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第80课 The Crystal Palace 水晶宫 — 词汇精讲


课文原文

Perhaps the most **extraordinary** building of the nineteenth century was the **Crystal Palace**, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great **Exhibition** of 1851. The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of **iron** and **glass**. It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from **various** parts of the world. There was also a great deal of **machinery** on **display**. The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyth's **steam hammer**. Though in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train. There were six million visitors in all, and the **profits** from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. Later, the Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was **burnt down** in 1936.
**参考译文**: 也许19世纪最非凡的建筑是水晶宫,它建于海德公园,为1851年的大展览而建。水晶宫与世界上所有其他建筑都不同,因为它是由铁和玻璃建造的。它是有史以来最大的建筑之一,许多国家的大量人前来看它。大量商品从世界各地被送到展览会上。还展出了大量的机械。展出的最奇妙的机械是纳斯米斯的蒸汽锤。虽然在那个年代,旅行不像今天这么容易,但蒸汽船载着成千上万的游客从欧洲穿越英吉利海峡。到达英国后,他们被火车带到水晶宫。总共有六百万游客,展览的利润被用来建造博物馆和学院。后来,水晶宫被搬到了伦敦南部。它一直是世界上最著名的建筑之一,直到1936年被烧毁。

一、基础统计

1.1 总体数据

指标数值说明
总词数 (Tokens)178文本中所有单词的总数
类符数 (Types)98不重复的单词种类数
类符/形符比 (TTR)55.1%词汇多样性指标
词汇密度62.4%实词占总词数的比例
平均词长4.6字母反映词汇复杂度
最长单词extraordinary (13字母)文本中最长的单词
句子数10文本中的句子数量
平均句长17.8词每句平均包含的单词数

1.2 高频词分布

频次词数占比示例
高频词 (≥3次)66.1%the(15), of(7), was(6), in(4), to(4), a(3)
中频词 (2次)1212.2%building, Crystal Palace, exhibition, it, most, one…
低频词 (1次)8081.7%词汇的主要组成部分

二、词汇难度分级

2.1 词汇分级统计

级别词表来源数量占比代表词汇
K1最常用1000词6869.4%building, world, people, country, great…
K2次常用1001-2000词1515.3%exhibition, profit, various, display, steam…
K3常用2001-3000词88.2%extraordinary, machinery, hammer…
低频词不在上述词表55.1%crystal, palace, Nasmyth…
专有名词人名地名等22.0%Hyde Park, South London, Channel

2.2 难度指标

  • 基础词汇覆盖率: 84.7% (K1+K2)
  • 学术词汇密度: 0% (本课无学术词汇)
  • 生词率预估: 8% (对高中水平读者)

三、核心词汇精讲(12个)


1. extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːdənri/

项目内容
词性adjective
难度等级K3 (CET-4/6核心词)
本课义非凡的,卓越的,特别的
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐⭐ 四级高频词,写作替换词

常见搭配

搭配含义
extraordinary achievement非凡的成就
extraordinary ability卓越的能力
extraordinary circumstances特殊情况
quite extraordinary相当不寻常的

真题例句

The scientist made an extraordinary discovery that changed our understanding of the universe. (这位科学家做出了一个改变我们对宇宙理解的非凡发现。)

一词多义

含义例句
非凡的,卓越的an extraordinary musician 一位杰出的音乐家
特别的,格外的extraordinary care 格外的关心
(费用等)额外的extraordinary expenses 额外开支

派生词族

形式词性含义
extraordinarilyadv.非凡地,异常地
extraordinarinessn.非凡,特别
ordinaryadj.普通的,平常的

易混淆词

  • extraordinary vs extra-ordinary: 注意拼写,无连字符
  • extraordinary vs exceptional: 都表”非凡”,但extraordinary更强调超出寻常,exceptional强调例外性

2. crystal /ˈkrɪstl/

项目内容
词性noun / adjective
难度等级K2 (基础词汇)
本课义水晶;水晶的,透明的
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐ 主题词,专有名词构成

常见搭配

搭配含义
crystal clear晶莹剔透的;非常清楚的
crystal ball水晶球
crystal glass水晶玻璃
liquid crystal液晶

真题例句

The water in the mountain lake was crystal clear, allowing us to see the bottom. (山间湖泊的水清澈见底,让我们能看到湖底。)

一词多义

含义例句
水晶a piece of crystal 一块水晶
水晶玻璃crystal glasses 水晶玻璃杯
晶体(化学)salt crystals 盐晶体

派生词族

形式词性含义
crystallineadj.水晶般的,透明的;晶体的
crystallizev.(使)结晶;(想法等)成形
crystallizationn.结晶;具体化

易混淆词

  • crystal vs cristal: 注意拼写,无”s”
  • crystal vs glass: crystal指含铅的高级玻璃或天然水晶,glass泛指普通玻璃

3. palace /ˈpæləs/

项目内容
词性noun
难度等级K2 (基础词汇)
本课义宫殿,皇宫;宏伟的建筑
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐ 文化类高频词

常见搭配

搭配含义
Buckingham Palace白金汉宫
the Summer Palace颐和园
palace hotel豪华酒店
film/movie palace电影院(旧称)

真题例句

The royal palace attracts millions of tourists from all over the world every year. (这座皇宫每年吸引来自世界各地的数百万游客。)

派生词族

形式词性含义
palatialadj.宫殿般的,宏伟的

易混淆词

  • palace vs place: palace /ˈpæləs/ (宫殿),place /pleɪs/ (地方)
  • palace vs palate ( palate /ˈpælət/ 上颚;味觉)

文化链接

Crystal Palace (水晶宫) 是1851年伦敦世博会的标志性建筑,因其大量采用玻璃和钢铁结构而得名,后成为此类建筑的代名词。


4. exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/

项目内容
词性noun
难度等级K2 (CET-4核心词)
本课义展览,展览会;展示
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐⭐ 四级高频词,写作常用

常见搭配

搭配含义
on exhibition / on display在展览中
art exhibition艺术展览
trade exhibition贸易展览会
put on an exhibition举办展览
make an exhibition of oneself出洋相,当众出丑

真题例句

The museum is planning to hold an exhibition of ancient Chinese paintings next month. (博物馆计划下个月举办一场中国古代画展。)

一词多义

含义例句
展览会,展览a photography exhibition 摄影展
表现,显示an exhibition of bad manners 举止失礼的表现
(体育)表演赛an exhibition match 表演赛

派生词族

形式词性含义
exhibitv./n.展览;展品
exhibitorn.参展商,展出者
exhibitionismn.表现癖;裸露癖
exhibitionistn.好表现者

易混淆词

  • exhibition vs exhibit: exhibition指展览会/活动,exhibit可指展品或动词”展示”
  • exhibition vs exposition: exposition更正式,常指大型博览会(如世博会)

5. iron /ˈaɪən/

项目内容
词性noun / verb / adjective
难度等级K1 (基础词汇)
本课义铁;熨斗;熨烫
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐⭐ 核心词汇,多义高频词

常见搭配

搭配含义
cast iron铸铁
iron and steel钢铁
steam iron蒸汽熨斗
iron out熨平;解决(问题)
iron will钢铁般的意志
strike while the iron is hot趁热打铁

真题例句

The bridge is made of iron and has stood for over 200 years. (这座桥由铁制成,已屹立200多年。)

一词多义

含义例句
铁(元素)Iron is a common metal. 铁是一种常见金属。
熨斗an electric iron 电熨斗
熨烫I need to iron my shirt. 我需要熨衬衫。
镣铐(复数)in irons 被囚禁
高尔夫球杆a 5-iron 五号铁杆

派生词族

形式词性含义
ironingn.熨烫;待熨烫的衣物
ironern.熨烫工
ironworksn.铁工厂,炼铁厂

易混淆词

  • iron vs irony: iron /ˈaɪən/ (铁),irony /ˈaɪrəni/ (讽刺)
  • iron vs ion: ion /ˈaɪən/ (离子),拼写相同但含义不同

6. glass /ɡlɑːs/

项目内容
词性noun
难度等级K1 (基础词汇)
本课义玻璃;玻璃杯
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐⭐ 核心词汇

常见搭配

搭配含义
plate glass平板玻璃
stained glass彩色玻璃
looking glass镜子(古语)
a glass of water一杯水
wine glass酒杯
safety glass安全玻璃
glass ceiling玻璃天花板(无形障碍)

真题例句

The new office building has glass walls that let in plenty of natural light. (新办公楼有玻璃墙,能让大量自然光进入。)

一词多义

含义例句
玻璃(材料)broken glass 碎玻璃
玻璃杯a glass of milk 一杯牛奶
镜子look in the glass 照镜子(旧用法)
眼镜(复数)a pair of glasses 一副眼镜
气压计The glass is falling. 气压在下降。

派生词族

形式词性含义
glassyadj.玻璃般的,光滑的;(眼神)呆滞的
glassfuln.一玻璃杯的量
glasswaren.玻璃器皿

易混淆词

  • glass vs glasses: glass(玻璃/杯子),glasses(眼镜)
  • glass vs cup: glass指玻璃杯,cup指带柄的杯子(陶瓷等)

构词提示

iron and glass = 钢铁与玻璃(工业时代建筑材料的代表)


7. machinery /məˈʃiːnəri/

项目内容
词性noun
难度等级K2 (CET-4核心词)
本课义机械,机器;机械装置
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐⭐ 四级核心词,注意不可数

常见搭配

搭配含义
heavy machinery重型机械
farm/agricultural machinery农业机械
industrial machinery工业机械
piece of machinery一台机器
the machinery of government政府机构

真题例句

Modern machinery has greatly increased farm productivity. (现代机械大大提高了农业生产力。)

派生词族

形式词性含义
machinen.机器
mechanicaladj.机械的;机械般的
mechanicn.技工,机械师
mechanicsn.力学;机械学
mechanizev.使机械化
mechanizationn.机械化

易混淆词

  • machinery vs machine:
    • machinery是不可数名词,指”机械(总称)“或”机械装置”
    • machine是可数名词,指”一台机器”
    • 例:A factory has much machinery and many machines.

语法提示

machinery是不可数名词,表示数量时需借助”a piece of”等量词。


8. display /dɪˈspleɪ/

项目内容
词性verb / noun
难度等级K2 (CET-4核心词)
本课义展示,陈列;展示,展览
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 四级超高频词,多用途

常见搭配

搭配含义
on display / on show展出中
put on display展出
display screen显示屏
window display橱窗展示
display case展示柜
fireworks display烟火表演
make a display of炫耀,显示

真题例句

The museum has over 10,000 ancient artifacts on display. (博物馆展出了超过一万件古代文物。)

一词多义

含义例句
展示,陈列The paintings are displayed on the walls. 画作陈列在墙上。
显示,表现She displayed great courage. 她表现出极大的勇气。
显示屏a liquid crystal display 液晶显示屏
炫耀a display of wealth 炫富

派生词族

形式词性含义
displayern.展示者,显示器

易混淆词

  • display vs exhibit: 都可译”展示”,但exhibit更正式,常用于博物馆、法庭等场合
  • on display vs on show: 基本同义,on show更口语化

本课对比

表达课文中出现
on displayThere was also a great deal of machinery on display.
on showThe most wonderful piece of machinery on show was…

9. steam /stiːm/

项目内容
词性noun / verb
难度等级K2 (基础词汇)
本课义蒸汽,水蒸气
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐ 工业革命主题核心词

常见搭配

搭配含义
steam engine蒸汽机
steam boat/ship汽船,轮船
steam train蒸汽火车
steam hammer蒸汽锤
steam up使蒙上水汽
run out of steam筋疲力尽;失去动力
full steam ahead全速前进

真题例句

The steam engine was one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution. (蒸汽机是工业革命最重要的发明之一。)

一词多义

含义例句
蒸汽,水蒸气Water turns into steam when boiled. 水煮沸变成蒸汽。
蒸汽动力powered by steam 由蒸汽驱动
蒸汽浴have a steam bath 洗蒸汽浴
动力,精力lose steam 失去动力
散发蒸汽The kettle is steaming. 水壶在冒气。

派生词族

形式词性含义
steamern.汽船;蒸笼
steamingadj.冒蒸汽的;(英俚)极热的
steamyadj.蒸汽的;充满蒸汽的;煽情的

易混淆词

  • steam vs stream: steam /stiːm/ (蒸汽),stream /striːm/ (溪流)
  • steamer vs streamer: steamer(汽船/蒸笼),streamer(彩带/横幅)

历史背景

steam hammer (蒸汽锤) 是19世纪工业革命时期的重要机械发明,由苏格兰工程师詹姆斯·纳斯米斯(James Nasmyth)于1839年发明,用于锻造大型金属工件,是蒸汽动力时代的标志性机械之一。


10. hammer /ˈhæmə(r)/

项目内容
词性noun / verb
难度等级K2 (基础词汇)
本课义锤子;锤击
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐ 工具类核心词

常见搭配

搭配含义
steam hammer蒸汽锤
sledge hammer大锤
hammer and sickle锤子和镰刀
hammer out锤平;经讨论达成
hammer away at埋头苦干;反复强调
come under the hammer被拍卖
hammer home反复强调使理解

真题例句

He used a hammer to drive the nails into the wooden board. (他用锤子把钉子敲进木板。)

一词多义

含义例句
锤子a hammer and nails 锤子和钉子
锤击Hammer the nail into the wall. 把钉子锤进墙里。
(拍卖)木槌The painting will go under the hammer tomorrow. 这幅画明天拍卖。
音锤(钢琴)piano hammers 钢琴音锤

派生词族

形式词性含义
hammeringn.锤击;锤打声

习语拓展

习语含义
hammer out经充分讨论后达成(协议)
例:The two sides hammered out a compromise. 双方经讨论达成了妥协。

易混淆词

  • hammer vs hamper: hammer /ˈhæmə/ (锤子),hamper /ˈhæmpə/ (阻碍;篮子)

11. profit /ˈprɒfɪt/ (英) /ˈprɑːfɪt/ (美)

项目内容
词性noun / verb
难度等级K2 (CET-4核心词)
本课义利润,收益;获利
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 四级超高频词,经济类必背

常见搭配

搭配含义
make a profit盈利
net profit净利润
gross profit毛利润
profit margin利润率
profit from从…中获利
non-profit非营利的
at a profit有盈利地

真题例句

The company reported a record profit of $10 million this year. (该公司今年报告了创纪录的一千万美元利润。)

一词多义

含义例句
利润,盈利The profits will be used to expand the business. 利润将用于扩大业务。
利益,益处Reading brings great profit. 阅读带来很大益处。(正式)
获利He profited greatly from the investment. 他从投资中获利颇丰。

派生词族

形式词性含义
profitableadj.有利可图的,有益的
profitablyadv.有益地,有利润地
profitabilityn.盈利能力,收益性
profiteern./v.投机商;牟取暴利

易混淆词

含义区别
profit利润(收入-成本)财务概念
benefit好处,福利更广泛的益处
interest利息,利益投资或借贷的回报
revenue收入,营业额未扣除成本的总收入

本课用法

The profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. (展览的利润被用来建造博物馆和学院。) → 注意:profit作”利润”讲时常用复数形式profits


12. burn down /bɜːn daʊn/

项目内容
词性phrasal verb
难度等级K2 (短语动词)
本课义(建筑物等)被烧毁
考频/重要性⭐⭐⭐⭐ 短语动词,四六级常考

常见搭配

搭配含义
burn down烧毁(建筑物)
burn up烧尽;发怒
burn out烧坏;精疲力竭
burn away烧掉,烧完

真题例句

The old factory burned down in a fire last night, but no one was injured. (那座旧工厂昨晚在火灾中被烧毁,但无人受伤。)

一词多义/用法

用法含义例句
burn down (vi.)(建筑物)被烧毁The house burned down in 1936.
burn down (vt.)烧毁(某物)The rebels burned down the palace.

派生词族

形式词性含义
burnv./n.燃烧;烧伤
burningadj.燃烧的;强烈的
burnt/burnedadj.烧焦的,烧坏的

易混淆短语

短语含义
burn down烧毁(建筑物被烧成平地)
burn up烧尽(燃料等);发怒
burn out(灯)烧坏;(人)精疲力竭

语法说明

burn的过去式和过去分词有两种形式:burned / burnt

  • burned 更常用于美式英语
  • burnt 更常用于英式英语
  • 本课:It was burnt down in 1936. (英式用法)

四、搭配与语块

4.1 高频搭配

搭配类型含义课文中例句
be made of动词+介词由…制成it was made of iron and glass
on display介词短语展出中machinery on display
on show介词短语展出中machinery on show
a great many量词短语大量的(接可数名词)a great many goods
a great deal of量词短语大量的(接不可数名词)a great deal of machinery
in those days时间短语在那个年代Though in those days, travelling was not as easy…
across the Channel介词短语穿越英吉利海峡carried thousands of visitors across the Channel
on arriving介词+动名词一到达…就On arriving in England…
burn down短语动词烧毁it was burnt down in 1936
in all副词短语总共six million visitors in all

4.2 同义/近义替换

表达同义表达课文中例句
on displayon showThere was machinery on display… The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was…
different fromunlikewas different from all other buildings
a great manya lot ofa great many goods / a lot of people
extraordinarywonderfulthe most extraordinary building / The most wonderful piece of machinery

4.3 重要句型框架

句型例句
one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数It was one of the biggest buildings of all time.
be used to dothe profits…were used to build museums
on + doingOn arriving in England, they were taken…
not as…astravelling was not as easy as it is today

五、语义分析

5.1 主题词汇场

建筑与材料主题

building (建筑)
    ├── Crystal Palace (水晶宫 - 建筑名)
    ├── iron (铁 - 材料)
    ├── glass (玻璃 - 材料)
    └── Hyde Park (海德公园 - 地点)

展览与展示主题

exhibition (展览)
    ├── on display (展出)
    ├── on show (展出)
    ├── visitor (参观者)
    ├── goods (商品)
    └── machinery (机械)

工业革命主题

Industrial Revolution (工业革命)
    ├── steam (蒸汽)
    │     ├── steam hammer (蒸汽锤)
    │     └── steam boats (汽船)
    ├── iron (铁)
    ├── glass (玻璃)
    └── machinery (机械)

5.2 同义词辨析

概念词汇群语义差异
展示display / show / exhibitdisplay强调”陈列”,show最通用,exhibit更正式(博物馆/艺术)
许多(可数)a great many / many / a lot ofa great many更正式且强调数量之多
许多(不可数)a great deal of / much / a lot ofa great deal of正式,much常用于否定/疑问
非凡的extraordinary / wonderful / amazingextraordinary强调超出寻常,wonderful强调令人赞叹

5.3 反义词对

词对类型例句
extraordinary ↔ ordinarygradableThe Crystal Palace was extraordinary, not ordinary.
build ↔ burn down反向动作It was built in 1851 but burnt down in 1936.
display ↔ hide互补The goods were displayed, not hidden.
various ↔ samegradablefrom various parts (not the same part)

六、词汇教学建议

6.1 分级词汇表

必背核心词 (必须掌握)

#单词音标词性重点搭配
1extraordinary/ɪkˈstrɔːdənri/adj.extraordinary achievement
2exhibition/ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/n.on display, art exhibition
3display/dɪˈspleɪ/v./n.on display, put on display
4profit/ˈprɒfɪt/n.make a profit, net profit
5various/ˈveəriəs/adj.various parts, various reasons
6burn down/bɜːn daʊn/phr.v.burn down, burn up

拓展提高词 (深入了解)

#单词音标词性学习要点
1crystal/ˈkrɪstl/n./adj.crystal clear (固定搭配)
2palace/ˈpæləs/n.注意与place区分
3machinery/məˈʃiːnəri/n.不可数名词,piece of machinery
4steam/stiːm/n.steam engine, steam boat
5hammer/ˈhæmə/n.hammer out (习语)

认知了解词 (知道即可)

#单词类别说明
1Hyde Park地名伦敦海德公园
2Nasmyth人名蒸汽锤发明者
3the Channel地理名英吉利海峡
4South London地名伦敦南部

6.2 词汇学习策略

构词法学习

  • extra- (超出) + ordinary (普通的) = extraordinary (非凡的)
  • ex- (向外) + hibit (拿) = exhibit (展示) → exhibition (展览)
  • machin (机器) + -ery (集合后缀) = machinery (机械总称)

搭配记忆法

将词汇放入搭配中记忆:

  • ❌ 单独记:display = 展示
  • ✅ 搭配记:on display = 在展出中;put on display = 展出

主题联想法

以”工业革命”为主题串联词汇:

  • steam (蒸汽) → steam engine (蒸汽机) → steam boat (汽船) → steam hammer (蒸汽锤)
  • iron (铁) + glass (玻璃) = Crystal Palace (水晶宫)

6.3 课堂活动建议

  1. 词汇分类游戏: 将本课词汇按”建筑""展览""材料""机械”分类
  2. 搭配接龙: 轮流说出与核心词的搭配 (如:display → on display → put on display…)
  3. 词汇网络图: 以”Crystal Palace”为中心绘制语义网络
  4. 造句练习: 用 “one of the + 最高级” 句型描述水晶宫
  5. 同义替换: 用不同表达改写课文句子

七、词汇检测练习

7.1 选词填空

用所给词的适当形式填空:

  1. The museum has a large collection of ancient coins on _______. (display/show)
  2. The company made a huge _______ last year. (profit/benefit)
  3. The old house was _______ in the fire. (burnt down/burnt up)
  4. People from _______ countries attended the conference. (various/variable)
  5. It was an _______ performance that amazed everyone. (extraordinary/ordinary)

7.2 翻译练习

  1. 这座宫殿由钢铁和玻璃建成。
  2. 大量机器在展览会上展出。
  3. 虽然那个年代旅行不容易,但仍有数百万人前来参观。
  4. 展览的利润被用来建造博物馆。
  5. 这座建筑于1936年被烧毁。

八、本课涉及的语法术语


文档信息

  • 课号: Lesson 80
  • 标题: The Crystal Palace
  • 词汇总数: 98 (类符)
  • 核心词汇: 12个
  • 难度评级: ★★★☆☆ (中等偏易)
  • 建议学习时长: 45-60分钟