第59课 In or out? 进来还是出去?深度语法分析
课号:第59课(共96课)
标题:In or out?(进来还是出去?)
核心语法重点:used to do / would do 过去习惯表达;多种状语从句
难度等级:★★☆☆(中级基础)
课文原文
Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and bark. Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in. Rex soon became an expert at opening the gate. However, when I was going out shopping last week, I noticed him in the garden near the gate. This time he was barking so that someone would let him out! Since then, he has developed another bad habit. As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out. After this he immediately lets himself in and begins barking again. Yesterday my husband removed the gate and Rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since.
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| used to | /ˈjuːst tə/ | 情态短语 | 过去常常 | — |
| bark | /bɑːk/ | v./n. | 吠叫;狗叫声 | barks (三单), barked (过去式) |
| complain | /kəmˈpleɪn/ | v. | 抱怨;投诉 | complains, complained, complaining |
| expert | /ˈekspɜːt/ | n./adj. | 专家;熟练的 | experts (复数) |
| latch | /lætʃ/ | n. | 门闩;插销 | latches (复数) |
| develop | /dɪˈveləp/ | v. | 养成(习惯);发展 | develops, developed, developing |
| annoyed | /əˈnɔɪd/ | adj. | 感到恼怒的 | annoy (v.), annoying (adj.) |
| remove | /rɪˈmuːv/ | v. | 移开;拆除 | removes, removed, removing |
1.2 重点词汇详解
1.2.1 used to —— 过去习惯标志词
used to 是情态短语,表示”过去常常/过去习惯于”,指过去经常发生但现在已经停止的动作或状态。
本课例句:
"Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and bark."
(我们的狗雷克斯过去常常坐在前门外叫。)
语法特征:
- used to + 动词原形(不定式)
- 只用于过去时,无现在时形式
- 否定式:didn't use to / usedn't to
- 疑问式:Did... use to...? / Used... to...?
与 would 的区别:见第三部分功能语法分析
1.2.2 bark —— 拟声动词
bark 既是动词也是名词,表示狗、狐狸等动物的”吠叫”。
本课出现:
- 作动词:"used to... bark" / "he would bark" / "barking again"
- 作名词:隐含在"began barking"中
搭配:
- bark at sb./sth. 对着……叫
- bark out 厉声说出
1.2.3 complain —— 不及物动词
complain 表示”抱怨、投诉”,通常与介词搭配使用。
本课例句:
"As the neighbours complained of the noise..."
(由于邻居们抱怨噪音……)
常用搭配:
- complain of/about sth. 抱怨某事
- complain to sb. 向某人投诉
- complain that... 抱怨说……
派生词:
- complaint (n.) 抱怨;投诉
1.2.4 expert —— 名词兼形容词
expert 可作名词表示”专家”,也可作形容词表示”熟练的、内行的”。
本课例句:
"Rex soon became an expert at opening the gate."
(雷克斯很快就成了开门的专家。)
用法:
- an expert at/in/on sth. 某方面的专家
- expert at doing sth. 做某事的能手
形容词用法:
- be expert at/in 在……方面熟练
1.2.5 latch —— 具体名词
latch 指门、窗上的”门闩、插销”,是具体的机械装置。
本课例句:
"press his paw on the latch to let himself in"
(用爪子按门闩让自己进来)
相关词汇:
- door knob 门把手
- bolt 门闩(比latch更粗大的插销)
- handle 把手
1.2.6 develop —— 多义动词
develop 本义为”发展”,在本课中表示”逐渐形成/养成(习惯)“。
本课例句:
"he has developed another bad habit"
(他养成了另一个坏习惯)
常见含义:
1. 发展(国家、事业等)
2. 开发(土地、资源)
3. 养成(习惯)
4. 出现(问题、疾病)
5. 冲洗(照片)
搭配:
- develop a habit of... 养成……的习惯
- develop into... 发展成为……
1.2.7 annoyed —— 过去分词作形容词
annoyed 是过去分词转化来的形容词,表示”感到恼怒的”。
本课例句:
"Rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since."
(雷克斯非常生气,从那以后我们就再也没见过他。)
词族:
- annoy (v.) 使恼怒
- annoyed (adj.) 感到恼怒的(主语是人)
- annoying (adj.) 令人恼怒的(主语是物)
- annoyance (n.) 恼怒;烦恼
搭配:
- get annoyed 变得恼怒
- be annoyed at/about sth. 对某事生气
- be annoyed with sb. 对某人生气
1.2.8 remove —— 及物动词
remove 表示”移开、去掉、拆除”,是正式用语。
本课例句:
"Yesterday my husband removed the gate..."
(昨天我丈夫把门拆掉了……)
常见含义:
1. 移开(从一处到另一处)
2. 去掉(污渍、障碍等)
3. 拆除(建筑、装置等)
4. 开除;解雇
搭配:
- remove sth. from... 从……移开某物
- remove one's coat 脱外套
1.3 词形变化要点
1.3.1 不规则动词变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 本课出现 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| spend | spent | spent | spending | spent (花费) |
| become | became | become | becoming | became (成为) |
| shut | shut | shut | shutting | shuts (关上) |
| let | let | let | letting | let (让) |
1.3.2 反身代词使用
本课出现:
- let himself in 让他自己进来
- let himself in 让他自己进来(第二次出现)
反身代词形式:
| 人称 | 单数 | 复数 |
|------|------|------|
| 第一人称 | myself (我自己) | ourselves (我们自己) |
| 第二人称 | yourself (你自己) | yourselves (你们自己) |
| 第三人称 | himself / herself / itself | themselves (他们/她们/它们自己) |
用法:
当宾语与主语指同一人时,使用反身代词。
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 3 | 27.3% | S5, S8, S10 |
| 并列句 | 3 | 27.3% | S1, S7, S9 |
| 复合句(含从句) | 5 | 45.4% | S2, S3, S4, S6, S11 |
| 总计 | 11 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇介绍过去习惯
Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and bark.
句子结构:简单句(并列谓语)
主干:
Our dog, Rex, │ used to sit │ outside our front gate │ and │ bark
主语(同位语) │ 谓语1 │ 地点状语 │ 并列连词 │ 谓语2(省略to)
成分详解:
- Our dog, Rex: 主语,Rex是Our dog的同位语,用于具体说明狗的名字
- used to sit: 谓语1,used to + 动词原形,表示过去习惯
- outside our front gate: 介词短语作地点状语
- and bark: 并列谓语,省略了used to(承前省略)
语法要点:
1. 同位语的用法:名词 + 逗号 + 同位语 + 逗号
2. used to do 表示过去习惯动作
3. 并列结构中的省略:第二个used to被省略
S2: Every time引导时间状语从句
Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate.
句子结构:主从复合句(含时间状语从句+时间状语从句)
时间状语从句1:
Every time │ he │ wanted │ to come into the garden
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语 │ 不定式短语作宾语
主句:
(he) │ would bark
主 │ 谓语(过去习惯)
时间状语从句2:
until │ someone │ opened │ the gate
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
完整结构:
[Every time he wanted to come into the garden], he would bark [until someone opened the gate].
└────────────── 时间状语从句1 ──────────────┘ └────── 时间状语从句2 ──────┘
语法要点:
1. Every time 引导时间状语从句,"每当……时候"(= Whenever)
2. would bark 表示过去重复发生的动作(过去习惯)
3. until 引导时间状语从句,表示"直到……为止"
4. come into 短语动词,"进入"
本句涉及语法术语:时间状语从句
S3: As引导原因状语从句
As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in.
句子结构:主从复合句(含原因状语从句)
原因状语从句:
As │ the neighbours │ complained of │ the noise
连词│ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
主句:
my husband │ spent │ weeks │ training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 动名词短语作状语(表方面/内容)
动名词短语分析:
training │ him │ to press his paw on the latch │ to let himself in
动名词 │ 宾语│ 不定式作宾补 │ 目的状语
语法要点:
1. As 引导原因状语从句,"由于、因为"
- as 表示原因的语气比 because 弱,比 since 强
- 从句可置于句首或句末
2. spend time (in) doing sth. 花费时间做某事
- in 可省略,后面接动名词
3. train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事
4. press...on... 把……按在……上
5. let oneself in 让自己进来(反身代词用法)
S4: 简单句-专家养成
Rex soon became an expert at opening the gate.
句子结构:简单句(主系表结构)
主干:
Rex │ soon became │ an expert at opening the gate
主语│ 系动词 │ 表语(介词短语后置定语)
成分详解:
- Rex: 主语
- soon: 时间状语,"不久"
- became: 系动词(become的过去式)
- an expert: 表语(名词短语)
- at opening the gate: 介词短语作后置定语,修饰expert
- at 表示"在……方面"
- opening the gate: 动名词短语作at的宾语
语法要点:
1. become + 名词 构成主系表结构
2. expert at (doing) sth. 在……方面的专家
3. opening the gate 动名词短语
S5: However转折+时间状语从句
However, when I was going out shopping last week, I noticed him in the garden near the gate.
句子结构:主从复合句(含时间状语从句)
连接性状语:
However, (然而)—— 表示转折,修饰全句
时间状语从句:
when │ I │ was going out │ shopping │ last week
连词 │ 主│ 谓语 │ 伴随状语 │ 时间状语
主句:
I │ noticed │ him │ in the garden near the gate
主│ 谓语 │ 宾语│ 地点状语(介词短语)
地点状语分析:
in the garden: 大地点
near the gate: 介词短语作garden的后置定语(就近修饰)
语法要点:
1. however 是连接性状语( conjunct ),表示转折
- 需要用逗号与句子隔开
- 可置于句首、句中、句末
2. when 引导时间状语从句
3. was going out shopping 过去进行时 + 伴随状语
- go out shopping 出去购物
4. notice sb. in... 注意到某人在……
S6: so that引导目的状语从句
This time he was barking so that someone would let him out!
句子结构:主从复合句(含目的状语从句)
主句:
This time │ he │ was barking
时间状语 │ 主 │ 谓语(过去进行时)
目的状语从句:
so that │ someone │ would let │ him out
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 副词
语法要点:
1. This time 时间状语,"这一次"(与上文的过去习惯形成对比)
2. was barking 过去进行时,表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
3. so that 引导目的状语从句,"以便、为了"
- 从句中常含有情态动词 would, could, might, should 等
- 目的:so that someone would let him out
4. let sb. out 让某人出去(动词+副词短语)
S7: Since then + 现在完成时
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
Since then │ he │ has developed │ another bad habit
时间状语 │ 主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
语法要点:
1. Since then 时间状语,"从那以后"
- since + 时间点 → 与现在完成时连用
- then 指代上文提到的时间点(last week)
2. has developed 现在完成时
- have/has + 过去分词
- 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
3. 现在完成时 + since 结构是经典搭配
- 强调从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态
S8: As soon as引导时间状语从句(长句)
As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.
句子结构:主从复合句(含时间状语从句+并列谓语+时间状语从句)
时间状语从句1:
As soon as │ he │ opens │ the gate │ from the outside
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 地点状语
主句(并列谓语):
he │ comes into the garden │ and │ waits │ until the gate shuts
主 │ 谓语1 │ 并列│ 谓语2 │ 时间状语从句2
时间状语从句2:
until │ the gate │ shuts
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语
语法要点:
1. As soon as 引导时间状语从句,"一……就……"
- 强调两个动作的紧密衔接
- 主句用一般现在时,从句也用一般现在时(叙述当前习惯)
2. from the outside 介词短语,"从外面"
3. comes into 进入(= enters)
4. until 引导时间状语从句,表示动作持续到某一时刻
本句涉及语法术语:时间状语从句
S9: until引导时间状语从句
Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out.
句子结构:主从复合句(含并列谓语+时间状语从句)
主句(并列谓语):
Then │ he │ sits │ and │ barks
状语 │ 主 │ 谓语1│ 并列│ 谓语2
时间状语从句:
until │ someone │ lets │ him out
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 副词
语法要点:
1. Then 时间状语,"然后",表示动作的顺序
2. sits and barks 并列谓语
3. until 引导时间状语从句,"直到……为止"
- 主句的sit和bark动作持续到从句动作发生才停止
4. lets him out 让他出去
本句涉及语法术语:时间状语从句
S10: 并列谓语句
After this he immediately lets himself in and begins barking again.
句子结构:简单句(含并列谓语)
主干:
After this │ he │ immediately │ lets himself in │ and │ begins │ barking again
时间状语 │ 主 │ 方式状语 │ 谓语1 │ 并列│ 谓语2 │ 动名词作宾语
语法要点:
1. After this 时间状语,"在这之后"
- this 指代上文描述的行为(让人放他出去)
2. immediately 方式/时间状语,"立即、马上"
3. lets himself in 让他自己进来(反身代词)
4. begins barking 开始吠叫
- begin 后可接动名词或不定式,意义相近
- barking again 动名词短语作宾语
本句涉及语法术语:动名词
S11: so…that…结果状语从句(省略that)
Yesterday my husband removed the gate and Rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since.
句子结构:并列复合句(并列句+结果状语从句)
分句1:
Yesterday │ my husband │ removed │ the gate
时间状语 │ 主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
分句2(含结果状语从句):
Rex │ got │ so annoyed │ [that] we have not seen him since
主 │ 系 │ 表语 │ 结果状语从句(that省略)
结果状语从句分析:
(that) │ we │ have not seen │ him │ since
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语│ 时间状语
语法要点:
1. Yesterday 具体过去时间状语 → 分句1用一般过去时
2. so...that... 如此……以至于……(结果状语从句)
- so + 形容词/副词 + that从句
- 本句中that被省略(口语中常见)
3. got so annoyed 变得如此恼怒
- get 作系动词,相当于become
4. have not seen him since 现在完成时否定式
- since 省略了then,指"从那以后"
- 表示从过去某时到现在一直没有见到
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 used to do —— 过去习惯(已停止)
结构:used to + 动词原形
用法说明:
- 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态
- 暗含现在已不再如此的意思
- 只用于过去时,无其他时态变化
本课例句:
"Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and bark."
含义解读:
- 过去习惯:Rex过去常常坐在门外叫
- 现在情况:现在不再这样做了(因为学会了开门)
形式变化:
┌─────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│ 形式 │ 肯定式 │ 否定式 │
├─────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┤
│ 口语式 │ used to do │ didn't use to │
│ 正式式 │ used to do │ used not to │
│ 疑问式 │ Did... use to? │ Used... to? │
└─────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘
对比:
- I used to smoke. (我过去抽烟。[现在不抽了])
- I smoked for 10 years. (我抽了10年烟。[不强调现在是否还抽])
3.2 would do —— 过去习惯(回忆性)
结构:would + 动词原形
用法说明:
- 表示过去经常发生的动作
- 带有回忆、描述往事的感情色彩
- 不能表示过去的状态(状态用used to)
本课例句:
"Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark..."
与 used to 的区别:
┌──────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│ 项目 │ used to do │ would do │
├──────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┤
│ 含义侧重 │ 今昔对比(已停) │ 回忆过去(描写) │
│ 状态动词 │ 可以(be/have) │ 不可以 │
│ 位置限制 │ 句首/句中/句末 │ 通常不用于句首 │
│ 感情色彩 │ 中性 │ 怀念/感慨 │
└──────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘
例句对比:
- I used to be a student. ✓ (状态,用used to)
- I would be a student. ✗ (状态,不能用would)
- I used to go swimming every summer. ✓
- I would go swimming every summer. ✓ (回忆过去)
3.3 Every time引导时间状语从句
结构:Every time + 主语 + 谓语, 主句
用法说明:
- Every time 起从属连词作用,相当于 Whenever
- 表示”每当……时候”,强调动作的规律性重复
本课例句:
"Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark..."
结构分析:
[Every time he wanted to come into the garden], he would bark...
└────────── 时间状语从句 ──────────┘
类似用法:
- Every time I see her, she smiles.
(每当我见到她,她都微笑。)
- Each time he comes, he brings gifts.
(每次他来都带礼物。)
注意:
Every time 可视为一个连词,连接时间状语从句。
3.4 until引导时间状语从句
结构:主句 + until + 从句 / Until + 从句, 主句
用法说明:
- 表示”直到……为止”
- 主句动作持续到从句动作发生时才停止或改变
本课例句:
1. "he would bark until someone opened the gate"
(他会一直叫,直到有人开门)
2. "waits until the gate shuts"
(一直等到门关上)
3. "barks until someone lets him out"
(一直叫,直到有人放他出去)
until vs. till:
- 两者意思相同,till 更口语化
- until 可用于句首,till 一般不用于句首
肯定句 vs. 否定句:
- 肯定句:动作持续到某一时刻停止
He waited until I came back. (他一直等到我回来。)
- 否定句:动作直到某一时刻才开始(not...until "直到……才")
He didn't leave until I came back. (直到我回来他才离开。)
3.5 As引导原因状语从句
结构:As + 从句, 主句 / 主句 + as + 从句
用法说明:
- 表示”由于、因为”
- 语气强度:because > as > since > for
- as 引导的原因从句可置于句首或句末
本课例句:
"As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him..."
(由于邻居们抱怨噪音,我丈夫花了几个星期训练他……)
原因状语从句连词比较:
┌──────────┬────────────┬──────────────────────────────┐
│ 连词 │ 语气强度 │ 特点 │
├──────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ because │ 最强 │ 回答why,可强调(It is...that)│
│ as │ 中等 │ 双方已知的原因,句首/句末均可 │
│ since │ 较弱 │ 显然的原因,"既然"之意 │
│ for │ 最弱 │ 并列连词,补充说明理由 │
└──────────┴────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
例句对比:
- He didn't go to work because he was ill.
(他没上班,因为他病了。[直接原因])
- As it was raining, we stayed at home.
(由于下雨,我们待在家里。[双方已知])
- Since you are busy, I'll leave now.
(既然你忙,我走了。[显而易见])
3.6 so that引导目的状语从句
结构:主句 + so that + 从句(从句含情态动词)
用法说明:
- 表示”以便、为了”,说明主句动作的目的
- 从句中常含有 would, could, might, should 等情态动词
本课例句:
"This time he was barking so that someone would let him out!"
(这次他叫是为了让人放他出去!)
目的状语从句连词:
┌────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┐
│ 连词 │ 用法 │
├────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│ so that │ 最常用,可置于句中或句末 │
│ in order that │ 较正式,可置于句首 │
│ in order to │ + 动词原形,表目的(不是从句) │
│ so as to │ + 动词原形,表目的(不是从句) │
│ to │ + 动词原形,最简单 │
└────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘
例句:
- I spoke slowly so that he could understand.
(我说得慢,以便他能听懂。)
- In order that everyone should hear, he spoke loudly.
(为了让大家都听见,他大声说话。)
- He got up early (in order) to catch the train.
(他早起是为了赶火车。)
3.7 Since then + 现在完成时
结构:Since then + 现在完成时
用法说明:
- since + 过去时间点/动作 → 主句用现在完成时
- since then 表示”从那以后”,then指上文提到的过去时间
本课例句:
"Since then, he has developed another bad habit."
(从那以后,他养成了另一个坏习惯。)
现在完成时的用法:
┌─────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 用法类型 │ 说明 │
├─────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 持续到现在的动作 │ I have lived here for 10 years. │
│ 经历/经验 │ I have been to Paris twice. │
│ 已完成但有影响 │ He has broken the window. (现在破了) │
│ 最近完成的动作 │ I have just finished my homework. │
└─────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────┘
本课用法:
has developed 属于"已完成但有影响"的用法
- 动作发生在过去(上周之后)
- 结果持续到现在(现在仍有这个坏习惯)
常见since搭配:
- since then 从那以后
- since last week 自从上周
- since 1990 自从1990年
- since he came 自从他来
3.8 As soon as引导时间状语从句
结构:As soon as + 从句, 主句 / 主句 + as soon as + 从句
用法说明:
- 表示”一……就……”
- 强调两个动作的紧密衔接,主从句动作几乎同时发生
本课例句:
"As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden..."
(他一从外面打开gate,就走进花园……)
类似表达:
┌──────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 连词 │ 含义 │
├──────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ as soon as │ 一……就……(最常用) │
│ the moment │ 一……就……(= as soon as) │
│ immediately │ 一……就……(副词作连词用) │
│ once │ 一旦……(强调条件) │
│ hardly...when │ 刚……就……(倒装结构) │
│ no sooner...than │ 刚……就……(倒装结构) │
└──────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────┘
时态搭配:
1. 叙述过去:As soon as he came, I left. (主从句都用过去时)
2. 叙述将来:As soon as he comes, I will leave. (从句现在时,主句将来时)
3. 叙述习惯:As soon as he opens, he comes in. (主从句都用现在时)
3.9 so…that…结果状语从句
结构:so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句
用法说明:
- 表示”如此……以至于……”
- that 引导结果状语从句,说明主句动作造成的后果
本课例句:
"Rex got so annoyed (that) we have not seen him since."
(雷克斯如此生气,以至于从那以后我们再也没见过他。)
结果状语从句结构:
┌─────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┐
│ 结构 │ 例句 │
├─────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│ so + adj./adv. + that │ He was so tired that he slept. │
│ such + n. + that │ It was such a good book that... │
│ so + many/much/few/little + n. + that │ so many people that... │
└─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘
such 的用法:
- such + a/an + adj. + 单数名词 + that
It was such a difficult question that nobody could answer.
- such + adj. + 复数名词/不可数名词 + that
They are such good students that we all like them.
so 与 such 的区别:
- so 修饰形容词/副词
- such 修饰名词
例句转换:
- He is so good a student that... = He is such a good student that...
3.10 现在完成时详解
结构:have/has + 过去分词
本课出现:
- “he has developed another bad habit”(肯定式)
- “we have not seen him since”(否定式)
用法归纳:
┌──────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 用法 │ 例句 │
├──────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 过去→现在 │ I have lived here since 2010. │
│ 经历 │ Have you ever been to Japan? │
│ 完成影响 │ I have lost my key. (现在还没找到) │
│ 最近发生 │ I have just finished. │
│ 持续到现在 │ We have waited for two hours. │
└──────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┘
本课用法分析:
1. has developed —— 过去动作,现在结果
- 动作:develop(上周之后养成)
- 结果:现在仍有这个坏习惯
- 时间状语:since then
2. have not seen —— 否定式,状态持续
- 动作:not see(没见过)
- 持续:从昨天到现在一直没见
- 时间状语:since (yesterday)
标志词:
- since, for, already, yet, just, ever, never, before, so far, up to now
四、语法术语链接汇总
| 术语 | 本课出现位置 | 核心用法 |
|---|---|---|
| used to | S1 | 表示过去习惯,现已停止 |
| would | S2 | 表示过去习惯,回忆性 |
| 时间状语从句 | S2, S5, S6, S8, S9 | when, every time, until, as soon as |
| 原因状语从句 | S3 | as 引导原因 |
| 目的状语从句 | S6 | so that 引导目的 |
| 结果状语从句 | S11 | so…that 引导结果 |
| 现在完成时 | S7, S11 | have/has + 过去分词 |
| 过去进行时 | S5, S6 | was/were + doing |
| 动名词 | S3, S10 | doing 形式作宾语/状语 |
| 同位语 | S1 | Rex 是 Our dog 的同位语 |
| 表语 | S4, S11 | 系动词后的成分 |
| 并列句 | S11 | and 连接并列分句 |
| 反身代词 | S3, S10 | himself, yourself 等 |
五、本课语法要点总结
5.1 核心语法框架
第59课语法体系
│
├── 一、过去习惯表达
│ ├── used to do —— 过去习惯(已停止)
│ └── would do —— 过去习惯(回忆性)
│
├── 二、状语从句系统
│ ├── 时间状语从句
│ │ ├── Every time...(每当)
│ │ ├── when...(当……时)
│ │ ├── until...(直到)
│ │ └── As soon as...(一……就)
│ ├── 原因状语从句
│ │ └── As...(由于)
│ ├── 目的状语从句
│ │ └── so that...(以便)
│ └── 结果状语从句
│ └── so...that...(如此……以至于)
│
└── 三、时态运用
├── 一般过去时 —— 叙述过去事件
├── 过去进行时 —— 过去正在进行的动作
└── 现在完成时 —— 过去动作对现在的影响
5.2 重点对比表
| 对比项目 | A | B | 区别要点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 过去习惯 | used to do | would do | used to可用于状态,would不可;used to强调今昔对比 |
| 时间连词 | when | while | when可指时间点或时间段,while只指时间段 |
| 原因连词 | because | as | because语气最强,回答why;as语气中等,双方已知 |
| 目的连词 | so that | in order that | so that更常用,in order that更正式且可置于句首 |
| until用法 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 肯定句:动作持续到某时;否定句:动作到某时才开始 |
5.3 学习建议
-
掌握 used to 与 would 的区分:通过本课S1和S2的对比,理解两者在表达过去习惯时的细微差别
-
熟悉状语从句连词:本课集中出现了多种状语从句,建议制作连词卡片进行记忆
-
注意时态呼应:如S11中”removed”(过去时)与”have not seen”(现在完成时)的搭配
-
练习句型转换:将so that目的从句转换为in order to不定式结构,加深理解
本课涉及的语法术语
本文档为第59课《In or out?》完整语法分析,涵盖词法、句法、功能语法三大维度,配合术语链接便于系统学习。