第二册 L55 Not a gold mine 语法深度精讲
课号：第55课（共96课）
标题：Not a gold mine（并非金矿）
语法重点：现在完成时被动语态 + 过去分词作定语/状语 + would do过去习惯 + when引导时间状语从句
核心逻辑功能：叙事逻辑 - 期望与现实的反差
本课涉及的语法术语
课文原文
Lesson 55 Not a gold mine 并非金矿
Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently. A new machine called ‘The Revealer’ has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where—it is said—pirates used to hide gold. The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep. They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless. The party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk. In spite of this, many people are confident that ‘The Revealer’ may reveal something of value fairly soon.
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 词性 | 词义 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| treasure | n. (U/C) | 财宝，宝藏 | 宾语中心词 |
| reveal | v. | 揭示，显露 | 谓语动词 |
| detect | v. | 探测，发现 | 不定式作目的状语 |
| bury | v. | 埋葬，埋藏 | 谓语动词（被动/主动） |
| pirate | n. (C) | 海盗 | 主语 |
| arm | v. | 武装，配备 | 过去分词作状语 |
| examine | v. | 检查，审视 | 谓语动词（过去进行时） |
| worthless | adj. | 无价值的 | 表语形容词 |
| thoroughly | adv. | 彻底地 | 方式状语 |
| confident | adj. | 自信的，确信的 | 表语形容词 |
1.2 重点词汇精讲
1.2.1 treasure（宝藏）
词性特点：
- 作不可数名词：表示"财宝"总称
Dreams of finding lost treasure...（梦想找到失落的宝藏）
- 作可数名词：表示"珍品，宝贝"
The museum has many art treasures.
词义延伸：
- treasure hunt 寻宝游戏
- treasure trove 无主宝藏
- family treasures 传家之宝
1.2.2 reveal vs. detect
| 词汇 | 核心含义 | 侧重点 | 课文用法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| reveal | 揭示，显露 | 使原本隐藏的东西显现 | The Revealer may reveal something… |
| detect | 探测，发现 | 通过技术手段察觉 | used to detect gold… |
| discover | 发现 | 首次找到已知存在的事物 | （课文中未使用） |
| find | 找到 | 普通用语 | …hoping to find buried treasure. |
1.2.3 bury（埋藏）
词形变化：
- 原形：bury /ˈberi/
- 过去式/过去分词：buried
- 现在分词：burying
- 第三人称单数：buries
课文中的用法：
1. 过去分词作定语：gold which has been buried（被埋的黄金）
2. 过去分词作定语：buried treasure（被埋藏的宝藏）
3. 主动语态：pirates would often bury gold（海盗经常埋金子）
常见搭配：
- bury sth. in the ground 把某物埋入地下
- be buried alive 被活埋
- bury one's face in hands 双手掩面
1.2.4 armed（武装的）
词源：arm（v. 武装）→ armed（过去分词）
课文用法：
Armed with the new machine（配备着新机器）
- 结构：过去分词短语作伴随状语
- 逻辑主语：a search party（搜索队）
- 逻辑关系：搜索队被武装/配备 → 被动含义
常见搭配：
- armed with facts/data 以事实/数据为武器
- armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿
- armed forces 武装部队
1.2.5 worthless（无价值的）
构词分析：
- worth（n. 价值）+ -less（否定后缀）= worthless（无价值的）
对比词汇：
| 词形 | 含义 | 例句 |
|------|------|------|
| worth | n. 价值 / adj. 值...的 | a book of great worth |
| worthy | adj. 值得的，有价值的 | worthy of attention |
| worthwhile | adj. 值得做的 | a worthwhile effort |
| worthless | adj. 无价值的 | almost worthless |
课文用法：
which was almost worthless（几乎毫无价值）
- 修饰：a small gold coin
- 语义：强调宝藏的微小与期望的落差
1.3 词形变化表
动词不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| come | came | come | coming | 成为，实现 |
| invent | invented | invented | inventing | 发明 |
| use | used | used | using | 使用 |
| bury | buried | buried | burying | 埋藏 |
| hide | hid | hidden | hiding | 隐藏 |
| fail | failed | failed | failing | 未能 |
| go | went | gone | going | 去 |
| examine | examined | examined | examining | 检查 |
| show | showed | shown/showed | showing | 显示 |
| dig | dug | dug | digging | 挖掘 |
| find | found | found | finding | 找到 |
| search | searched | searched | searching | 搜索 |
形容词与副词派生
| 形容词 | 副词形式 | 名词形式 | 词义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| recent | recently | - | 最近的 |
| excited | excitedly | excitement | 兴奋的 |
| deep | deeply | depth | 深的 |
| thorough | thoroughly | thoroughness | 彻底的 |
| confident | confidently | confidence | 自信的 |
| valuable | - | value | 有价值的 |
| worthless | - | worth | 无价值的 |
| empty | - | emptiness | 空的 |
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句子类型 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句位置 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 4 | 36% | 句1, 6, 7, 9 |
| 并列句 | 3 | 27% | 句2, 4, 8 |
| 复合句（主从） | 4 | 37% | 句3, 5, 10, 11 |
| 合计 | 11 | 100% | - |
2.2 逐句成分分析
句1：简单句 - 开篇点题
Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently.
句子成分拆解：
[主语] Dreams of finding lost treasure
├── 核心词: Dreams（名词复数）
└── 后置定语: of finding lost treasure（介词短语）
├── of: 介词
├── finding: 动名词（作of的宾语）
└── lost treasure: 动名词finding的宾语
└── lost: 过去分词作定语（修饰treasure）
[状语1] almost（程度副词，修饰came true）
[谓语] came true（系表结构短语，意为"实现"）
[状语2] recently（时间状语）
句型特点：
- 主语较长，使用” Dreams of…”结构增加信息量
- came true 为固定短语，表示梦想/期望的实现
- almost 的位置：位于实义动词之前
句2：并列句 - 介绍新发明
A new machine called ‘The Revealer’ has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground.
句子成分拆解：
分句A：A new machine...has been invented
[主语] A new machine called 'The Revealer'
├── 核心词: machine（名词）
├── 修饰语: A new（冠词+形容词）
└── 后置定语: called 'The Revealer'（过去分词短语）
└── 'The Revealer': 过去分词called的宾语（机器名称）
[谓语] has been invented
├── 时态: [[现在完成时]]
├── 语态: [[被动语态]]（has been + 过去分词）
└── 语义: 已经被发明
---
分句B：it has been used to detect gold which...
[主语] it（指代the new machine）
[谓语] has been used
├── 时态: [[现在完成时]]
├── 语态: [[被动语态]]
└── 语义: 已经被用来
[目的状语] to detect gold（不定式表目的）
└── 定语从句: which has been buried in the ground
├── 先行词: gold
├── 关系代词: which（指代物，作主语）
├── 谓语: has been buried（现在完成时被动语态）
└── 地点状语: in the ground（介词短语）
句型特点：
- 两个分句通过and连接，形成并列关系
- 两个谓语都用现在完成时被动语态，强调与现在的联系
- 分句B中包含一个限制性定语从句，修饰gold
- 本句连续使用三次现在完成时被动语态
句3：复合句 - 地点与传说
The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where—it is said—pirates used to hide gold.
句子成分拆解：
[主语] The machine
[谓语] was used
├── 时态: [[一般过去时]]
├── 语态: [[被动语态]]（was + 过去分词）
└── 语义: 被使用
[地点状语] in a cave near the seashore（介词短语）
├── in a cave: 在洞穴里
└── 后置定语: near the seashore（介词短语，修饰cave）
[定语从句] where--it is said--pirates used to hide gold
├── 先行词: a cave near the seashore
├── 关系副词: where（= in which，在从句中作地点状语）
├── 插入语: --it is said--（据说，主语从句的省略形式）
│ └── 相当于: It is said that...中的主句部分
├── 主语: pirates
├── 谓语: used to hide（[[过去习惯性动作]]）
└── 宾语: gold
句型特点：
- where引导限制性定语从句，修饰cave
- 插入语”it is said”的破折号使用（也可以理解为逗号）
- used to do表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作
句4：并列句 - 海盗行为模式
The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it.
句子成分拆解：
[主语] The pirates
[谓语1] would often bury
├── would: [[情态动词]]，表示过去习惯
├── often: 频率副词
└── bury: 动词原形
[宾语1] gold
[地点状语] in the cave（介词短语）
[连接词] and then（并列连接词+时间副词）
[谓语2] fail（与would省略共用一个情态动词）
├── 完整形式: would (often) fail
└── fail to do: 未能做某事
[宾语2] to collect it（不定式短语作fail的宾语）
└── it: 指代gold
句型特点：
- would do表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作
- 与used to do的区别：would强调”过去常常”，多用于描述行为
- fail to do = 未能做到，没有做到
句5：简单句 - 搜索行动（含复杂状语）
Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure.
句子成分拆解：
[伴随状语] Armed with the new machine（[[过去分词短语作状语]]）
├── 过去分词: Armed（表示被动：被武装/配备）
└── 介词短语: with the new machine（表示工具）
└── 逻辑主语: a search party（与主句主语一致）
[主语] a search party
├── a: 不定冠词
├── search: 名词作定语（搜索）
└── party: 名词（队伍）
[谓语] went
├── 时态: [[一般过去时]]
└── 动词: go的过去式
[地点状语] into the cave（介词短语）
[伴随状语/目的状语] hoping to find buried treasure（[[现在分词短语作状语]]）
├── 现在分词: hoping（表示主动，与主语同时发生）
└── 宾语: to find buried treasure（不定式短语）
├── 动词: find
└── 宾语: buried treasure（过去分词作定语）
句型特点：
- 句首过去分词Armed with…作伴随状语，相当于”As they were armed with…”
- 句尾现在分词hoping…作伴随/目的状语
- 两个非谓语动词短语形成首尾呼应，中间是主干
句6：复合句 - 关键时刻
The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground.
句子成分拆解：
主句：The leader...was examining...
[主语] The leader of the party
├── 核心词: leader（名词）
└── 后置定语: of the party（介词短语）
[谓语] was examining
├── 时态: [[过去进行时]]
└── 语义: 正在检查
[宾语] the soil near the entrance to the cave
├── 核心词: soil（土壤）
└── 后置定语: near the entrance to the cave
├── near the entrance: 在入口附近
└── to the cave: 修饰entrance（...的入口）
---
从句：when the machine showed that...
[连词] when（[[时间状语从句]]，"正在...这时..."）
[主语] the machine
[谓语] showed
├── 时态: [[一般过去时]]
└── 语义: 显示
[宾语从句] that there was gold under the ground
├── 引导词: that（[[宾语从句]]，可省略）
├── 引导词: there（[[存在句]]引导词）
├── 谓语: was
├── 主语: gold
└── 地点状语: under the ground
句型特点：
- “was/were doing… when…”是固定句型，表示”正在做某事，这时突然…”
- when在此处不是”当…时候”，而是”正在这时突然”
- that引导的宾语从句作showed的宾语
- 宾语从句内部是there be存在句型
句7：简单句 - 形容词作状语
Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep.
句子成分拆解：
[状语] Very excited（[[形容词作状语]]，表示主语状态）
├── 相当于: As they were very excited
└── 或: Being very excited
└── 说明主语the party的心理状态
[主语] the party（此处指搜索队全体成员）
[谓语] dug
├── 时态: [[一般过去时]]
└── dig的过去式
[宾语] a hole two feet deep
├── 核心词: a hole（洞）
└── 后置定语: two feet deep（复合形容词，两英尺深的）
├── two feet: 数量词
└── deep: 形容词（表示深度）
句型特点：
- Very excited是形容词短语作原因/伴随状语
- two feet deep是复合形容词结构，修饰hole
- 这种”数词+名词+形容词”结构常作后置定语
句8：并列句 - 发现与失望
They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless and then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk.
句子成分拆解：
分句A：They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless
[主语] They
[状语] finally（最终）
[谓语1] found
[宾语] a small gold coin which was almost worthless
├── 核心词: a small gold coin（一枚小金币）
└── 定语从句: which was almost worthless
├── which: 关系代词，指代coin
├── was: 系动词
└── 表语: almost worthless（几乎无价值的）
---
分句B：then searched the whole cave thoroughly
[连接词] and then
[谓语2] searched（与found并列）
[宾语] the whole cave（整个洞穴）
[状语] thoroughly（彻底地，副词）
---
分句C：but did not find anything except...
[转折连词] but
[谓语3] did not find（否定式）
[宾语] anything（不定代词）
[介词短语] except an empty tin trunk（除了...之外）
├── except: 介词
└── 宾语: an empty tin trunk（一个空的铁皮箱子）
├── empty: 形容词（空的）
└── tin: 名词作定语（铁皮的）
句型特点：
- 三个谓语动词并列：found… and (then) searched… but did not find…
- which引导限制性定语从句，修饰coin
- except = but，表示”除…之外”
句9：简单句 - 转折让步
In spite of this, many people are confident that ‘The Revealer’ may reveal something of value fairly soon.
句子成分拆解：
[让步状语] In spite of this（[[介词短语作让步状语]]）
├── 相当于: Although/Though this happened
└── this: 指代前文发现空箱子的事实
[主语] many people
[系动词] are
[表语] confident that...（[[形容词+宾语从句]]）
├── confident: 形容词（确信的）
└── 宾语从句: that 'The Revealer' may reveal something of value fairly soon
├── 引导词: that（[[宾语从句]]）
├── 主语: 'The Revealer'
├── 谓语: may reveal（情态动词+动词原形）
├── 宾语: something of value
│ ├── something: 不定代词
│ └── of value: 介词短语作后置定语（= valuable）
└── 时间状语: fairly soon（相当快地）
句型特点：
- In spite of + 名词/代词 = 尽管/虽然（表让步）
- confident that… 形容词后接宾语从句
- something of value = something valuable（of+名词=形容词）
- fairly soon = 相当快地，很快
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 现在完成时被动语态
3.1.1 形式与构成
结构：have/has + been + 过去分词
肯定式：
- It has been invented.（它已经被发明）
- Gold has been buried.（金子已经被埋藏）
否定式：
- It has not been used.（它还没有被使用）
疑问式：
- Has it been invented?（它已经被发明了吗？）
3.1.2 课文实例分析
| 实例 | 时态语态 | 语法功能 | 语义说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| has been invented | 现在完成时被动 | 谓语 | 机器的发明对现在有影响 |
| has been used | 现在完成时被动 | 谓语 | 机器已被投入使用 |
| has been buried | 现在完成时被动 | 定语从句谓语 | 金子被埋的状态持续到现在 |
3.1.3 使用场景
1. 强调过去的动作对现在的影响或结果
A new machine has been invented.
（机器已存在，可被使用）
2. 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态
Gold which has been buried in the ground
（金子被埋后一直埋在地下）
3. 表示过去某时发生的动作，常与already, yet, recently, ever, never等连用
Dreams...almost came true recently.
（recently常与现在完成时或一般过去时连用）
3.2 过去分词作后置定语
3.2.1 形式与功能
结构：名词 + 过去分词（短语）
特点：
- 表示被动或完成的意义
- 相当于一个定语从句的省略形式
- 位置：必须置于被修饰名词之后
3.2.2 课文实例分析
| 实例 | 原句 | 还原为定语从句 | 被修饰词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| called ‘The Revealer’ | a machine called… | a machine which is called… | machine |
| buried in the ground | gold which has been buried… | gold which has been buried… | gold |
| lost treasure | finding lost treasure | treasure which has been lost | treasure |
| buried treasure | hoping to find buried treasure | treasure which is buried | treasure |
3.2.3 现在分词 vs. 过去分词作定语
| 形式 | 意义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在分词 | 主动、进行 | a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping |
| 过去分词 | 被动、完成 | a broken cup = a cup that has been broken |
3.3 would do 表示过去习惯
3.3.1 与 used to do 的对比
| 项目 | would do | used to do |
|---|---|---|
| 意义 | 过去经常性动作 | 过去习惯或状态 |
| 否定式 | would not do | used not to do / didn’t use to |
| 疑问式 | Would…do? | Used…to do? / Did…use to? |
| 状态动词 | 一般不与状态动词连用 | 可以与状态动词连用 |
| 课文例句 | would often bury | used to hide |
3.3.2 课文实例
原句1：pirates used to hide gold
- used to hide: 过去常常隐藏
- 强调过去的习惯性行为
原句2：The pirates would often bury gold
- would often bury: 过去经常埋藏
- 强调过去反复发生的动作
- often 与 would 连用，强调频率
细微差别：
- used to hide: 描述海盗的一贯行为模式
- would bury: 描述海盗反复进行的具体动作
3.4 过去分词作伴随状语
3.4.1 结构与功能
结构：过去分词（短语），主语 + 谓语...
功能：
- 表示与主句动作同时发生的伴随情况
- 表示原因、条件或时间
- 逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致
- 逻辑上是被动关系
转换为从句：
Armed with the new machine
= As they were armed with the new machine
= When they were armed with the new machine
3.4.2 课文实例分析
例句：Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave.
分析：
- 过去分词: Armed
- 介词短语: with the new machine（表示工具）
- 逻辑主语: a search party（与主句主语一致）
- 逻辑关系: 搜索队被配备/武装（被动含义）
- 语法功能: 伴随状语/原因状语
同类例句：
- Dressed in white, she attended the party.
- Lost in thought, he didn't notice me.
- Surrounded by the enemy, they fought bravely.
3.5 when引导时间状语从句（特殊用法）
3.5.1 句型结构
结构：was/were doing... when... did...
含义：
- 字面：正在做某事，这时突然...
- 强调主句动作正在进行时，从句动作突然发生
- when = and at that time（正在这时）
例句：
I was walking in the street when I met an old friend.
（我正在街上走，这时突然遇到了一位老朋友。）
3.5.2 课文实例分析
原句：The leader...was examining the soil...when the machine showed...
分析：
- 主句时态: 过去进行时（was examining）
- 从句连词: when（正在这时）
- 从句时态: 一般过去时（showed）
- 语义: 队长正在检查时，机器突然显示有金子
对比普通when：
- 普通when: When I came, he was reading.（当...时候）
- 特殊when: I was reading when he came.（正在这时）
3.6 形容词作状语
3.6.1 结构与功能
结构：形容词（短语），主语 + 谓语...
功能：
- 表示主语的状态或原因
- 相当于一个原因状语从句或时间状语从句
- 位置：句首或句尾
转换为从句：
Very excited, the party dug...
= As they were very excited, the party dug...
= Because they were very excited, the party dug...
3.6.2 课文实例分析
例句1：Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep.
分析：
- 形容词: excited（兴奋的）
- 修饰语: Very（程度副词）
- 逻辑主语: the party
- 语法功能: 原因状语（因为很兴奋）
同类例句：
- Cold and hungry, they wandered in the street.（又冷又饿）
- Anxious for a quick decision, he called a meeting.（急于）
- Eager to see the result, he opened the box immediately.（急于）
3.7 In spite of + 名词/代词
3.7.1 结构对比
| 结构 | 词性 | 后接 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| in spite of | 介词短语 | 名词/代词/动名词 | In spite of the rain, we went out. |
| despite | 介词 | 名词/代词/动名词 | Despite the rain, we went out. |
| although/though | 从属连词 | 从句 | Although it rained, we went out. |
3.7.2 课文实例
原句：In spite of this, many people are confident...
分析：
- in spite of: 介词短语，表让步
- this: 代词，指代前文发现空箱子的事实
- 语义: 尽管发现了空箱子（令人失望），但人们仍然有信心
同义替换：
- Despite this, many people are confident...
- Although this happened, many people are confident...
- Though they found nothing, many people are confident...
3.8 宾语从句
3.8.1 that引导的宾语从句
结构：主语 + 动词 + that + 从句
that的省略：
- 在口语或非正式文体中，that可以省略
- 在正式文体中，that通常保留
- 当宾语从句作主语或表语时，that不能省略
课文实例：
1. the machine showed that there was gold...
- that引导宾语从句，作showed的宾语
- 从句内部是there be存在句型
2. many people are confident that 'The Revealer' may reveal...
- that引导宾语从句，作形容词confident的宾语
- 这种"形容词+that从句"结构较特殊
3.8.2 形容词+that宾语从句
常见可接that从句的形容词：
- confident that...（确信）
- sure that...（确定）
- certain that...（肯定）
- afraid that...（担心）
- glad that...（高兴）
- sorry that...（抱歉）
- surprised that...（惊讶）
课文实例：
many people are confident that...
= many people are confident of the fact that...
四、术语链接汇总
4.1 词法术语
| 术语 | 出现位置 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词 | treasure, machine, cave | 表示人、事物、地点 |
| 动词 | invent, use, detect, bury | 表示动作或状态 |
| 过去分词 | called, buried, armed | 表示被动或完成 |
| 现在分词 | finding, hoping | 表示主动或进行 |
| 形容词 | worthless, confident, excited | 修饰名词 |
| 副词 | recently, thoroughly, almost | 修饰动词、形容词 |
| 情态动词 | would, may | can, could, may, might, must等 |
| 不定式 | to detect, to find | to + 动词原形 |
| 动名词 | finding | 动词+ing，名词化 |
| 介词 | in, of, with, under | in, on, at, by, with等 |
4.2 句法术语
| 术语 | 出现位置 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | Dreams, The machine, The leader | 句子的主体 |
| 谓语 | has been invented, was examining | 主语的动作或状态 |
| 宾语 | gold, the soil, a hole | 动作的承受者 |
| 表语 | worthless, confident | 系动词后的成分 |
| 定语 | called ‘The Revealer’, buried | 修饰名词 |
| 状语 | recently, in the cave, Very excited | 修饰动词、句子 |
| 同位语 | ’The Revealer’ | 对名词的补充说明 |
| 插入语 | it is said | 插入句中的成分 |
4.3 时态语态术语
| 术语 | 出现位置 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | came, was used, went | 表示过去发生的动作 |
| 过去进行时 | was examining | 表示过去正在进行的动作 |
| 现在完成时 | has been invented | 表示过去动作对现在的影响 |
| 被动语态 | has been invented, was used | be + 过去分词 |
| 过去习惯性动作 | would bury, used to hide | 表示过去的习惯 |
4.4 从句术语
| 术语 | 出现位置 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 定语从句 | which has been buried, where… | 修饰名词的从句 |
| 宾语从句 | that there was gold, that…may reveal | 作宾语的从句 |
| 时间状语从句 | when the machine showed | 表示时间的从句 |
| 关系代词 | which, that | 引导定语从句的代词 |
| 关系副词 | where | 引导定语从句的副词 |
4.5 非谓语动词术语
| 术语 | 出现位置 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 过去分词短语作状语 | Armed with… | 表示被动/完成的状语 |
| 现在分词短语作状语 | hoping to find… | 表示主动/进行的状语 |
| 过去分词作定语 | called, buried, lost | 后置修饰名词 |
| 不定式作目的状语 | to detect, to find | 表示目的 |
4.6 特殊结构术语
| 术语 | 出现位置 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 存在句 | there was gold | there be句型 |
| 介词短语作让步状语 | In spite of this | in spite of + 名词 |
| 形容词作状语 | Very excited | 形容词置于句首作状语 |
五、语法知识延伸
5.1 被动语态的扩展形式
课文中的被动语态汇总：
1. 现在完成时被动：
- has been invented（已被发明）
- has been used（已被使用）
- has been buried（已被埋藏）
2. 一般过去时被动：
- was used（被使用）
3. 过去进行时被动：
- was being examined（正被检查）- 课文中未出现
4. 情态动词被动：
- may be revealed（可能被揭示）- 可改写形式
被动语态的使用原则：
- 当不知道动作执行者时
- 当动作执行者不重要时
- 当需要强调动作的承受者时
- 当需要保持客观语气时（科技/新闻报道）
5.2 分词短语的逻辑主语问题
分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致：
✓ 正确：
Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave.
（搜索队配备了新机器）
✗ 错误：
Armed with the new machine, the cave was searched by a party.
（洞穴不能"被配备"机器）
当逻辑主语不一致时，需要使用独立主格结构：
Weather permitting, we will go camping.
（weather与we不同，使用独立主格）
5.3 复合形容词的构成
课文中的复合形容词：
- two feet deep（两英尺深的）
其他常见复合形容词：
- a five-year-old boy（一个五岁的男孩）
- a ten-mile journey（十英里的旅程）
- a three-room apartment（三间房的公寓）
构成规则：
1. 数词 + 名词（单数）+ 形容词
2. 各部分之间用连字符连接（作前置定语时）
3. 名词必须用单数形式
对比：
- 前置：a two-foot-deep hole（有连字符，foot用单数）
- 后置：a hole two feet deep（无连字符，feet用复数）
5.4 情态动词表示推测的用法
课文中的推测用法：
- may reveal（可能揭示）- 对将来的不确定推测
情态动词推测用法总结：
对现在的推测：
- He must be tired.（他一定很累）- 肯定推测
- He may/might be tired.（他可能很累）- 不确定推测
- He can't be tired.（他不可能累）- 否定推测
对过去的推测：
- He must have been tired.（他当时一定很累）
- He may/might have been tired.（他当时可能很累）
- He can't/couldn't have been tired.（他当时不可能累）
对将来的推测：
- It may rain tomorrow.（明天可能会下雨）
- It might rain tomorrow.（明天也许会下雨）- 可能性更小
六、课后练习
6.1 用所给词的适当形式填空
- A new machine _______ (call) ‘The Revealer’ has been invented.
- The machine _______ (use) to detect gold which _______ (bury) underground.
- _______ (arm) with the new device, the team went into the cave.
- The pirates _______ often _______ (bury) gold and fail to collect it.
- _______ (excite), they dug a hole two feet deep.
6.2 将下列句子改为被动语态
- Someone has invented a new machine.
- Pirates buried gold in the cave.
- People used the machine to detect gold.
6.3 合并句子（使用分词短语）
- The party was armed with the new machine. They went into the cave.
- The party was very excited. They dug a hole.
- The machine showed there was gold. The leader was examining the soil.
6.4 翻译练习
- 一种叫做”探宝器”的新机器被发明出来。
- 海盗们经常把金子埋在洞里，然后没能取走。
- 当机器显示地下有黄金时，队长正在检查洞穴入口附近的土壤。
参考答案：
6.1
- called
- was used; was buried
- Armed
- would; bury
- Excited
6.2
- A new machine has been invented.
- Gold was buried in the cave (by pirates).
- The machine was used to detect gold.
6.3
- Armed with the new machine, the party went into the cave.
- Very excited, the party dug a hole.
- The leader was examining the soil when the machine showed there was gold.
6.4
- A new machine called ‘The Revealer’ has been invented.
- The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it.
- The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground.
文档版本: 1.0
适用课号: 新概念英语第二册 Lesson 55
编写日期: 2024年