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第81课 Escape 脱逃 — 语法精讲


课文原文

When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes. Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man's clothes. Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp. He could hear shouting in the camp itself. Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. The man obviously wanted to talk. He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could.
## 参考译文

当他杀死了卫兵后,这名战俘迅速将他拖进了灌木丛。在黑暗中快速工作,他很快换上了死者的衣服。现在,穿着蓝色制服,肩上扛着步枪,这名战俘在营地前大胆地来回走动。他能听到营地里的喊叫声。灯火通明,人们四处奔跑:他们刚刚发现一名战俘逃跑了。就在那时,一辆载着四名军官的大型黑色轿车停在了营地门口。军官们下了车,战俘立正敬礼,当他们经过时。当他们走后,汽车司机朝他走来。那人显然想说话。他年纪较大,头发灰白,眼睛清澈的蓝色。战俘为他感到难过,但他别无选择。当那人走近时,战俘猛地一击将他打倒在地。然后,跳进车里,他尽快驾车离开了。


一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 词类统计

词类数量占比示例
名词4232%prisoner, guard, bushes, darkness, uniform, rifle, shoulder, camp, shouting, lights, officers, driver, eyes, blow
动词2519%killed, dragged, changed, dressed, marched, hear, blazing, running, discovered, escaped, stopped, saluted, knocked, drove
形容词1511%dead, blue, large, black, elderly, grey, clear, sharp
副词129%quickly, rapidly, soon, boldly, here, there, just, rather, obviously
介词1814%into, in, of, with, over, up, down, at, out, towards, for
连词86%when, and, as, but, then, that
代词129%he, him, his, they, it, there

总词数: 约132词(不含重复)

1.2 构词法分析

派生法 (Derivation)

词汇构词分析词根 + 词缀
prisonern. 囚犯prison (监狱) + -er (表人)
rapidlyadv. 迅速地rapid (adj. 迅速的) + -ly (副词后缀)
darknessn. 黑暗dark (adj. 黑暗的) + -ness (名词后缀)
uniformn. 制服uni- (一) + form (形式) → 统一的形式
boldlyadv. 大胆地bold (adj. 大胆的) + -ly (副词后缀)
elderlyadj. 上了年纪的elder (adj. 年长的) + -ly (形容词后缀)
obviouslyadv. 明显地obvious (adj. 明显的) + -ly (副词后缀)

合成法 (Compounding)

词汇构词分析
prisoner of warn. 战俘 = prisoner + of + war
bush → bushesn. 灌木丛(规则复数变化)
camp gatesn. 营门 = camp (营地) + gates (大门)
grey hairn. 灰白头发 = grey (灰色的) + hair (头发)

1.3 词形变化重点词汇

prisoner [ˈprɪznə(r)]

  • 词性: 名词 (n.)
  • 词源: prison (监狱) + -er (表人)
  • 用法: prisoner of war (战俘,缩写 POW)
  • 搭配: take sb. prisoner (俘虏某人), escape prisoner (逃犯)

guard [ɡɑːd]

  • 词性: 名词/动词 (n./v.)
  • 用法: the guard (卫兵), guard the gate (守卫大门)
  • 派生: bodyguard (保镖), safeguard (保护)

drag [dræɡ]

  • 词性: 动词 (vt.)
  • 用法: drag sb./sth. into… (把…拖进…)
  • 时态变化: drag → dragged → dragged → dragging
  • 搭配: drag one’s feet (拖拖拉拉)

bush [bʊʃ]

  • 词性: 名词 (n.)
  • 复数: bushes
  • 搭配: in the bushes (在灌木丛中)
  • 派生: bushy (adj. 浓密的)

rapidly [ˈræpɪdli]

  • 词性: 副词 (adv.)
  • 词根: rapid (adj. 迅速的)
  • 同义: quickly, swiftly, speedily
  • 反义: slowly

darkness [ˈdɑːknəs]

  • 词性: 名词 (n.)
  • 词根: dark (adj. 黑暗的)
  • 搭配: in the darkness (在黑暗中)
  • 反义: brightness, light

uniform [ˈjuːnɪfɔːm]

  • 词性: 名词/形容词 (n./adj.)
  • 构词: uni- (一) + form (形式)
  • 搭配: school uniform (校服), military uniform (军装)

rifle [ˈraɪfl]

  • 词性: 名词 (n.)
  • 用法: carry a rifle (携带步枪), over one’s shoulder (扛在肩上)

shoulder [ˈʃəʊldə(r)]

  • 词性: 名词/动词 (n./v.)
  • 搭配: over one’s shoulder (肩上), shoulder to shoulder (肩并肩)
  • 习语: have a chip on one’s shoulder (好斗)

march [mɑːtʃ]

  • 词性: 动词/名词 (v./n.)
  • 用法: march up and down (来回走动), march forward (前进)
  • 搭配: military march (行军)

boldly [ˈbəʊldli]

  • 词性: 副词 (adv.)
  • 词根: bold (adj. 大胆的)
  • 搭配: act boldly (大胆行动)

blaze [bleɪz]

  • 词性: 动词/名词 (v./n.)
  • 用法: lights were blazing (灯火通明)
  • 搭配: blaze with anger (勃然大怒)

discover [dɪˈskʌvə(r)]

  • 词性: 动词 (vt.)
  • 构词: dis- (否定) + cover (覆盖) → 揭开覆盖 → 发现
  • 名词: discovery (发现)
  • 搭配: discover that… (发现…)

escape [ɪˈskeɪp]

  • 词性: 动词/名词 (v./n.)
  • 用法: escape from… (从…逃跑), a prisoner had escaped (一名战俘逃跑了)
  • 搭配: narrow escape (九死一生)

attention [əˈtenʃn]

  • 词性: 名词 (n.)
  • 搭配: stand to attention (立正), pay attention to (注意)
  • 词根: attend (v. 参加/注意)

salute [səˈluːt]

  • 词性: 动词/名词 (v./n.)
  • 用法: salute as sb. passes (向经过的人敬礼)
  • 搭配: give a salute (敬礼)

elderly [ˈeldəli]

  • 词性: 形容词 (adj.)
  • 用法: rather elderly (相当年长的)
  • 区别: elderly (礼貌说法,较年长的) vs old (普通说法,老的)

grey [ɡreɪ]

  • 词性: 形容词 (adj.)
  • 用法: grey hair (灰白头发)
  • 英式拼写: grey | 美式拼写: gray

sharp [ʃɑːp]

  • 词性: 形容词 (adj.)
  • 用法: a sharp blow (猛烈的一击)
  • 多义: 锋利的(sharp knife)、剧烈的(sharp pain)、清晰的(sharp image)

blow [bləʊ]

  • 词性: 名词/动词 (n./v.)
  • 用法: with a sharp blow (用猛烈的一击)
  • 动词变化: blow → blew → blown

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

逐句成分标注


第1句

原文: When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes.

When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes.
│    │  │    │      │          │      │    │   │         │    │      │    │
│    │  │    │      │          │      │    │   │         │    │      │    └── 定冠词 + 名词 (介词宾语)
│    │  │    │      │          │      │    │   │         │    │      └── 介词
│    │  │    │      │          │      │    │   │         │    └── 代词 (宾语)
│    │  │    │      │          │      │    │   │         └── 谓语动词 (一般过去时)
│    │  │    │      │          │      │    │   └── 副词 (状语)
│    │  │    │      │          │      │    └── 介词短语 (后置定语)
│    │  │    │      │          │      └── 名词 (主语核心)
│    │  │    │      │          └── 定冠词
│    │  │    │      └── 名词 (宾语)
│    │  │    └── 定冠词
│    │  └── 谓语动词 (过去完成时)
│    └── 主语
└── 从属连词 (引导时间状语从句)

句子成分分析:

  • 时间状语从句: When he had killed the guard
    • when: 从属连词
    • he: 从句主语
    • had killed: 从句谓语(过去完成时)
    • the guard: 从句宾语
  • 主句: the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes
    • the prisoner of war: 主语(of war 为介词短语作后置定语)
    • quickly: 状语(副词)
    • dragged: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • him: 宾语
    • into the bushes: 状语(介词短语,表方向/地点)

本句涉及语法术语时间状语从句 | 过去完成时 | 一般过去时 | 介词短语 | 后置定语


第2句

原文: Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes.

Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man's clothes.
│       │         │    │          │  │    │       │      │    │     │
│       │         │    │          │  │    │       │      │    │     └── 名词 (介词宾语)
│       │         │    │          │  │    │       │      │    └── 名词所有格
│       │         │    │          │  │    │       │      └── 定冠词 + 形容词
│       │         │    │          │  │    │       └── 介词
│       │         │    │          │  │    └── 状语 (副词)
│       │         │    │          │  └── 主语
│       │         │    │          └── 逗号分隔
│       │         │    └── 定冠词 + 名词 (介词宾语)
│       │         └── 介词
│       └── 副词 (状语)
└── 现在分词短语 (状语)

句子成分分析:

  • 状语: Working rapidly in the darkness
    • Working: 现在分词(表伴随/时间)
    • rapidly: 副词(修饰working)
    • in the darkness: 介词短语(地点状语)
  • 主句: he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes
    • he: 主语
    • soon: 状语(副词)
    • changed: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • into the dead man’s clothes: 状语(介词短语,表结果/状态)

本句涉及语法术语现在分词 | 现在分词作状语 | 一般过去时 | 名词所有格 | 介词短语


第3句

原文: Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.

Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    │         │      │       │    │     │    │    │
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    │         │      │       │    │     │    │    └── 名词
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    │         │      │       │    │     │    └── 定冠词
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    │         │      │       │    │     └── 介词
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    │         │      │       │    └── 连词
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    │         │      │       └── 副词 (方向)
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    │         │      └── 副词 (方向)
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    │         └── 副词 (方式状语)
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      │    └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    │      └── 主语
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    │    └── 介词短语 (宾补/状语)
│    │      │  │   │         │    │    └── 名词 (with的宾语)
│    │      │  │   │         │    └── 不定冠词
│    │      │  │   │         └── with复合结构引导词
│    │      │  │   └── 名词 (介词宾语)
│    │      │  └── 形容词 (定语)
│    │      └── 不定冠词
│    └── 介词
└── 过去分词 (状语)

句子成分分析:

  • 状语1: Now(时间副词)
  • 状语2: dressed in a blue uniform
    • dressed: 过去分词(表状态/原因)
    • in a blue uniform: 介词短语
  • 状语3: with a rifle over his shoulder(with复合结构,表伴随)
    • with: 介词
    • a rifle: 宾语
    • over his shoulder: 介词短语(宾语补足语)
  • 主句: the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp
    • the prisoner: 主语
    • marched: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • boldly: 状语(副词)
    • up and down: 状语(副词短语)
    • in front of the camp: 状语(介词短语,地点)

本句涉及语法术语过去分词 | 过去分词作状语 | with复合结构 | 一般过去时 | 介词短语 | 宾语补足语


第4句

原文: He could hear shouting in the camp itself.

He could hear shouting in the camp itself.
│  │    │    │         │    │      │
│  │    │    │         │    │      └── 反身代词 (强调)
│  │    │    │         │    └── 名词 (介词宾语)
│  │    │    │         └── 定冠词
│  │    │    └── 介词短语 (地点状语)
│  │    └── 动名词 (宾语)
│  └── 谓语 (could + 动词原形)
└── 主语

句子成分分析:

  • 主语: He
  • 谓语: could hear(情态动词could + 动词原形hear)
  • 宾语: shouting(动名词)
  • 状语: in the camp(介词短语,地点)
  • 同位语/强调: itself(反身代词,强调camp)

本句涉及语法术语情态动词 | could | 动名词 | 反身代词 | 介词短语


第5句

原文: Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped.

Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped.
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      │       │    │    │      │      │    │    │
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      │       │    │    │      │      │    │    └── 过去分词 (谓语)
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      │       │    │    │      │      │    └── 助动词 (过去完成时)
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      │       │    │    │      │      └── 名词
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      │       │    │    │      └── 不定冠词
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      │       │    │    └── 从属连词 (引导宾语从句)
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      │       │    └── 谓语 (过去完成时)
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      │       └── 主语
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    │      └── 状语 (副词)
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       │    └── 谓语 (过去完成时)
│      │    │        │    │   │    │       └── 主语
│      │    │        │    │   │    └── 状语 (副词短语)
│      │    │        │    │   └── 谓语 (过去进行时)
│      │    │        │    └── 主语
│      │    │        └── 并列连词
│      │    └── 谓语 (过去进行时)
│      └── 助动词 (be)
└── 主语

句子成分分析:

  • 并列分句1: Lights were blazing
    • Lights: 主语
    • were blazing: 谓语(过去进行时)
  • 并列分句2: men were running here and there
    • men: 主语
    • were running: 谓语(过去进行时)
    • here and there: 状语(副词短语,表到处)
  • 解释性分句: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped
    • they: 主语
    • had just discovered: 谓语(过去完成时)
    • that a prisoner had escaped: 宾语从句
      • that: 从属连词(可省略)
      • a prisoner: 从句主语
      • had escaped: 从句谓语(过去完成时)

本句涉及语法术语过去进行时 | 并列句 | 宾语从句 | 过去完成时 | 副词短语 | 同位语从句


第6句

原文: At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates.

At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates.
│   │    │        │   │     │    │    │      │         │       │    │    │    │
│   │    │        │   │     │    │    │      │         │       │    │    │    └── 名词 (复数)
│   │    │        │   │     │    │    │      │         │       │    │    └── 名词 (作定语)
│   │    │        │   │     │    │    │      │         │       │    └── 定冠词
│   │    │        │   │     │    │    │      │         │       └── 介词
│   │    │        │   │     │    │    │      │         └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│   │    │        │   │     │    │    │      └── 代词 (介词宾语)
│   │    │        │   │     │    │    └── 介词
│   │    │        │   │     │    └── 名词 (复数,with的宾语)
│   │    │        │   │     └── 数词
│   │    │        │   └── 形容词 (颜色)
│   │    │        └── 形容词 (大小)
│   │    └── 指示代词
│   └── 指示形容词
└── 介词

句子成分分析:

  • 状语: At that moment(介词短语,时间)
  • 主语: a large black car
    • a: 不定冠词
    • large: 定语(形容词)
    • black: 定语(形容词)
    • car: 主语核心
  • 定语: with four officers inside it(介词短语作后置定语)
    • with: 介词
    • four officers: 介词宾语
    • inside it: 副词短语(表位置)
  • 谓语: stopped(一般过去时)
  • 状语: at the camp gates(介词短语,地点)

本句涉及语法术语一般过去时 | 介词短语 | 后置定语 | 形容词作定语 | 多个形容词排序


第7句

原文: The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed.

The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed.
│    │        │    │    │      │        │    │    │        │    │   │      │
│    │        │    │    │      │        │    │    │        │    │   │      └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│    │        │    │    │      │        │    │    │        │    │   └── 主语
│    │        │    │    │      │        │    │    │        │    └── 从属连词 (引导时间状语从句)
│    │        │    │    │      │        │    │    │        └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│    │        │    │    │      │        │    │    └── 并列连词
│    │        │    │    │      │        │    └── 不定式短语 (状语)
│    │        │    │    │      │        └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│    │        │    │    │      └── 主语
│    │        │    │    └── 并列连词
│    │        │    └── 副词
│    │        └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│    └── 名词 (主语)
└── 定冠词

句子成分分析:

  • 并列分句1: The officers got out
    • The officers: 主语
    • got: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • out: 副词(表方向)
  • 并列分句2: the prisoner stood to attention
    • the prisoner: 主语
    • stood: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • to attention: 状语(介词短语/固定搭配)
  • 并列分句3: (the prisoner) saluted
    • 省略主语(承前省略)
    • saluted: 谓语(一般过去时)
  • 时间状语从句: as they passed
    • as: 从属连词(当…时)
    • they: 从句主语
    • passed: 从句谓语(一般过去时)

本句涉及语法术语并列句 | 一般过去时 | 时间状语从句 | as | 主语省略 | 不定式短语


第8句

原文: When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him.

When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him.
│    │   │    │       │      │    │    │    │       │    │
│    │   │    │       │      │    │    │    │       │    └── 代词 (介词宾语)
│    │   │    │       │      │    │    │    │       └── 介词
│    │   │    │       │      │    │    │    └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│    │   │    │       │      │    │    └── 介词短语 (后置定语)
│    │   │    │       │      │    └── 名词
│    │   │    │       │      └── 定冠词
│    │   │    │       └── 名词 (主语核心)
│    │   │    └── 过去分词 (谓语)
│    │   └── 助动词 (had)
│    └── 主语
└── 从属连词 (引导时间状语从句)

句子成分分析:

  • 时间状语从句: When they had gone
    • When: 从属连词
    • they: 从句主语
    • had gone: 从句谓语(过去完成时)
  • 主句: the driver of the car came towards him
    • the driver: 主语
    • of the car: 介词短语(后置定语)
    • came: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • towards him: 介词短语(状语,表方向)

本句涉及语法术语时间状语从句 | 过去完成时 | 一般过去时 | 后置定语 | 介词短语


第9句

原文: The man obviously wanted to talk.

The man obviously wanted to talk.
│    │    │         │       │
│    │    │         │       └── 动词原形 (不定式)
│    │    │         └── 不定式符号
│    │    └── 状语 (副词)
│    └── 名词 (主语)
└── 定冠词

句子成分分析:

  • 主语: The man
  • 状语: obviously(副词)
  • 谓语: wanted(一般过去时)
  • 宾语: to talk(不定式短语)

本句涉及语法术语一般过去时 | 不定式 | 不定式作宾语 | 副词作状语


第10句

原文: He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes.

He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes.
│  │   │      │         │    │    │    │     │    │
│  │   │      │         │    │    │    │     │    └── 名词 (复数)
│  │   │      │         │    │    │    │     └── 形容词 (颜色)
│  │   │      │         │    │    │    └── 形容词
│  │   │      │         │    │    └── 并列连词
│  │   │      │         │    └── 名词
│  │   │      │         └── 形容词
│  │   │      └── 介词短语 (表伴随)
│  │   └── 状语 (副词)
│  └── 系动词 (be的一般过去时)
└── 主语

句子成分分析:

  • 主语: He
  • 系动词: was(一般过去时)
  • 表语: elderly(形容词)
  • 状语: rather(副词,修饰elderly)
  • 状语: with grey hair and clear blue eyes(介词短语,表伴随)
    • with: 介词
    • grey hair: 宾语1
    • clear blue eyes: 宾语2(由and连接)

本句涉及语法术语一般过去时 | 系动词 | 形容词作表语 | 介词短语 | 并列结构


第11句

原文: The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do.

The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do.
│    │        │    │     │    │    │   │    │    │      │    │    │
│    │        │    │     │    │    │   │    │    │      │    │    └── 动词原形
│    │        │    │     │    │    │   │    │    │      │    └── 情态动词
│    │        │    │     │    │    │   │    │    │      └── 主语 (定语从句)
│    │        │    │     │    │    │   │    │    └── 不定代词
│    │        │    │     │    │    │   │    └── 形容词 (后置定语)
│    │        │    │     │    │    │   └── 系动词 (一般过去时)
│    │        │    │     │    │    └── 存在句引导词
│    │        │    │     │    └── 并列连词 (转折)
│    │        │    │     └── 代词 (介词宾语)
│    │        │    └── 介词
│    │        └── 形容词 (表语)
│    └── 系动词 (feel的一般过去时)
└── 名词 (主语)

句子成分分析:

  • 并列分句1: The prisoner felt sorry for him
    • The prisoner: 主语
    • felt: 系动词(一般过去时)
    • sorry: 表语(形容词)
    • for him: 介词短语(状语,表对象)
  • 并列分句2: there was nothing else he could do
    • there: 引导词(存在句)
    • was: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • nothing else: 主语
      • nothing: 不定代词
      • else: 形容词(后置定语,修饰nothing)
    • he could do: 定语从句(省略关系代词that)
      • he: 从句主语
      • could do: 从句谓语(情态动词+动词原形)

本句涉及语法术语并列句 | 系动词 | 存在句 | 定语从句 | 关系代词省略 | 情态动词 | 后置定语


第12句

原文: As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow.

As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow.
│   │    │    │      │      │        │       │    │    │       │    │    │    │
│   │    │    │      │      │        │       │    │    │       │    │    │    └── 名词
│   │    │    │      │      │        │       │    │    │       │    │    └── 形容词
│   │    │    │      │      │        │       │    │    │       │    └── 不定冠词
│   │    │    │      │      │        │       │    │    │       └── 介词
│   │    │    │      │      │        │       │    │    └── 定冠词 + 名词
│   │    │    │      │      │        │       │    └── 介词
│   │    │    │      │      │        │       └── 代词 (宾语)
│   │    │    │      │      │        └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│   │    │    │      │      └── 名词 (主语)
│   │    │    │      └── 状语 (副词)
│   │    │    └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│   │    └── 名词 (主语)
│   └── 定冠词
└── 从属连词 (引导时间状语从句)

句子成分分析:

  • 时间状语从句: As the man came near
    • As: 从属连词(当…时)
    • the man: 从句主语
    • came: 从句谓语(一般过去时)
    • near: 状语(副词)
  • 主句: the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow
    • the prisoner: 主语
    • knocked: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • him: 宾语
    • to the ground: 状语(介词短语,表方向/结果)
    • with a sharp blow: 状语(介词短语,表方式)

本句涉及语法术语时间状语从句 | as | 一般过去时 | 介词短语 | 方式状语


第13句

原文: Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could.

Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could.
│    │       │    │    │    │  │    │    │   │        │    │    │
│    │       │    │    │    │  │    │    │   │        │    │    └── 动词原形
│    │       │    │    │    │  │    │    │   │        │    └── 情态动词
│    │       │    │    │    │  │    │    │   │        └── 主语 (比较从句)
│    │       │    │    │    │  │    │    │   └── 从属连词
│    │       │    │    │    │  │    │    └── 副词原级 (被as...as修饰)
│    │       │    │    │    │  │    └── 副词
│    │       │    │    │    │  └── 谓语 (一般过去时)
│    │       │    │    │    └── 主语
│    │       │    │    └── 定冠词 + 名词
│    │       │    └── 介词
│    │       └── 现在分词
│    └── 现在分词短语 (状语)
└── 副词 (时间状语)

句子成分分析:

  • 状语: Then(副词,时间)
  • 状语: jumping into the car(现在分词短语,表伴随/时间)
    • jumping: 现在分词
    • into the car: 介词短语
  • 主句: he drove off as quickly as he could
    • he: 主语
    • drove: 谓语(一般过去时)
    • off: 副词(表方向)
    • as quickly as he could: 比较状语从句(尽可能快地)
      • as…as: 同级比较结构
      • quickly: 副词原级
      • he could: 省略形式 (= he could drive)

本句涉及语法术语现在分词 | 现在分词作状语 | 一般过去时 | 比较状语从句 | as…as | 同级比较


三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

本课使用了四种主要时态,构成完整的时间叙事框架:

过去完成时 (Past Perfect)

结构: had + 过去分词

例句用法说明时间关系
When he had killed the guard…表示先于主句动作的”过去的过去”杀卫兵 → 拖走尸体
they had just discovered that…强调刚刚完成的动作发现 → 正在喊叫奔跑
When they had gone表示先于主句动作的完成军官离开 → 司机走来
a prisoner had escaped先于发现动作的完成逃跑 → 被发现

时间线图示:

过去完成时动作 ─────────→ 一般过去时动作 ─────────→ 现在
   (had killed)              (dragged)
   (had escaped)             (discovered)
   (had gone)                (came)

一般过去时 (Past Simple)

功能: 叙述过去发生的事实性动作

例句动作性质
the prisoner… dragged him into the bushes主要叙事动作
he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes主要叙事动作
the prisoner marched boldly up and down主要叙事动作
The officers got out主要叙事动作
the driver… came towards him主要叙事动作

过去进行时 (Past Continuous)

结构: was/were + doing

例句用法说明
Lights were blazing描述背景状态
men were running here and there描述同时进行的动作

与一般过去时的区别:

  • 过去进行时: 描述背景、持续状态
  • 一般过去时: 叙述具体事件

情态动词 + 动词原形

例句用法说明
He could hearcould 表示过去的能力
he could docould 表示过去的能力/可能性
as quickly as he couldcould 表示尽某人的能力

3.2 过去分词作状语

dressed in a blue uniform

  • 语法功能: 过去分词短语作状语(表状态/原因)
  • 逻辑主语: the prisoner(与主句主语一致)
  • 等价从句: because he was dressed in a blue uniform
  • 省略形式: (He was) dressed in…

用法对比:

形式含义例句
dressed in…穿着…(状态)Dressed in uniform, he looked professional.
dressing…正在穿…(动作)Dressing himself, he looked in the mirror.

3.3 现在分词作状语

Working rapidly in the darkness

  • 语法功能: 现在分词短语作状语(表时间/伴随)
  • 逻辑主语: he(与主句主语一致)
  • 等价从句: While he was working rapidly in the darkness
  • 主动关系: he (主动) works → Working

jumping into the car

  • 语法功能: 现在分词短语作状语(表伴随/时间)
  • 等价从句: As he jumped into the car
  • 动作先后: 跳上车 → 驾车离开(几乎同时)

3.4 could 表示能力的用法

本课中 could 出现3次,均表示过去的能力:

例句含义说明
He could hear shouting他能够听到过去的能力
nothing else he could do他能够做的过去的能力
as quickly as he could尽他所能地快尽某人能力

could vs was able to:

  • could: 一般性的过去能力
  • was able to: 具体某一次的成功做到

3.5 there was nothing else he could do 结构分析

there was nothing else he could do
│    │   │       │    │  │    │
│    │   │       │    │  │    └── 动词原形
│    │   │       │    │  └── 情态动词 (过去式)
│    │   │       │    └── 主语 (定语从句,省略that)
│    │   │       └── 形容词 (后置定语)
│    │   └── 不定代词 (主语)
│    └── be动词 (一般过去时)
└── 存在句引导词
  • 存在句: there was…(there-be句型)
  • 定语从句: (that) he could do
    • 省略关系代词 that(作do的宾语)
    • 修饰先行词 nothing else
  • else 的位置: 不定代词/疑问词 + else

四、本课核心语法点

4.1 过去完成时与 when 的搭配

结构: When + 主语 + had done, 主语 + did

课文例句:

When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes.

规则说明:

  1. when 引导的时间状语从句用过去完成时,表示”过去的过去”
  2. 主句用一般过去时,表示后发生的动作
  3. 两个动作有明确的时间先后关系

更多例句:

  • When they had gone, the driver came towards him.
  • When I had finished my homework, I went out to play.

注意: 当两个动作接连发生,无明显时间间隔时,可都用一般过去时:

  • When he saw me, he waved his hand.

4.2 现在分词作状语

课文例句:

  1. Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes.

    • = While he was working rapidly in the darkness, he…
  2. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could.

    • = Then, as he jumped into the car, he…

用法总结:

功能含义等价从句
时间当…时候When/While + 从句
原因因为…Because + 从句
伴随一边…一边and + 并列句
条件如果…If + 从句

使用条件:

  • 现在分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致
  • 现在分词与逻辑主语是主动关系

4.3 过去分词作状语

课文例句:

Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.

结构分析:

  • dressed: 过去分词(表被动/完成)
  • dressed in… = wearing…(穿着)
  • 逻辑主语: the prisoner
  • 被动关系: he is dressed (by someone)

用法对比:

形式逻辑关系例句
现在分词 doing主动Seeing the dog, he ran away. (= When he saw)
过去分词 done被动Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful. (= When it is seen)

4.4 with 复合结构

课文例句:

with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly…

结构公式:

with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

宾补形式:

形式含义例句
doing主动、进行with the lights burning
done被动、完成with the work finished
to do将来with a lot of work to do
形容词状态with his eyes open
副词状态with the lights on
介词短语位置with a rifle over his shoulder

等价转换:

  • with a rifle over his shoulder
  • = and a rifle was over his shoulder(并列句)
  • = carrying a rifle over his shoulder(现在分词)

4.5 could 表示过去的能力

课文例句:

  1. He could hear shouting in the camp itself.
  2. there was nothing else he could do
  3. as quickly as he could

用法分类:

用法结构例句
过去的能力could + 动词原形I could swim when I was five.
过去的许可could + 动词原形We could go out after class.
请求(礼貌)Could + 主语 + 动词…?Could you help me?
尽某人能力as…as sb. couldas fast as I could

could vs was/were able to / managed to:

形式用法例句
could一般过去能力I could run fast when I was young.
was able to具体某次成功The fire was serious, but he was able to escape.
managed to经过努力成功He managed to finish the work.

4.6 as 引导的时间状语从句

课文例句:

  1. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed.
  2. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground…

as vs when vs while:

连词时间特点动词要求主从句关系
as时间段延续性动词”一边…一边”
when点或段均可灵活
while时间段必须延续同时进行

as 的特殊含义:

  • 时间: “当…时”(本课用法)
  • 原因: “因为”
  • 方式: “按照”
  • 让步: “尽管”(倒装)

五、与四级考试的关联

5.1 四级核心考点对应

本课语法点四级考点考查形式
过去完成时与when搭配时态呼应选择题、改错题
现在分词作状语非谓语动词选择题、完形填空
过去分词作状语非谓语动词选择题、翻译题
with复合结构独立主格选择题、翻译题
could表示能力情态动词选择题
as引导时间状语从句状语从句选择题、阅读

5.2 四级真题示例

时态题(过去完成时)

真题: By the time we got to the station, the train ______. A. has left B. had left C. left D. was leaving

答案: B. had left

解析: By the time + 过去时从句,主句用过去完成时。


非谓语动词题(分词作状语)

真题: ______ from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D. Having seen

答案: B. Seen

解析: 城市是”被看”,用过去分词表被动。本课有类似结构:dressed in…


with复合结构题

真题: With all the work ______, they felt relieved. A. doing B. done C. to do D. being done

答案: B. done

解析: 工作是”被完成”,用过去分词表被动完成。本课结构:with a rifle over his shoulder


情态动词题

真题: I ______ swim across the river when I was young. A. can B. could C. may D. might

答案: B. could

解析: 表示过去的能力用 could。本课例句:He could hear shouting.


5.3 四级词汇拓展

| 本课词汇 | 四级高频搭配 | 例句 | |:---------|:-------------|:-----|:-----| | escape | escape from, narrow escape | make a narrow escape | | discover | discover that, make a discovery | It was discovered that… | | attention | pay attention to, stand at attention | Please pay attention to… | | uniform | in uniform, school uniform | Students must wear uniforms. | | rapidly | rapidly growing, rapidly changing | The city is rapidly developing. |

5.4 翻译练习(汉译英)

练习1: 当他到达车站时,火车已经开走了。 答案: When he arrived at the station, the train had already left. 考点: 过去完成时与when的搭配

练习2: 穿着校服的学生们正在操场上跑步。 答案: Dressed in school uniforms, the students were running on the playground. 考点: 过去分词作状语

练习3: 他手里拿着一本书走进了教室。 答案: He walked into the classroom, with a book in his hand. 考点: with复合结构

练习4: 我尽可能快地跑向终点。 答案: I ran to the finish line as fast as I could. 考点: as…as sb. could 结构


六、语法术语汇总

本课涉及的语法术语

时间状语从句 | 过去完成时 | 一般过去时 | 介词短语 | 后置定语 | 现在分词 | 现在分词作状语 | 名词所有格 | 过去分词 | 过去分词作状语 | with复合结构 | 宾语补足语 | 情态动词 | could | 动名词 | 反身代词 | 过去进行时 | 并列句 | 宾语从句 | 副词短语 | 形容词作定语 | 多个形容词排序 | as | 主语省略 | 不定式 | 不定式作宾语 | 副词作状语 | 系动词 | 存在句 | 定语从句 | 关系代词省略 | 比较状语从句 | as…as | 同级比较 | 非谓语动词 | 独立主格 | 方式状语


附录:句子成分速查表

句子主句时态从句类型非谓语结构
第1句一般过去时时间状语从句
第2句一般过去时现在分词短语作状语
第3句一般过去时过去分词短语作状语 + with复合结构
第4句could + 动词原形动名词作宾语
第5句过去进行时/过去完成时宾语从句
第6句一般过去时
第7句一般过去时时间状语从句
第8句一般过去时时间状语从句
第9句一般过去时不定式作宾语
第10句一般过去时
第11句一般过去时定语从句
第12句一般过去时时间状语从句
第13句一般过去时比较状语从句现在分词短语作状语

本课涉及的语法术语


文档生成时间: 2026-04-02 对应课号: 新概念英语第二册 第81课 Escape