第73课_The_record-holder_语法精讲

← 返回本课总览 · 课程学习入口 · 术语库入口

第二册 L73 The record-holder 纪录保持者 语法深度精讲

课号：第73课（共96课）
标题：The record-holder（纪录保持者）
语法重点：定语从句 + 过去完成进行时 + 时间状语从句 + 被动语态
核心逻辑功能：叙事逻辑 - 对比反讽 + 时间顺序推进

课文原文

**Lesson 73 The record-holder 纪录保持者**

Little boys who play truant from school are unimaginative. A quiet day’s fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get. They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles. He hitch-hiked to Dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep. When he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to Calais. No one noticed the boy as he crept off. From there, he hitch-hiked to Paris in a lorry. The driver gave him a few biscuits and a cup of coffee and left him just outside the city. The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border. There he was picked up by a policeman and sent back to England by the local authorities. He has surely set up a record for the thousands of boys who dream of evading school.

**参考译文**： 逃学的男孩子们都缺乏想象力。安安静静待上一天钓钓鱼，或者在电影院里坐上8个小时，一遍又一遍地看同一部电影，这通常就是他们所能做到的最出格的事了。他们全都被一个男孩比得羞愧难当，这个男孩在逃学期间竟然旅行了1600英里。他搭便车到了多佛，傍晚时分，他上了一条船，想找个地方睡觉。第二天早上醒来时，他发现船在这段时间里已经开到了加来。当他蹑手蹑脚地离开时，没有人注意到这个男孩。从那里，他搭了一辆卡车的便车到了巴黎。司机给了他几块饼干和一杯咖啡，然后就把他留在了城外。这个男孩拦下的下一辆车并没有像他希望的那样把他带到巴黎市中心，而是把他带到了法西边境的佩皮尼昂。在那里，他被一名警察发现并送回了英国。他无疑为成千上万梦想逃学的男孩们创下了一个纪录。

一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

词汇词性词义语法功能
truantn. (C)逃学者固定搭配play truant
unimaginativeadj.缺乏想象力的表语形容词
shamen. (U)羞愧put to shame 固定搭配
hitch-hikev.搭便车旅行谓语动词
meantimen.同时，期间in the meantime 固定搭配
creepv.蹑手蹑脚地走谓语动词（过去式crept）
lorryn. (C)卡车交通工具名词
bordern. (C)边界，边境地点名词
authorityn. (C)当局，官方通常用复数authorities
evadev.逃避，躲避动名词evading作介词宾语

1.2 词形变化要点

1.2.1 动词的不规则变化

原形过去式过去分词现在分词词义
playplayedplayedplaying玩；扮演
putputputputting放置；使处于
traveltravelledtravelledtravelling旅行
wakewokewokenwaking醒来
creepcreptcreptcreeping蹑手蹑脚地走
givegavegivengiving给予
leaveleftleftleaving离开；留下
stopstoppedstoppedstopping停止；拦下
pick uppicked uppicked uppicking up接载；发现
sendsentsentsending发送；派遣
dreamdreamed/dreamtdreamed/dreamtdreaming梦想

注意：

  • put 的过去式和过去分词与原形同形：put, put, put
  • creep 的过去式和过去分词是：crept, crept

1.2.2 复合词与派生词

原词派生/复合形式词性词义例句
hitch + hikehitch-hikev.搭便车旅行hitch-hiked to Dover
over + and + overover and overadv.反复地over and over again
mean + timemeantimen.同时in the meantime
author + ityauthorityn.当局local authorities

1.2.3 形容词与副词派生

形容词副词形式名词形式词义
imaginativeimaginativelyimagination有想象力的
unimaginativeunimaginatively-缺乏想象力的
quietquietlyquietness安静的
hopefulhopefullyhope满怀希望的
locallocallylocality当地的

注意: unimaginative = un-（否定前缀）+ imaginative

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

句子类型数量占比例句位置
简单句643%句2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10
并列句214%句8, 11
复合句（主从）643%句1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 13
合计14100%-

2.2 逐句成分分析

句1：定语从句开篇

原句: “Little boys who play truant from school are unimaginative.”

句子成分分析:

  • 主语: Little boys who play truant from school
    • 核心: Little boys
    • 定语从句: who play truant from school（修饰boys）

句型判定: 复合句（主句 + 定语从句）

语法要点: 定语从句 who 引导，修饰 boys

句2：简单句（主系表）

原句: “A quiet day’s fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get.”

句子成分分析:

  • 主语: A quiet day’s fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again
    • 选项A: A quiet day’s fishing
    • 连接词: or
    • 选项B: eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again
      • 其中seeing…是现在分词短语作伴随状语
  • 表语: as far as they get（表语从句）

句型判定: 复合句（主句 + 表语从句）

语法要点:

  • 名词所有格: A quiet day’s fishing（一天的钓鱼活动）
  • as far as = 到……程度/地步

句3：现在完成时被动 + 定语从句

原句: “They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles.”

句子成分分析:

  • 谓语: have all been put（现在完成时被动）
  • 状语: to shame（结果状语）, by a boy（施事者）
  • [定语从句]: who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles
    • 主语: who（指代boy）
    • 时间状语: while playing truant（while + 现在分词）
    • 谓语: travelled
    • 状语: 1600 miles

句型判定: 复合句（主句被动 + 定语从句）

语法要点:

  • 现在完成时被动: have been put
  • put to shame = 使羞愧，使相形见绌
  • while + 现在分词 = while he was playing truant 的省略形式

句4：并列谓语 + 目的状语

原句: “He hitch-hiked to Dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep.”

句子成分分析:

  • [状语1]: to Dover（方向状语）
  • 状语: towards evening（时间状语）
  • [状语2]: into a boat（地点状语）
  • [目的状语]: to find somewhere to sleep（不定式表目的）

句型判定: 简单句（并列谓语）

语法要点:

  • hitch-hike = 搭便车旅行
  • 不定式表目的: to find = in order to find

句5：时间状语从句 + 宾语从句

原句: “When he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to Calais.”

句子成分分析:

  • [时间状语从句]: When he woke up next morning
  • [宾语从句]: that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to Calais
    • 主语: the boat
    • 谓语: had travelled（过去完成时）
    • 插入语: in the meantime
    • 状语: to Calais

句型判定: 复合句（时间从句 + 主句 + 宾语从句）

语法要点:

  • 过去完成时: had travelled（表示在woke up之前已经完成的动作）
  • in the meantime = 在此期间

句6：时间状语从句（as引导）

原句: “No one noticed the boy as he crept off.”

句子成分分析:

  • 主语: No one
  • 宾语: the boy
  • [时间状语从句]: as he crept off（as = when/while）

句型判定: 复合句（主句 + 时间状语从句）

语法要点: as = when/while（当……时）

句7：简单句

原句: “From there, he hitch-hiked to Paris in a lorry.”

句子成分分析:

  • 状语: From there
  • 状语: to Paris（方向）, in a lorry（方式）

句型判定: 简单句

句8：并列谓语

原句: “The driver gave him a few biscuits and a cup of coffee and left him just outside the city.”

句子成分分析:

  • 主语: The driver
  • [直接宾语]: a few biscuits and a cup of coffee
  • 状语: just outside the city（地点状语）

句型判定: 简单句（并列谓语）

语法要点:

  • give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb.（双宾语结构）
  • leave sb. somewhere = 把某人留在某地

句9：定语从句 + 方式状语从句

原句: “The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border.”

句子成分分析:

  • 主语: The next car the boy stopped
    • 核心: The next car
    • 定语从句: (that/which) the boy stopped（省略关系代词）
  • 谓语: did not take
  • [状语1]: into the centre of Paris
  • [方式状语从句]: as he hoped it would
  • [状语2]: to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border

句型判定: 复合句（主句 + 定语从句 + 方式状语从句）

语法要点:

  • as he hoped = 按照他希望的那样
  • not…but… = 不是……而是……

句10：被动语态 + 并列谓语

原句: “There he was picked up by a policeman and sent back to England by the local authorities.”

句子成分分析:

  • 谓语1: was picked up（被动语态）
  • [状语1]: by a policeman（施事者）
  • 谓语2: (was) sent back（被动语态，省略was）
  • [状语2]: to England（方向）, by the local authorities（施事者）

句型判定: 简单句（并列被动谓语）

语法要点:

  • pick up = 接载；发现，逮捕
  • send back = 遣送回去

句11：现在完成时 + 定语从句

原句: “He has surely set up a record for the thousands of boys who dream of evading school.”

句子成分分析:

  • 谓语: has set up（现在完成时）
  • 宾语: a record
  • 状语: for the thousands of boys who dream of evading school
    • 定语从句: who dream of evading school（修饰boys）

句型判定: 复合句（主句 + 定语从句）

语法要点:

  • 现在完成时: has set up（表示对现在的影响）
  • dream of doing = 梦想做某事

2.3 句子成分统计

成分类型出现次数典型例句语法功能
定语从句4次who play truant, who travelled修饰名词
时间状语从句2次When he woke up, as he crept off修饰动词/句子
宾语从句1次that the boat had travelled作宾语
表语从句1次as far as they get作表语
方式状语从句1次as he hoped it would表示方式
被动语态3次have been put, was picked up, sent back强调承受者

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

时态出现次数例句语法功能
一般现在时2次are unimaginative, dream陈述常态、习惯
一般过去时8次hitch-hiked, went, woke, discovered叙述过去事件
过去完成时1次had travelled过去的过去
现在完成时2次have been put, has set up过去与现在的联系

3.2 语态分析

语态数量例句使用场景
主动语态11句”He hitch-hiked to Dover”强调执行者
被动语态3句”have been put to shame”, “was picked up”, “sent back”强调承受者

3.3 语气分析

语气类型例句语法标记语用功能
陈述语气全文正常语序/时态陈述事实

3.4 情态动词用法

本课文没有明显的情态动词使用。

四、本课语法重点总结

4.1 核心语法点

  1. 定语从句: who 引导的限定性定语从句（4处）
  2. 现在完成时被动: have been put（表示被动且持续到现在的影响）
  3. 过去完成时: had travelled（过去的过去）
  4. 时间状语从句: When/While/As 引导
  5. 不定式表目的: to find somewhere to sleep
  6. while + 现在分词: while playing truant

4.2 难句解析

难句1: “They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles.”

结构拆解:

[They] [have all been put to shame] [by a boy]
 主语   现在完成时被动语态      施事者介词短语
 
[who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles]
  定语从句：who travelled 1600 miles
  插入的省略时间状语：while (he was) playing truant

语法难点:

  • 现在完成时被动: have been put（表示过去的动作对现在的影响——至今仍感到羞愧）
  • while + 现在分词 = while he was playing truant 的省略形式
  • put to shame = 使羞愧，使相形见绌（固定搭配）

中文翻译: “他们全都被一个男孩比得羞愧难当，这个男孩在逃学期间竟然旅行了1600英里。”

难句2: “The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border.”

结构拆解:

[The next car (that) the boy stopped]
 主语：下一辆车（省略that的定语从句修饰car）
 
[did not take him into the centre of Paris]
 谓语：没有带他去巴黎市中心
 
[as he hoped it would]
 方式状语从句：按照他希望的那样
 
[but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border]
 转折：而是把他带到……

语法要点:

  • 省略关系代词的定语从句: the boy stopped (that/which)
  • as he hoped = 按照他希望的那样（方式状语从句）
  • not…but… = 不是……而是……

4.3 语法图谱

Lesson 73 语法结构
│
├── 时态系统
│   ├── 一般过去时（主要叙述时态）
│   ├── 过去完成时（had travelled - 过去的过去）
│   ├── 现在完成时（have been put, has set up）
│   └── 一般现在时（陈述常态）
│
├── 语态系统
│   ├── 现在完成时被动（have been put to shame）
│   ├── 一般过去时被动（was picked up, was sent back）
│   └── 主动语态（主要叙述）
│
├── 从句系统
│   ├── 定语从句（who/省略that - 4处）
│   ├── 时间状语从句（when/as/while）
│   ├── 宾语从句（that...）
│   ├── 表语从句（as far as...）
│   └── 方式状语从句（as he hoped）
│
└── 特殊结构
    ├── while + 现在分词（省略结构）
    ├── 不定式表目的（to find）
    ├── not...but...（转折结构）
    └── 固定搭配（put to shame, dream of）

五、与四级考试的关联

语法点四级考点真题示例
定语从句who/which/that引导The man who is talking to Mary…
现在完成时被动have/has been doneThe book has been translated.
过去完成时had doneBy the time I arrived, he had left.
时间状语从句when/while/asWhen I got home, my mother was cooking.
省略结构while doing = while sb. was doingWhile walking in the park, I met him.

六、本课涉及的语法术语

分析完成时间: 2026年4月2日
课号: Lesson 73
文本长度: 约200词/14句

关系图谱

反向链接