构)
主句:
I │ had no sooner got back │ to the kitchen
主│ 谓语(过去完成时) │ 地点状语
从句(时间状语):
than │ the door-bell │ rang │ loud enough to wake the dead
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 程度状语(形容词+enough+不定式)
语法要点:
1. 【本课核心语法】no sooner...than... 结构
- 含义:一……就……
- 强调两个动作几乎同时发生,且前者刚完成后者就发生
- no sooner放在主句,than引导从句
2. 【时态搭配】主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时
- had got back - 过去完成时(表示"过去的过去")
- rang - 一般过去时
3. 【倒装用法】(本课未使用,但需了解)
No sooner had I got back than...
(No sooner置于句首时,主句需部分倒装)
4. loud enough to wake the dead - 程度状语
- loud为副词,修饰rang
- enough to do sth. - 足够……去做某事
- wake the dead - 吵醒死人(夸张修辞)
本句涉及语法术语:过去完成时 | 时间状语从句 | 副词 | 不定式
S14: 简单句——身份说明
This time it was the postman and he wanted me to sign for a registered letter!
句子结构:并列复合句(and连接)
分句1:
This time │ it │ was │ the postman
时间状语 │主 │ 系 │ 表语
分句2:
he │ wanted │ me │ to sign for a registered letter
主 │ 谓语 │宾语│ 宾语补足语(不定式)
语法要点:
1. This time - 这一次(与前文的电话铃声形成对比)
2. it was the postman - it指代"来者"
英语中不明身份的人可用it指代
3. want sb. to do sth. - 想要某人做某事
- me为宾语
- to sign for...为宾语补足语
4. sign for a registered letter - 签收挂号信
- sign for - 签收(动词短语)
- registered letter - 挂号信(registered为过去分词作定语)
5. 感叹号表达作者的无奈和惊讶
- 刚挂断电话,门铃又响
- 而且是需要签收挂号信这种不能拒绝的事
本句涉及语法术语:并列句 | 不定式 | 宾语补足语 | 过去分词
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时间状语从句——when的用法
3.1.1 课文例句分析
例句1:It was still early when I returned home.
结构:主句(过去时)+ when + 从句(过去时)
含义:当我回家时,时间还很早。
功能:when引导时间状语从句,表示"当……时"
例句2:I picked up the receiver… and was dismayed when I recognized the voice of Mrs Bates.
结构:主句动作 + when + 从句动作
含义:当我认出贝茨夫人的声音时,我感到沮丧。
功能:when强调两个动作的同时性
3.1.2 when的用法总结
| 用法 | 结构 | 例句 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 时间点 | 短暂动词 | When he came, I left. | 当一个动作发生时 |
| 时间段 | 延续动词 | When I was young… | 当某个状态时 |
| 突然 | be doing…when… | I was reading when he came. | 正在做某事,突然…… |
本课特点: 两个when从句都使用一般过去时,表示过去某个时间点发生的动作。
3.2 be busy doing sth. 结构
3.2.1 课文例句
I was busy mixing butter and flour
结构:be busy + (in) + doing sth.
含义:忙于做某事
注意:in可以省略,直接用动名词
3.2.2 结构分析
| 成分 | 形式 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| be | 系动词 | 连接主语和表语 |
| busy | 形容词 | 表语,表示”忙碌的” |
| (in) mixing | 动名词(短语) | 介词in的宾语,in可省略 |
3.2.3 拓展用法
类似结构:
- be busy with sth. 忙于某事
"I am busy with my work."
- be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
"He is busy preparing for the exam."
对比:
- busy oneself (in) doing sth. 使自己忙于做某事
"She busied herself (in) cleaning the room."
3.3 be covered with 结构
3.3.1 课文例句
my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry
结构:be covered with + 名词
含义:被……覆盖
语态:被动语态(cover为及物动词)
3.3.2 结构分析
| 成分 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| be covered | 被动语态,表示”被覆盖” |
| with | 介词,引出覆盖的材料/东西 |
| sticky pastry | 覆盖物(粘糊糊的糕点) |
3.3.3 对比辨析
be covered with vs. be covered by
be covered with - 强调表面被……覆盖(具体物质)
"The cake is covered with cream."(蛋糕上覆盖着奶油)
"His hands were covered with mud."(他的手上满是泥)
be covered by - 强调被……遮盖/覆盖(整体)
"The field is covered by snow."(田野被雪覆盖)
"The story was covered by the media."(故事被媒体报导)
3.4 形容词最高级的特殊表达
3.4.1 课文例句
Nothing could have been more annoying.
字面:没有什么可能更令人恼火了
含义:这是最令我恼火的事情(最高级含义)
结构:否定词 + 比较级 = 最高级
3.4.2 语法原理
否定词 + 比较级 = 最高级含义
原理:
- 比较级表示"更……"
- 否定词表示"没有"
- "没有更……" = "最……"
例句:
Nothing is more important.
= Everything is less important (than it).
= It is the most important thing.
3.4.3 常见表达
| 句式 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| Nothing is more… | 没有什么更…… | Nothing is more precious than time. |
| I couldn’t agree more. | 我完全同意 | — |
| I can’t be more sorry. | 我非常抱歉 | — |
| Never had I seen a better film. | 我从未看过更好的电影 | (=这是最好的电影) |
3.5 It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.
3.5.1 课文例句
It took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later.
结构:It takes/took + 人 + 时间 + to do sth.
含义:做某事花费某人多少时间
时态:took为过去式
3.5.2 句子成分分析
| 成分 | 内容 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 形式主语 | It | 无实义,占据主语位置 |
| 谓语 | took | take的过去式 |
| 间接宾语 | me | 动作的对象(人) |
| 直接宾语 | ten minutes | 花费的时间 |
| 真正主语 | to persuade her to ring back later | 不定式短语 |
3.5.3 与spend的对比
| 句型 | 主语 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| It takes sb. time to do | It | It takes me an hour to finish. | 强调事情 |
| sb. spends time (in) doing | 人 | I spend an hour (in) finishing. | 强调人 |
| sb. spends time on sth. | 人 | I spend an hour on it. | 强调事物 |
同义转换:
It took me ten minutes to persuade her.
= I spent ten minutes persuading her.
= I spent ten minutes in persuading her. (in可省略)
3.6 What 引导的感叹句
3.6.1 课文例句
What a mess!
完整形式:What a mess it is!
省略形式:What a mess!(省略主语和谓语)
含义:真是一团糟!
3.6.2 感叹句结构
What引导的感叹句:
What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + (主语+谓语)!
What a beautiful day (it is)!
What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 + (主语+谓语)!
What beautiful flowers (they are)!
What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + (主语+谓语)!
What fine weather (it is)!
How引导的感叹句:
How + 形容词/副词 + (主语+谓语)!
How beautiful (she is)!
How fast (he runs)!
3.6.3 本课特点
本课使用省略形式,因为在口语中,当意思明确时,可以省略主语和谓语。
3.7 There be 句型
3.7.1 课文例句
There was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door-knobs.
结构:There + be + 主语 + 地点状语
含义:在某地有某物
功能:表示存在
3.7.2 句型分析
| 成分 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| There | 引导词,无实义 |
| was | 谓语动词(单数,因为pastry不可数) |
| pastry | 主语(不可数名词) |
| on… | 地点状语(三个并列) |
3.7.3 就近原则
There be句型的主谓一致遵循"就近原则":
There is a book and two pens on the desk.
(离be最近的是a book,所以用is)
There are two pens and a book on the desk.
(离be最近的是two pens,所以用are)
3.8 no sooner…than… 结构
3.8.1 课文例句
I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door-bell rang.
结构:主句(过去完成时)+ no sooner...than... + 从句(一般过去时)
含义:一……就……
强调:两个动作紧挨着发生,几乎没有间隔
3.8.2 时态要求
| 分句 | 时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 主句(no sooner部分) | 过去完成时 | I had no sooner arrived… |
| 从句(than部分) | 一般过去时 | …than it started to rain. |
时态原理:
- “回到厨房”发生在”门铃响”之前
- “过去的过去”用过去完成时
- “过去的现在”用一般过去时
3.8.3 倒装结构
正常语序:
I had no sooner got back than the door-bell rang.
倒装语序(强调):
No sooner had I got back than the door-bell rang.
倒装规则:
No sooner置于句首时,主句需要部分倒装(had提前)
3.8.4 与hardly…when…的对比
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| no sooner…than… | 一……就…… | No sooner had I arrived than it rained. |
| hardly…when… | 刚……就…… | Hardly had I arrived when it rained. |
| scarcely…when… | 刚……就…… | Scarcely had I arrived when it rained. |
| as soon as | 一……就…… | As soon as I arrived, it rained. |
注意:
- no sooner与than搭配
- hardly/scarcely与when搭配
- as soon as引导的从句可用一般过去时
3.9 形容词/副词 + enough + to do
3.9.1 课文例句
the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead
结构:副词 + enough + to do sth.
含义:足够……去做某事
功能:程度状语,修饰动词rang
3.9.2 结构分析
| 类型 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 形容词+enough | adj. + enough + to do | He is old enough to go to school. |
| 副词+enough | adv. + enough + to do | He ran fast enough to catch the bus. |
位置规则:
- enough修饰形容词/副词时,放在被修饰词之后
- enough修饰名词时,放在名词之前
对比:
形容词/副词 + enough(后置)
loud enough, old enough, fast enough
enough + 名词(前置)
enough money, enough time, enough food
3.9.3 本课特殊用法
loud enough to wake the dead
声音大得足以吵醒死人
修辞手法:
- wake the dead是夸张说法(hyperbole)
- 强调门铃声之大
- 增添幽默效果
3.10 过去完成时 (Past Perfect Tense)
3.10.1 课文例句
I had no sooner got back to the kitchen…
结构:had + 过去分词(got back)
含义:过去的过去
功能:表示在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作
3.10.2 时态用法
| 用法 | 说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 过去的过去 | 一个过去动作之前完成的动作 | I had finished before he came. |
| 与by连用 | 到过去某时为止 | By last year, I had learned 1000 words. |
| no sooner…than | 主句用过去完成时 | I had no sooner arrived than… |
| 间接引语 | 直接引语的现在完成时变过去完成时 | He said he had finished. |
3.10.3 时间轴图示
现在 (present)
│
│ had got back(过去完成时)
│ │
│ ▼
│ 【参考点】door-bell rang(一般过去时)
│ │
│ ▼
└────────────────────► 过去 (past)
"回到厨房"发生在"门铃响"之前,所以用过去完成时
3.10.4 与一般过去时的对比
| 时态 | 结构 | 使用场景 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | did | 过去发生的动作 | I arrived at 8. |
| 过去完成时 | had done | 过去的过去 | I had arrived before 8. |
对比:
I got back to the kitchen. Then the door-bell rang.
(两个独立动作,都用一般过去时)
I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door-bell rang.
(强调紧密连接,主句用过去完成时)
四、术语链接汇总
核心术语速查
详细分类
词法相关
- 形容词:sticky, annoyed, dismayed, annoying
- 副词:still, soon, exactly, later
- 名词:pastry, mess
- 动词:annoy, dismay, persuade, hang up
- 动名词:mixing butter and flour
- 过去分词:covered, registered, dismayed
- 比较级:more annoying
句法相关
- 主语:I, it, the children, nothing
- 谓语:sent, went, was, rang, took
- 宾语:the children, the receiver
- 表语:early, quiet, annoying, dismayed
- 状语:After breakfast, In a short time, At exactly that moment
- 定语:sticky (pastry), registered (letter)
- 同位语:Mrs Bates (the voice of…)
句型相关
- 简单句:S4, S6, S10, S11
- 并列句:S1, S3, S7, S14
- 复合句:S2, S5, S8, S9, S12, S13
- 主系表结构:It was still early
- There be句型:There was pastry…
- 感叹句:What a mess!
从句相关
时态语态
- 一般过去时:sent, went, returned, rang
- 过去完成时:had got back
- 被动语态:were covered, was dismayed
- 情态动词+完成式:could have been
非谓语动词
五、课后练习
5.1 词汇练习
-
用所给词的适当形式填空:
- My hands were ______ (cover) with mud.
- It is ______ (annoy) when someone interrupts me.
- I was ______ (dismay) to hear the news.
-
选择正确的词:
- I was busy ______ (do / doing) my homework.
- It took me an hour ______ (finish / to finish) the work.
5.2 句型转换
-
将下列句子改为”no sooner…than…”结构:
- I arrived home. It started to rain.
- She sat down. The phone rang.
-
用”It takes/took sb. time to do sth.”结构改写:
- I spent two hours finishing the report.
- She spent a week learning the poem.
5.3 翻译练习
- 没有什么比健康更重要。
- 我一到家就开始做作业。
- 她忙着准备考试。
- 我的衣服沾满了灰尘。
- 说服他改变主意花了我很长时间。
六、参考答案
6.1 词汇练习
-
- covered
- annoying
- dismayed
-
- doing
- to finish
6.2 句型转换
-
- I had no sooner arrived home than it started to rain.
- She had no sooner sat down than the phone rang.
-
- It took me two hours to finish the report.
- It took her a week to learn the poem.
6.3 翻译练习
- Nothing is more important than health.
- I had no sooner got/arrived home than I started to do my homework.
- She was busy preparing for the exam.
- My clothes were covered with dust.
- It took me a long time to persuade him to change his mind.
文档生成时间:2026年4月
适用教材:新概念英语第二册(New Concept English 2)