第56课 Faster than sound! 深度语法分析
课号：第56课（共96课）
标题：Faster than sound!（比声音还快！）
核心语法重点：被动语态、分词结构、比较级与最高级、数量表达
难度等级：★★☆☆☆（四级基础）
课文原文
**Lesson 56: Faster than sound! 比声音还快！**
**参考译文**：
每年举行一次老式汽车比赛。去年有很多汽车参加了这场比赛，比赛开始前人们非常兴奋。最漂亮的汽车之一是劳斯莱斯银魂。最不寻常的汽车是一辆只有三个轮子的奔驰。它建于1885年，是参赛的最老的汽车。在许多巨大的爆炸声之后，比赛开始了。许多汽车在路上抛锚了，一些司机花在车底的时间比在车里的时间还多！然而，有几辆汽车完成了比赛。获胜的汽车达到了每小时40英里的速度——比任何对手都快得多。它在比赛结束时飞速冲下山坡，司机很难让它停下来。比赛给每个人带来了很大的乐趣。它与现代汽车比赛非常不同，但同样令人兴奋。
Once a year a race is held for old cars. A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part. After a great many loud explosions, the race began. Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them! A few cars, however, completed the race. The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour—much faster than any of its rivals. It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting.
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| handsome | /ˈhænsəm/ | adj. | 漂亮的；美观的（常指男性、车辆、建筑等） | handsomer, handsomest |
| unusual | /ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/ | adj. | 不寻常的；罕见的 | unusually (adv.) |
| explosion | /ɪkˈspləʊʒn/ | n. | 爆炸（声） | explode (v.), explosive (adj.) |
| break down | /breɪk daʊn/ | v. phr. | 抛锚；出故障 | broke down (过去式), broken down (过去分词) |
| course | /kɔːs/ | n. | 赛道；路线；课程 | — |
| rival | /ˈraɪvl/ | n./v. | 对手；竞争者；与…竞争 | rivals (复数/三单) |
| speed | /spiːd/ | n./v. | 速度；加速 | sped/speeded (过去式), speeding (现在分词) |
| downhill | /ˌdaʊnˈhɪl/ | adv./adj. | 下坡；向下 | uphill (反义词) |
| pleasure | /ˈpleʒə(r)/ | n. | 乐趣；愉快 | pleasant (adj.), please (v.) |
1.2 词形变化要点
1.2.1 形容词最高级变化
本课集中出现多个形容词最高级：
| 原级 | 最高级 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| handsome | most handsome | 最漂亮的 | One of the most handsome cars |
| unusual | most unusual | 最不寻常的 | The most unusual car |
| old | oldest | 最古老的 | the oldest car taking part |
语法要点：
- handsome/unusual 为多音节形容词，最高级前加 most
- old 为单音节形容词，直接加 -est
- 最高级前必须加定冠词 the（但在 “one of the + 最高级” 结构中）
1.2.2 动词不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 本课用法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| break | broke | broken | broke down (抛锚) |
| speed | sped | sped | sped downhill (飞速下坡) |
| hold | held | held | is held (被举行) |
1.2.3 派生词族
explode 词族：
explode (v.) 爆炸 → explosion (n.) 爆炸/爆炸声
↓
explosive (adj.) 爆炸性的
↓
explosively (adv.) 爆炸性地
please 词族：
please (v.) 使高兴 → pleasure (n.) 乐趣/愉快
↓
pleasant (adj.) 令人愉快的
↓
pleased (adj.) 感到高兴的
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 4 | 36.4% | S1, S6, S9, S11 |
| 并列句 | 3 | 27.3% | S2, S7, S12 |
| 复合句（含从句） | 4 | 36.4% | S3, S4, S5, S8 |
| 总计 | 11 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇介绍（被动语态）
Once a year a race is held for old cars.
句子结构：简单句（一般现在时被动语态）
主干：
Once a year │ a race │ is held │ for old cars
时间状语 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 目的/对象状语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】is held - 一般现在时被动语态
- 主动：People hold a race once a year
- 被动：A race is held (by people) once a year
2. once a year - 频率状语，"每年一次"
3. for old cars - 介词短语，表示"为老式汽车（举办）"
S2: 参赛盛况（并列句）
A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began.
句子结构：并列句（and连接两个分句）
分句1：
A lot of cars │ entered │ for this race │ last year
主语 │ 谓语 │ 介词短语 │ 时间状语
分句2：
there │ was │ a great deal of excitement │ just before it began
引导词 │ 谓语 │ 真正主语 │ 时间状语从句
时间状语从句：
(just) before │ it │ began
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语
语法要点：
1. 【重点词汇】enter for - "报名参加（比赛）"
2. 【核心语法】a lot of / a great deal of 数量表达
- a lot of cars（可数名词复数）
- a great deal of excitement（不可数名词）
3. there be 句型表示"存在有"
4. before引导时间状语从句，"在...之前"
本句涉及语法术语：并列句 | there be句型 | 时间状语从句
S3: 最漂亮的汽车之一（最高级）
One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost.
句子结构：简单句（主系表结构）
主干：
One of the most handsome cars │ was │ a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost
主语 │ 系 │ 表语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 名词复数
- 表示"最...的...之一"
- one of the most handsome cars：最漂亮的汽车之一
2. handsome 的最高级形式：most handsome（多音节词）
3. Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost - 专有名词，劳斯莱斯银魂（车型名）
S4: 最不寻常的汽车（定语从句）
The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels.
句子结构：主从复合句（含定语从句）
主干：
The most unusual car │ was │ a Benz [which had only three wheels]
主语 │ 系 │ 表语（含定语从句）
定语从句：
which │ had │ only three wheels
主 │ 谓 │ 宾语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】which引导定语从句
- which 指代 Benz（物），在从句中作主语
- 修饰限定 Benz，说明其特征"只有三个轮子"
2. unusual 的最高级：most unusual（多音节词）
3. only three wheels - only 修饰数词，表示"仅有"
S5: 最古老的汽车（分词结构）
Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part.
句子结构：简单句（含过去分词状语+现在分词定语）
主干：
Built in 1885 │ it │ was │ the oldest car [taking part]
过去分词状语 │ 主 │ 系 │ 表语（含现在分词定语）
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法1】过去分词短语作状语（Built in 1885）
- 相当于状语从句：Because it was built in 1885
- 表示原因和时间，"由于建于1885年"
- 分词逻辑主语与主句主语一致（it = the car）
2. 【核心语法2】现在分词作后置定语（taking part）
- 相当于定语从句：which was taking part / which took part
- 修饰 car，表示"正在参赛的"
- take part (in) - "参加"，此处省略了 in the race
3. old 的最高级：oldest（单音节词，直接加-est）
本句涉及语法术语：过去分词 | 现在分词 | 状语 | 后置定语
S6: 比赛开始
After a great many loud explosions, the race began.
句子结构：简单句
主干：
After a great many loud explosions │ the race │ began
时间状语 │ 主语 │ 谓语
语法要点：
1. 【数量表达】a great many + 可数名词复数
- a great many loud explosions：许多巨大的爆炸声
- 注意：many 修饰可数名词，much 修饰不可数名词
2. explosion 可数名词复数形式：explosions
3. after + 名词短语 = 时间状语，"在...之后"
本句涉及语法术语：时间状语
S7: 汽车故障（并列句+比较级）
Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them!
句子结构：并列句（and连接两个分句）
分句1：
Many of the cars │ broke down │ on the course
主语 │ 谓语短语 │ 地点状语
分句2：
some drivers │ spent │ more time │ under their cars │ than in them
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 地点状语 │ 比较状语
语法要点：
1. 【重点短语】break down - "抛锚；出故障"
- 过去式：broke down
- 常见用法：The car broke down on the highway.
2. 【核心语法】比较级结构 more...than...
- more time under their cars than in them
- 在车底的时间 > 在车里的时间
- than 后面省略了 time，完整形式：than (time spent) in them
3. course 本课意为"赛道"，非"课程"
4. them 指代 cars，避免重复
S8: 少数完赛（转折关系）
A few cars, however, completed the race.
句子结构：简单句
主干：
A few cars │ however │ completed │ the race
主语 │ 插入语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
语法要点：
1. however - 转折副词作插入语，"然而"
- 位置灵活：句首、句中、句末均可
- 句中时常用逗号隔开
2. a few - "一些；少数"，表示肯定含义（vs. few 表示否定"几乎没有"）
3. complete (v.) - "完成"，及物动词
本句涉及语法术语：插入语
S9: 获胜车速（比较级）
The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour—much faster than any of its rivals.
句子结构：简单句（含比较状语）
主干：
The winning car │ reached │ a speed of forty miles an hour
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
比较状语：
(being) much faster │ than │ any of its rivals
表语 │ 连词 │ 比较对象
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】比较级 + than 结构
- faster than any of its rivals：比任何对手都快
- any of + 复数名词 = "...中的任何一个"
2. 【强调修饰】much 修饰比较级
- much faster：快得多
- 其他修饰词：even faster, far faster, a lot faster
3. winning (adj.) - "获胜的"，现在分词作定语
- the winning car = the car that won
4. a speed of forty miles an hour - "每小时40英里的速度"
S10: 冲下山坡（have trouble doing）
It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it.
句子结构：并列句（and连接两个分句）
分句1：
It │ sped │ downhill │ at the end of the race
主 │ 谓语 │ 方向状语 │ 时间状语
分句2：
its driver │ had │ a lot of trouble │ trying to stop it
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 现在分词短语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】have trouble (in) doing sth.
- 表示"做某事有困难"
- have a lot of trouble trying to stop it：很难让它停下来
- trying to stop it 为现在分词短语，作方面/方式状语
- in 常可省略
2. 【不规则动词】speed → sped → sped
- speed downhill：飞速下坡
- speed 作动词表示"加速；疾驰"
3. at the end of - "在...结束时"（vs. in the end = finally）
S11: 比赛乐趣
The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure.
句子结构：简单句（主谓双宾结构）
主干：
The race │ gave │ everyone │ a great deal of pleasure
主语 │ 谓语 │ 间接宾语 │ 直接宾语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】give sb. sth. 双宾语结构
- give everyone a great deal of pleasure
- give + 人(间接宾语) + 物(直接宾语)
- 可改写为：give a great deal of pleasure to everyone
2. 【数量表达】a great deal of + 不可数名词
- a great deal of pleasure：很多乐趣
- 修饰不可数名词 pleasure
3. pleasure (n.) - 不可数名词，"乐趣；愉快"
S12: 对比现代赛车（否定比较）
It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting.
句子结构：并列句（but连接两个形容词短语）
主干：
It │ was │ very different from modern car races │ but │ no less exciting
主 │ 系 │ 表语1 │ 连词 │ 表语2
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法】no less + 形容词原级 = "同样...；不亚于..."
- no less exciting = just as exciting（同样令人兴奋）
- 双重否定表示肯定强调
- very different but no less exciting：
非常不同，但同样令人兴奋
2. 【固定搭配】be different from - "与...不同"
- 美式英语中也可用 be different than
3. modern car races - "现代汽车比赛"
- 与老式汽车比赛(old car races)形成对比
三、功能语法详解 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 被动语态系统
本课出现两处被动语态：
| 例句 | 时态 | 结构 | 主动转换 |
|---|---|---|---|
| is held | 一般现在时被动 | am/is/are + P.P. | People hold a race |
| was built（隐含） | 一般过去时被动 | was/were + P.P. | People built it in 1885 |
被动语态用法要点：
- 强调动作的承受者（race），而非执行者
- 当执行者未知或不重要时，省略 by 短语
- 正式文体中常用被动，使表达更客观
3.2 分词结构详解
3.2.1 过去分词作状语
【课文例句】Built in 1885, it was the oldest car...
结构分析：
- Built = 过去分词（表被动、完成）
- in 1885 = 时间状语
- 逻辑主语 = it (the Benz)
完整形式：
- 原因状语从句：Because it was built in 1885
- 时间状语从句：When it was built in 1885
功能：
- 表示原因、时间、条件、让步等
- 使句子更简洁，突出主要信息
3.2.2 现在分词作后置定语
【课文例句】the oldest car taking part
结构分析：
- taking part = 现在分词短语（表主动、进行）
- 修饰 car，表示"正在参赛的"
完整形式：
- 定语从句：which was taking part / which took part
功能：
- 替代简短的定语从句，使表达更简洁
- 强调动作的进行性或主动性
对比：
- 过去分词作定语：the car built in 1885（被动、完成）
- 现在分词作定语：the car taking part（主动、进行）
3.3 比较级与最高级系统
3.3.1 最高级结构
| 类型 | 结构 | 课文例句 |
|---|---|---|
| one of + 最高级 | one of the + most + adj. + n.复数 | One of the most handsome cars |
| the + 最高级 | the + most + adj. + n. | The most unusual car |
| 单音节最高级 | the + adj.-est + n. | the oldest car |
最高级使用规则：
- 单音节/部分双音节词：加 -est（old → oldest）
- 多音节词（≥3音节）：加 most（handsome → most handsome）
- 最高级前必须加 the
- “one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词” 表示”最…之一”
3.3.2 比较级结构
| 类型 | 结构 | 课文例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 形容词比较级 | adj.-er + than | faster than any of its rivals |
| 副词比较级 | more + adv. + than | more time under… than in… |
| 强调比较级 | much/even/far + 比较级 | much faster |
| 双重否定比较 | no less + 原级 | no less exciting |
比较级修饰词：
- much faster：快得多（强调程度大）
- even faster：甚至更快
- far faster：远远更快
- a little faster：稍快一点
3.4 数量表达系统
本课集中出现多种数量表达：
| 数量词 | 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| a lot of | 可数/不可数名词 | 很多 | A lot of cars |
| a great deal of | 不可数名词 | 大量 | a great deal of excitement/pleasure |
| a great many | 可数名词复数 | 许多 | a great many loud explosions |
| more | 可数/不可数名词 | 更多 | more time |
| much | 比较级前 | …得多 | much faster |
辨析要点：
a lot of vs. a great deal of:
- a lot of cars（可数）✓
- a lot of excitement（不可数）✓
- a great deal of excitement（不可数）✓
- a great deal of cars（可数）✗
many vs. much:
- many cars（可数复数）
- much excitement（不可数）
- a great many explosions = a great number of explosions
3.5 定语从句（which引导）
【课文例句】a Benz which had only three wheels
结构分析：
- 先行词：Benz（指物）
- 关系代词：which
- which 在从句中作主语，不可省略
功能：
- 限定性定语从句，修饰 Benz
- 提供必要信息，区分其他 Benz
可替换形式：
- that：a Benz that had only three wheels
- 注意：which/that 作主语时不可省略
对比（which作宾语时可省略）：
- The car (which/that) I saw was a Benz.
- which/that 作 saw 的宾语，可省略
3.6 have trouble doing 结构
【课文例句】had a lot of trouble trying to stop it
结构公式：
have + (a lot of/much/some/no) + trouble + (in) + doing sth.
含义：
- 做某事有（很多/一些/没有）困难
例句扩展：
- I have trouble understanding him.（我理解他有困难）
- She had no trouble finishing the work.（她毫不费力完成了工作）
- He had a lot of trouble (in) fixing the car.（他修车遇到很多困难）
注意：
- in 可以省略，直接接 doing
- trouble 为不可数名词
- 类似结构：have difficulty (in) doing sth.
四、语法术语索引
本课涉及的核心语法术语：
| 术语 | 英文 | 课文体现 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动语态 | Passive Voice | is held |
| 过去分词 | Past Participle | Built in 1885 |
| 现在分词 | Present Participle | taking part, winning |
| 形容词最高级 | Superlative Degree | most handsome, most unusual, oldest |
| 比较级 | Comparative Degree | faster than, more time…than |
| 定语从句 | Attributive Clause | which had only three wheels |
| 关系代词 | Relative Pronoun | which |
| 时间状语从句 | Adverbial Clause of Time | before it began |
| there be句型 | There be Structure | there was a great deal of excitement |
| 并列句 | Compound Sentence | and/but 连接的句子 |
| 插入语 | Parenthesis | however |
| 双宾语 | Double Objects | gave everyone…pleasure |
| 短语动词 | Phrasal Verb | break down |
| 一般现在时 | Simple Present | is held |
| 一般过去时 | Simple Past | entered, was, began |
五、课后练习
5.1 句型转换
-
改为被动语态：
- People hold the race once a year.
- → ________________________________
-
改为定语从句：
- Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part.
- → ________________________________
-
用比较级合并句子：
- The winning car reached forty miles an hour. Its rivals were slower.
- → ________________________________
5.2 填空练习
用适当的词填空：
- One of ______ ( handsome ) cars was a Rolls-Royce.
- The car broke ______ on the course.
- The driver had ______ (a lot of/many) trouble trying to stop it.
- It was much ______ (fast) than any of its rivals.
- There was ______ great deal of excitement before the race began.
5.3 参考答案
句型转换：
- The race is held once a year (by people).
- It was built in 1885, and it was the oldest car that was taking part.
- The winning car reached forty miles an hour, much faster than any of its rivals.
填空练习：
- the most handsome
- down
- a lot of
- faster
- a
本课语法总结：第56课围绕”老式汽车比赛”主题，系统呈现了被动语态、分词结构、比较级与最高级、数量表达等核心语法点。通过”one of the most…”、“much faster than…”等典型结构，以及”have trouble doing”、“break down”等高频短语，帮助学生掌握描述事件、进行比较的英语表达方式。
本课涉及的语法术语
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