Lesson 66 Sweet as honey! 像蜜一样甜！ - 语法深度分析
课号：第66课（共96课）
标题：Sweet as honey!（像蜜一样甜！）
核心语法重点：使役结构 have sth. done、现在完成时与一般过去时对比、被动语态
难度等级：★★★☆（四级进阶）
课文原文
**Lesson 66: Sweet as honey! 像蜜一样甜！**
**参考译文：**
The Hatheld Puffin is a modern aeroplane, but its designer, Mr John Wimpenny, is finding it difficult to get it off the ground. The reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle. Its pilot has to pedal hard to get it into the air. After Mr Wimpenny had the plane built, it was tested thoroughly. In 1961, it was the first man-powered aircraft to fly half a mile. While being flown by a champion amateur cyclist in 1963, the plane crashed on an airfield. Since then, Mr Wimpenny has had it rebuilt. He has had the length of the wings increased so that they now measure 93 feet—almost as long as those of a Dakota. Many people have shown interest in this new and unusual sport. But though air cyclists may learn how to fly over short distances, and may, eventually, even get across the English Channel, it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the Atlantic.
“哈菲尔德海鹦”号是一架现代飞机，但它的设计者约翰·温佩尼先生发现很难让它离开地面。原因是这架飞机同时也是一辆自行车。它的飞行员必须用力蹬踏才能让它升空。在温佩尼先生让人造好这架飞机后，它经过了彻底的测试。1961年，它成为第一架飞行半英里的人力飞机。1963年，当这架飞机由一位冠军业余自行车手驾驶时，它在机场坠毁了。从那以后，温佩尼先生让人重新建造了它。他让机翼的长度增加了，所以现在它们有93英尺长——几乎和达科他飞机的机翼一样长。许多人对这种新颖而不寻常的运动表现出兴趣。但是，尽管空中自行车手可能学会如何在短距离飞行，最终甚至可能飞越英吉利海峡，但他们是否能骑自行车横渡大西洋还是令人怀疑的。
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aeroplane | /ˈeərəpleɪn/ | n. | 飞机 | aeroplanes (复数) |
| designer | /dɪˈzaɪnə(r)/ | n. | 设计者 | designers (复数) |
| pedal | /ˈpedl/ | v./n. | 蹬踏；踏板 | pedals (三单), pedalled (过去式) |
| thoroughly | /ˈθʌrəli/ | adv. | 彻底地 | thorough (adj.) |
| aircraft | /ˈeəkrɑːft/ | n. | 飞机；航空器 | aircraft (单复数同形) |
| champion | /ˈtʃæmpiən/ | n./adj. | 冠军；优秀的 | champions (复数) |
| cyclist | /ˈsaɪklɪst/ | n. | 骑自行车的人 | cyclists (复数) |
| crash | /kræʃ/ | v./n. | 坠毁；碰撞 | crashes (三单), crashed (过去式) |
| wing | /wɪŋ/ | n. | 机翼；翅膀 | wings (复数) |
| measure | /ˈmeʒə(r)/ | v./n. | 测量；长度为… | measures (三单), measured (过去式) |
| eventually | /ɪˈventʃuəli/ | adv. | 最终；终于 | eventual (adj.) |
| doubtful | /ˈdaʊtfl/ | adj. | 令人怀疑的 | doubt (n./v.) |
1.2 词形变化要点
1.2.1 不规则名词：aircraft
本课例句：
"it was the first man-powered aircraft to fly half a mile"
（它成为第一架飞行半英里的人力飞机）
语法要点：
aircraft 是单复数同形的名词，类似还有：
- sheep → sheep（绵羊）
- deer → deer（鹿）
- fish → fish（鱼，指数量时）
- means → means（方法）
1.2.2 动词不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 本课出现 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pedal | pedalled | pedalled | pedalling | pedal hard |
| build | built | built | building | built (过去分词) |
| fly | flew | flown | flying | flown (过去分词) |
| crash | crashed | crashed | crashing | crashed |
| show | showed | shown | showing | shown (过去分词) |
特殊用法：
- get it off the ground = 使其离开地面/使其开始
- get it into the air = 使其升空
1.2.3 派生词族
design 词族：
design (v./n.) 设计 → designer (n.) 设计者
↓
designee (n.) 被指定者
cycle 词族：
cycle (n./v.) 自行车/循环 → cyclist (n.) 骑自行车的人
↓
cycling (n.) 自行车运动
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 3 | 27.3% | S3, S4, S7 |
| 并列句 | 1 | 9.1% | S1 |
| 复合句（含从句） | 7 | 63.6% | S2, S5, S6, S8, S9, S10, S11 |
| 总计 | 11 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇主题句
The Hatheld Puffin is a modern aeroplane, but its designer, Mr John Wimpenny, is finding it difficult to get it off the ground.
句子结构：并列复合句（but连接两个分句）
分句1：
The Hatheld Puffin │ is │ a modern aeroplane
主语（专有名词） │ 系 │ 表语
分句2：
its designer, Mr John Wimpenny, │ is finding │ it │ difficult │ to get it off the ground
主语（同位语补充说明） │ 谓语（进行时）│ 形式宾语 │ 宾补 │ 真正宾语（不定式）
语法要点：
1. but - 转折连词，连接两个意义相反的分句
2. Mr John Wimpenny - 同位语，补充说明designer的身份
3. is finding - 现在进行时，表示现阶段持续的动作/状态
4. find it + adj. + to do - "发现做某事是...的"，it为形式宾语
5. get it off the ground - 动词短语，"使其离开地面"
S2: 说明原因
The reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle.
句子结构：主系表结构（含表语从句）
主干：
The reason for this │ is │ that this plane is also a bicycle
主语（介词短语后置定语）│ 系 │ 表语从句
表语从句：
that │ this plane │ is │ also a bicycle
连词 │ 主语 │ 系 │ 表语
语法要点：
1. The reason for this is that... - "...的原因是..."，固定句型
2. that引导表语从句，只起连接作用，无词义，不能省略
3. also - 副词作状语，表示"也"
本课涉及语法术语：[[名词性从句]] | [[表语从句]]
S3: 飞行方式
Its pilot has to pedal hard to get it into the air.
句子结构：简单句
主干：
Its pilot │ has to pedal │ hard │ to get it into the air
主语 │ 谓语（情态短语）│ 状语 │ 目的状语（不定式）
语法要点：
1. has to - 情态动词短语，"必须/不得不"（客观需要）
对比 must：must表示主观义务，have to表示客观需要
2. pedal - 不及物动词，"蹬踏"
3. hard - 副词作状语，修饰pedal，"用力地"
4. to get it into the air - 不定式作目的状语，"为了让其升空"
S4: 测试飞机
After Mr Wimpenny had the plane built, it was tested thoroughly.
句子结构：主从复合句（含时间状语从句+被动语态）
时间状语从句：
After │ Mr Wimpenny │ had the plane built
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语（使役结构）
主句：
it │ was tested │ thoroughly
主 │ 谓语（被动）│ 状语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法1】have sth. done - 使役结构，"让某事被做"
had the plane built = 让人建造飞机（飞机是被建造的）
2. 一般过去时被动语态：was/were + 过去分词
3. thoroughly - 副词作状语，修饰tested，"彻底地"
4. After - 时间状语从句连词，"在...之后"
本课涉及语法术语：[[过去完成时]] | [[被动语态]] | [[非谓语动词]]
S5: 历史成就
In 1961, it was the first man-powered aircraft to fly half a mile.
句子结构：简单句（含不定式后置定语）
主干：
In 1961 │ it │ was │ the first man-powered aircraft │ to fly half a mile
时间状语│ 主 │ 系 │ 表语（序数词+名词） │ 后置定语（不定式）
语法要点：
1. In 1961 - 具体过去时间，主句用一般过去时
2. the first...to do - "第一...做某事的"，序数词后常用不定式作定语
3. man-powered - 复合形容词，"人力的"，由"名词+过去分词"构成
4. aircraft - 单复数同形的名词
本课涉及语法术语：[[一般过去时]] | [[不定式]]
S6: 坠机事件
While being flown by a champion amateur cyclist in 1963, the plane crashed on an airfield.
句子结构：主从复合句（含时间状语从句的省略形式）
时间状语从句（省略形式）：
While (it was) being flown by a champion amateur cyclist in 1963
连词 省略了主语+was 过去进行时的被动语态
主句：
the plane │ crashed │ on an airfield
主语 │ 谓语 │ 地点状语
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法2】While being done - 时间状语从句的省略
完整形式：While it was being flown...（当它正在被驾驶时...）
省略条件：从句主语与主句主语一致，且含有be动词
2. 过去进行时的被动语态：was/were being + 过去分词
3. being flown by... - 介词by引出动作执行者
4. crash - 不及物动词，"坠毁"
本课涉及语法术语：[[时间状语从句]] | [[过去进行时]] | [[被动语态]] | [[省略]]
S7: 重建飞机
Since then, Mr Wimpenny has had it rebuilt.
句子结构：简单句
主干：
Since then │ Mr Wimpenny │ has had it rebuilt
时间状语 │ 主语 │ 谓语（使役结构+现在完成时）
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法3】Since then + 现在完成时 - "从那以后"
Since then 表示从过去某时到现在的时间段，主句用现在完成时
2. has had it rebuilt - 现在完成时的使役结构
have sth. done 的现在完成时形式
= has had + 宾语(it) + 过去分词(rebuilt)
3. rebuilt - build的过去分词，意为"重建"
本课涉及语法术语：[[现在完成时]] | [[时态]]
S8: 机翼加长
He has had the length of the wings increased so that they now measure 93 feet—almost as long as those of a Dakota.
句子结构：主从复合句（含结果状语从句）
主句：
He │ has had the length of the wings increased
主 │ 谓语（使役结构+现在完成时）
结果状语从句：
so that │ they │ now │ measure │ 93 feet
连词 │ 主 │ 状 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
比较结构（省略句）：
(they are) almost as long as those of a Dakota
主语+系 │ 程度 │ 表语（比较级）
语法要点：
1. 【核心语法4】have sth. done - 让某物被...
had the length...increased = 让长度被增加
2. the length of the wings - 机翼的长度（无生命所有格用of）
3. so that - 引导结果状语从句，"以至于/所以"
4. as long as - 原级比较，"和...一样长"
5. those = the wings，指示代词代替前面提到的名词（避免重复）
本课涉及语法术语：[[状语从句]] | [[比较级和最高级]] | [[指示代词]]
S9: 公众兴趣
Many people have shown interest in this new and unusual sport.
句子结构：简单句
主干：
Many people │ have shown │ interest │ in this new and unusual sport
主语 │ 谓语（现在完成时）│ 宾语 │ 状语（介词短语）
语法要点：
1. have shown - 现在完成时，表示过去动作对现在的影响
2. show interest in - 固定搭配，"对...表现出兴趣"
3. new and unusual - 并列形容词作定语，修饰sport
S10: 让步与展望（长难句）
But though air cyclists may learn how to fly over short distances, and may, eventually, even get across the English Channel, it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the Atlantic.
句子结构：主从复合句（含让步状语从句+主语从句）
让步状语从句：
though │ air cyclists │ may learn │ how to fly over short distances
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语1 │ 宾语（不定式短语）
│ │ and may...even get across the English Channel
│ │ 并列谓语2（插入eventually）
主句：
it │ is │ doubtful │ whether they will ever cycle across the Atlantic
形式主│系│ 表语 │ 真正主语（主语从句）
主语从句：
whether │ they │ will ever cycle │ across the Atlantic
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语（一般将来时）│ 地点状语
语法要点：
1. though - 让步状语从句连词，"尽管/虽然"
2. may learn / may...get - 情态动词may表示可能性，"可能"
3. how to fly... - "疑问词+不定式"结构，作learn的宾语
4. get across = 穿越/横渡（口语化表达）
5. 【核心语法5】it is doubtful whether... - 形式主语句型
it为形式主语，whether引导的主语从句为真正主语
6. will ever cycle - ever用于疑问句或否定句，表示"究竟/到底"
7. across the Atlantic - 介词短语，"横渡大西洋"
本课涉及语法术语：[[让步状语从句]] | [[主语从句]] | [[情态动词]] | [[不定式]]
2.3 从句类型汇总
| 从句类型 | 出现次数 | 引导词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 表语从句 | 1 | that | S2 |
| 时间状语从句 | 2 | After, While | S4, S6 |
| 结果状语从句 | 1 | so that | S8 |
| 让步状语从句 | 1 | though | S10 |
| 主语从句 | 1 | whether | S10 |
| 宾语从句（疑问词+不定式） | 1 | how to | S10 |
| 总计 | 7 | — | — |
2.4 句子结构关系图
句子嵌套层级示意图：
S1 (but并列)
├── 分句1：The Hatheld Puffin is...
└── 分句2：its designer...is finding it difficult...
└── 不定式作真正宾语：to get it off the ground
S2 (that表语从句)
├── 主干：The reason...is...
└── 表语从句：that this plane is also a bicycle
S4 (After时间状语+被动语态)
├── 时间状语从句：After Mr Wimpenny had the plane built
│ └── 使役结构：had...built
└── 主句被动语态：it was tested thoroughly
S6 (While时间状语省略)
├── 时间状语从句（省略）：While (it was) being flown...
│ └── 过去进行时被动
└── 主句：the plane crashed
S8 (so that结果从句)
├── 主句使役结构：He has had the length...increased
└── so that结果状语从句
└── as...as比较结构
S10 (though让步+whether主语从句)
├── though让步状语从句
│ ├── may learn + how to fly...
│ └── may...get across...
└── 主句
├── 形式主语it
└── whether主语从句（真正主语）
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
3.1.1 时态分布统计
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 3 | is, is finding, have to pedal, measure, show | 陈述事实/现阶段状态 |
| 一般过去时 | 4 | was, was tested, crashed, had | 叙述过去事件 |
| 现在完成时 | 4 | has had it rebuilt, has had…increased, have shown | 过去动作对现在的影响 |
| 过去完成时 | 1 | had the plane built | 过去的过去 |
| 现在进行时 | 1 | is finding | 现阶段持续动作 |
| 一般将来时 | 1 | will ever cycle | 将来可能性 |
| 含情态动词 | 2 | may learn, may…get | 可能性推测 |
| 被动语态 | 3 | was tested, was being flown, had…built/rebuilt/increased | 强调承受者 |
3.1.2 时态关系时间轴
时间轴示意图：
过去 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────► 现在 ──► 将来
had the plane built (过去完成：测试之前)
│
▼
was tested thoroughly (过去：彻底测试)
│
1961: was the first... (过去：历史性成就)
│
1963: was being flown (过去进行被动：正在驾驶时)
│
crashed (过去：坠毁)
│
Since then ──────────────────────────►
(从那以后)
│
├── has had it rebuilt (现在完成：重建)
├── has had...increased (现在完成：加长机翼)
└── have shown interest (现在完成：表现出兴趣)
is finding (现在进行：现阶段发现)
have to pedal (现在：必须蹬踏)
may learn / may get (将来可能性)
│
▼
will ever cycle? (将来疑问)
3.2 使役结构 have sth. done（本课核心语法）
3.2.1 结构公式
have + 宾语 + 过去分词 (have something done)
含义：
1. "让/叫/使某事被做"（由他人完成，强调被动）
2. "遭遇某种不幸"（主语承受不如意的事情）
本课三种时态形式：
过去完成时：had the plane built
现在完成时：has had it rebuilt / has had the length...increased
3.2.2 本课实例详解
| 实例 | 时态 | 含义 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| had the plane built | 过去完成时 | 让人建造飞机 | 测试前的准备动作 |
| has had it rebuilt | 现在完成时 | 让人重建飞机 | 坠毁后的修复动作 |
| has had the length…increased | 现在完成时 | 让人增加长度 | 改进设计的动作 |
详细解析：
-
had the plane built（过去完成时的使役结构）
原文：After Mr Wimpenny had the plane built, it was tested thoroughly. 译文：在温佩尼先生让人造好这架飞机后，它经过了彻底的测试。 语法要点： - had...built 发生在 was tested 之前（过去的过去） - 飞机是"被建造"的，使用过去分词built表被动 - After 引导时间状语从句，说明动作先后顺序 对比 have sb. do sth.： - have sth. done = 让某事被做（由他人完成）✓ 本课用法 - have sb. do sth. = 让某人做某事（某人去做） -
has had it rebuilt（现在完成时的使役结构）
原文：Since then, Mr Wimpenny has had it rebuilt. 译文：从那以后，温佩尼先生让人重新建造了它。 语法要点： - Since then 表示从过去某时到现在 - 主句用现在完成时：has had - rebuilt 是 build 的过去分词 - 双重 have：助动词 have + 使役动词 have -
has had the length…increased（带复杂宾语的使役结构）
原文：He has had the length of the wings increased... 译文：他让机翼的长度增加了... 语法要点： - the length of the wings 是 have 的宾语 - increased 是宾语补足语（过去分词） - 机翼长度是"被增加"的，使用过去分词表被动
3.2.3 have 使役结构全表
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 | 本课 |
|---|---|---|---|
| have sb. do sth. | 让某人做某事 | I’ll have him call you back. | — |
| have sb. doing sth. | 让某人持续做某事 | He had me waiting for hours. | — |
| have sth. done | 让某事被做 | I had my hair cut yesterday. | ✓ 本课核心 |
| have sth. being done | 让某事正在被做 | He had the car being repaired. | — |
易混淆结构对比：
have sth. done vs. get sth. done
两者都表示"让某事被做"，可互换：
- I had my car repaired. = I got my car repaired.
- 区别：have 更正式，get 更口语化
have sth. done 的两种含义：
1. 主动安排（本课用法）
- He had the plane built. (他让人建造飞机)
2. 遭遇不幸
- He had his wallet stolen. (他的钱包被偷了)
- I had my leg broken. (我的腿骨折了)
3.3 被动语态分析
| 语态 | 例句 | 时态形式 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时被动 | was tested thoroughly | was/were + done | 测试是过去被进行的 |
| 过去进行时被动 | (was) being flown | was/were being + done | 驾驶时正在发生 |
| 使役结构中的被动 | had the plane built | had + sth. + done | 飞机是被建造的 |
| 现在完成时被动 | has had it rebuilt | has/have had + sth. + done | 飞机是被重建的 |
被动语态详解：
While being flown by a champion amateur cyclist...
完整形式：While it was being flown by...
省略形式：While being flown by...（主从句主语一致+be动词）
结构分析：
- was being flown = 过去进行时的被动语态
- 强调"正在被驾驶时"这一持续状态
- by + 施事者，引出动作执行者
对比：
- was flown（一般过去时被动）- 强调动作完成
- was being flown（过去进行时被动）- 强调动作正在进行
3.4 语气分析
| 语气类型 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述语气 | 全文主体 | 客观叙述历史事件 |
| 推测语气 | may learn, may…get | 对未来的可能性推测 |
| 疑问语气 | it is doubtful whether… | 表达怀疑/不确定性 |
doubtful whether 的用法：
原文：it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the Atlantic.
译文：他们是否能骑自行车横渡大西洋还是令人怀疑的。
语法要点：
- doubtful + whether 从句 = "...是否...令人怀疑"
- whether 在此引导主语从句（it为形式主语）
- ever 用于疑问句，表示"究竟/到底"
类似表达：
- It is uncertain whether...（不确定是否...）
- It is unclear whether...（不清楚是否...）
3.5 Since then + 现在完成时
原文：Since then, Mr Wimpenny has had it rebuilt.
语法要点：
1. since then 表示"从那以后"
- since + 时间点/从句，主句用现在完成时
- then 指代前文提到的过去时间点（1963年坠机）
2. 现在完成时的用法：
- 表示从过去某时开始，持续到现在的动作或状态
- 强调过去动作对现在的影响
对比其他时间状语：
| 时间状语 | 时态 | 例句 |
|----------|------|------|
| since + 时间点 | 现在完成时 | I have lived here since 2010. |
| for + 时间段 | 现在完成时 | I have lived here for 10 years. |
| already/yet | 现在完成时 | He has already left. |
| ever/never | 现在完成时 | Have you ever been to Paris? |
四、本课语法重点总结
4.1 核心语法点：have sth. done 使役结构
4.1.1 语法图谱
have sth. done
│
┌────────────────┼────────────────┐
│ │ │
安排某事被做 遭遇不幸 时态变化
│ │ │
have sth. built have sth. stolen had sth. done (过去)
have sth. done have sth. broken have had sth. done (现在完成)
have sth. repaired have sth. damaged will have sth. done (将来)
4.1.2 本课例句公式化
| 原句 | 结构公式 | 四级写作模板 |
|---|---|---|
| had the plane built | have + 物 + 过去分词（过去时） | I had my essay checked by my teacher. |
| has had it rebuilt | have had + 物 + 过去分词 | I have had my room decorated recently. |
| has had…increased | have had + 物 + 过去分词 | He has had his salary increased twice. |
4.2 时态对比总结
4.2.1 一般过去时 vs 现在完成时
| 时态 | 时间状语 | 功能 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | in 1961/1963（具体过去时间） | 叙述过去事实 | was tested, crashed |
| 现在完成时 | since then（从过去到现在） | 过去对现在的影响 | has had it rebuilt, have shown interest |
时间轴对比：
过去某时 ──────────────────────────► 现在
│ │
▼ ▼
具体过去时间(In 1961) since then(从那以后)
│ │
▼ ▼
一般过去时(was tested) 现在完成时(has rebuilt)
4.2.2 时态嵌套关系
After Mr Wimpenny had the plane built, it was tested thoroughly.
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ ▼
│ │ 一般过去时（后发生）
│ │
│ ▼
│ 过去完成时（先发生）
│ （过去的过去）
│
▼
After 引导时间状语从句
（说明动作先后顺序）
4.3 难句深度解析
难句1：嵌套最多的句子
But though air cyclists may learn how to fly over short distances, and may, eventually, even get across the English Channel, it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the Atlantic.
【分层拆解】
第一层（让步状语从句）：
though air cyclists may learn...and may...get...
尽管空中自行车手可能学会...并可能...
第二层（疑问词+不定式）：
how to fly over short distances
如何在短距离飞行
第三层（主句-形式主语）：
it is doubtful...
...是令人怀疑的
第四层（主语从句-真正主语）：
whether they will ever cycle across the Atlantic
他们是否能横渡大西洋
【句子特点】
- 共4层嵌套
- 包含让步、疑问词+不定式、形式主语、主语从句
- though 引导让步，it is doubtful 表达怀疑
【翻译技巧】
先译让步部分，再译主句：
"但是，尽管空中自行车手可能学会...，但他们是否能...还是令人怀疑的。"
难句2：使役结构进行时态叠加
Since then, Mr Wimpenny has had it rebuilt.
【结构拆解】
时间状语：Since then（从那以后）
│
▼
主语：Mr Wimpenny
│
▼
谓语：has had（现在完成时的使役动词have）
│
├── 助动词 has（现在完成时标记）
└── 实义动词 had（使役动词have的过去分词）
│
├── 宾语：it（指代飞机）
└── 宾补：rebuilt（过去分词，表示被动）
【语法价值】
- 现在完成时 + 使役结构 + 被动语态
- 双重have：助动词have + 使役动词have的过去分词
- rebuilt 既是build的过去分词，也是表被动的标记
【理解关键】
Since then 决定了用现在完成时
have sth. done 决定了用过去分词rebuilt
4.4 比较结构
4.4.1 as…as 原级比较
原文：almost as long as those of a Dakota
译文：几乎和达科他飞机的机翼一样长
结构分析：
as + 形容词原级 + as = 和...一样...
- as long as = 和...一样长
- almost 修饰整个比较结构，表示"几乎"
those 的用法：
- those = the wings，指示代词代替复数名词
- 避免重复使用wings
对比其他比较：
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|------|------|------|
| as + 原级 + as | 和...一样 | as long as |
| not as/so + 原级 + as | 不如... | not as long as |
| 比较级 + than | 比...更 | longer than |
| the + 最高级 | 最... | the longest |
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 四级听力考点
| 本课语法 | 四级听力应用 | 真题链接 |
|---|---|---|
| have sth. done 使役结构 | 场景题（修理/服务） | 2023年6月 Section A |
| since + 现在完成时 | 时间计算题 | 2022年12月 Section B |
| 让步状语从句 though | 转折关系理解 | 2021年6月 Section C |
听力场景题示例：
【四级真题改编】
M: I need to have my car repaired before the weekend.
W: I know a good mechanic. He had my brakes fixed last month.
Q: What does the woman mean?
【答案】B. She recommends a mechanic.
【解析】have sth. done = 让某事被做，常用于修理/服务场景
5.2 四级阅读考点
| 本课语法 | 阅读应用 | 考查形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 + since | 时间推理题 | 判断时间先后 |
| 使役结构 | 长难句分析 | 理解被动关系 |
| 让步状语从句 | 逻辑关系题 | 判断转折关系 |
阅读理解示例：
原文：Since then, the company has had its products tested by third parties.
题目：What can we infer about the company's products?
选项：
A. They are no longer produced. （无依据）
B. They have been tested after a certain point. （正确答案）
C. They were tested before that point. （时间相反）
D. They have never been tested. （与原文相反）
解析：has had...tested 表示"从那以后已经被测试"
5.3 四级翻译考点
| 中文表达 | 英文翻译（用本课语法） |
|---|---|
| 我昨天让人修了电脑。 | I had my computer repaired yesterday. |
| 从那以后，他已经让人装修了房子。 | Since then, he has had his house decorated. |
| 尽管他们可能学会，但能否成功还是令人怀疑的。 | Though they may learn, it is doubtful whether they will succeed. |
| 这架飞机正在由专家测试。 | The plane is being tested by experts. |
5.4 四级写作应用
写作模板句：
1. 描述改进措施：
Since then, the government has had new policies implemented
to address this issue.
（从那以后，政府已经让人实施了新政策以解决这个问题。）
2. 表达怀疑态度：
Though technology may advance rapidly, it is doubtful whether
it can completely replace human interaction.
（尽管科技可能快速发展，但它能否完全取代人际互动还是令人怀疑的。）
3. 使役结构应用：
I had my essay proofread by a native speaker before submission.
（我在提交前让一位母语者校对了我的文章。）
4. 让步状语从句：
Though the task may seem difficult at first, consistent effort
will eventually lead to success.
（尽管任务起初看似困难，持续努力最终会通向成功。）
六、学习检测与练习
6.1 语法填空
用适当的时态或结构填空：
- After he __________ (have) his bike repaired, he went for a ride.
- Since last year, she __________ (have) her hair cut twice.
- The machine __________ (test) carefully before it was sold.
- Though he __________ (may) try his best, it is doubtful whether he will win.
- The bridge is __________ (measure) 500 meters in length.
答案：
- had had（过去完成时的使役结构）
- has had（现在完成时的使役结构）
- was tested（一般过去时被动语态）
- may（情态动词表可能性）
- measuring（现在分词，主动表被动）
6.2 句型转换
将下列句子改写为含 have sth. done 的结构：
-
Someone stole my wallet yesterday. → I __________ yesterday.
-
The barber cut his hair last week. → He __________ last week.
-
A mechanic is repairing her car now. → She __________ now.
答案：
- had my wallet stolen
- had his hair cut
- is having her car repaired
6.3 翻译练习
将下列句子翻译成英文，使用本课语法：
- 他让人装修了房子。
- 从那以后，这种运动变得越来越流行。
- 尽管他们可能学会驾驶，但能否横渡大西洋还是令人怀疑的。
- 在让人检查了发动机后，他开始了旅程。
参考答案：
- He had his house decorated.
- Since then, this sport has become increasingly popular.
- Though they may learn how to fly, it is doubtful whether they can cycle across the Atlantic.
- After he had the engine checked, he started his journey.
七、考点清单
7.1 本课四级考点清单
- 使役结构 have sth. done：让某事被做
- 现在完成时 + since：since then, since 1990
- 过去完成时：had done，表示过去的过去
- 一般过去时被动语态：was/were + done
- 过去进行时被动语态：was/were being + done
- 让步状语从句：though/although 的用法
- 形式主语 it：it is doubtful whether…
- 疑问词+不定式：how to fly, what to do
- as…as 原级比较：as long as, as fast as
- 时间状语从句省略：While being flown…
7.2 前置知识复习
| 前置课程 | 相关知识点 | 本课应用 |
|---|---|---|
| L17 | have 的用法 | have sth. done |
| L21 | 被动语态基础 | was tested, was being flown |
| L28 | 定语从句 | the length of the wings |
| L41 | 现在完成时 | has had it rebuilt |
| L55 | 过去完成时 | had the plane built |
7.3 后续学习建议
- 关联课程：L73 (have sth. done 复习), L85 (时态综合)
- 练习建议：完成2018-2024年四级真题中使役结构相关语法题
- 拓展阅读：查找含 have sth. done 结构的四级阅读长难句进行分析
八、附录：本课语法数据卡片
{
"lesson": 66,
"title": "Sweet as honey!",
"title_cn": "像蜜一样甜！",
"core_grammar": "使役结构 have sth. done / 时态对比",
"difficulty": "★★★☆",
"duration": "25min",
"cet4_level": "B",
"key_structures": [
"had the plane built (过去完成时使役)",
"has had it rebuilt (现在完成时使役)",
"was being flown (过去进行时被动)",
"it is doubtful whether (形式主语)"
],
"clause_types": [
"表语从句 x1",
"时间状语从句 x2",
"结果状语从句 x1",
"让步状语从句 x1",
"主语从句 x1"
],
"vocabulary_focus": [
"aeroplane /ˈeərəpleɪn/ n. 飞机",
"pedal /ˈpedl/ v. 蹬踏",
"aircraft /ˈeəkrɑːft/ n. 飞机（单复同形）",
"cyclist /ˈsaɪklɪst/ n. 骑自行车的人",
"crash /kræʃ/ v. 坠毁",
"measure /ˈmeʒə(r)/ v. 测量；长度为...",
"eventually /ɪˈventʃuəli/ adv. 最终",
"doubtful /ˈdaʊtfl/ adj. 令人怀疑的"
],
"related_lessons": [17, 21, 28, 41, 55, 73, 85]
}文档版本：v1.0
生成日期：2026年4月2日
适用教材：《新概念英语》第二册 Lesson 66
本课涉及的语法术语
- 时态 | 一般过去时 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | 过去进行时
- 被动语态 | 使役结构 | have sth. done
- 状语从句 | 时间状语从句 | 让步状语从句 | 结果状语从句
- 名词性从句 | 表语从句 | 主语从句
- 情态动词 | 非谓语动词 | 不定式 | 过去分词
- 比较级和最高级 | 省略 | 指示代词
💡 提示：点击术语链接可跳转到详细解释，使用 Obsidian 可查看双向链接关系。