第82课 Monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼？ — 语法精讲
课号：第82课（共96课）
标题：Monster or fish?（是妖还是鱼？）
核心语法重点：被动语态综合、现在完成时、定语从句、让步状语从句
难度等级：★★★☆（四级进阶）
课文原文
**Lesson 82: Monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼？**
**参考译文：**
渔民和水手有时声称见过海里的怪物。虽然人们常常嘲笑水手们讲的故事，但现在已经知道，这些有时被看到的"怪物"其实只是奇怪的鱼。偶尔，不寻常的生物会被冲到岸边，但它们很少在海上被捕获。然而，不久前，在马达加斯加附近捕获了一条奇特的鱼。当这条强大的鱼拉扯鱼线时，一艘小渔船被拖到了数英里外的海上。意识到这不是一条普通的鱼，渔民尽了一切努力不以任何方式损坏它。当它最终被带上岸时，发现它超过十三英尺长。它有一个像马一样的头、蓝色的大眼睛、闪亮的银色皮肤和鲜红色的尾巴。这条鱼，此后被送到一个博物馆，在那里正被一位科学家检查，被称为桨鱼。这种生物很少被人类活着看到，因为它们生活在六百英尺的深处。
Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these ‘monsters’ which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish. Occasionally, unusual creatures are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea. Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar. A small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way. When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. It had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail. The fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 词类统计与构词法分析
1.1.1 重点词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fisherman | /ˈfɪʃəmən/ | n. | 渔民；渔夫 | fishermen (复数) |
| sailor | /ˈseɪlə(r)/ | n. | 水手；海员 | sailors (复数) |
| claim | /kleɪm/ | v./n. | 声称；断言 | claims (三单/复数), claimed (过去式) |
| monster | /ˈmɒnstə(r)/ | n. | 怪物；怪兽 | monsters (复数) |
| sight | /saɪt/ | v./n. | 看见；发现 | sighted (过去式/过去分词) |
| occasionally | /əˈkeɪʒnəli/ | adv. | 偶尔；间或 | occasional (adj.), occasion (n.) |
| creature | /ˈkriːtʃə(r)/ | n. | 生物；动物 | creatures (复数) |
| wash | /wɒʃ/ | v. | 冲洗；冲走 | washes (三单), washed (过去式) |
| peculiar | /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/ | adj. | 奇特的；罕见的 | peculiarly (adv.), peculiarity (n.) |
| Madagascar | /ˌmædəˈɡæskə(r)/ | n. | 马达加斯加（非洲岛国） | — |
| powerful | /ˈpaʊəfl/ | adj. | 强大的；有力的 | power (n.), powerfully (adv.) |
| eventually | /ɪˈventʃuəli/ | adv. | 最终；终于 | eventual (adj.), eventuality (n.) |
| oarfish | /ˈɔːfɪʃ/ | n. | 桨鱼；皇带鱼 | oarfish (单复数同形) |
1.1.2 构词法详解
派生词族
1. fisherman 复合词分析
fisher (捕鱼者) + man (人) = fisherman (渔民)
↓
同类复合词：
- postman (邮递员) = post + man
- businessman (商人) = business + man
- policeman (警察) = police + man
注意复数变化：man → men
fisherman → fishermen
2. powerful 派生词族
power (n. 力量) + -ful (形容词后缀) = powerful (adj. 有力的)
↓
powerfully (adv. 强有力地)
↓
powerless (adj. 无力的) = power + -less
3. eventually 派生词族
event (n. 事件) + -ual (形容词后缀) = eventual (adj. 最终的)
↓
eventually (adv. 最终地) + -ly
↓
eventuality (n. 可能性/不测事件) + -ity
1.1.3 不规则名词复数
| 单数 | 复数 | 规则说明 |
|---|---|---|
| fisherman | fishermen | 含man的复合词，man变men |
| foot | feet | 不规则变化 |
| tooth | teeth | 不规则变化 |
| man | men | 元音变化 |
| woman | women | 元音变化 |
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 3 | 30% | S1, S8, S9 |
| 并列句 | 2 | 20% | S3, S5 |
| 复合句（含从句） | 5 | 50% | S2, S4, S6, S7, S10 |
| 总计 | 10 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇引入
Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.
句子结构：简单句（含不定式复合结构）
主干：
Fishermen and sailors │ sometimes │ claim │ to have seen monsters in the sea
主语（并列） │ 状语 │ 谓语 │ 不定式短语作宾语
不定式短语分析：
to have seen monsters in the sea
不定式 │ 完成式 │ 宾语 │ 地点状语
语法要点：
1. Fishermen and sailors - 并列主语，表示两类人
2. claim to do sth. - "声称做了某事"
3. to have seen - 不定式的完成式，表示动作发生在claim之前
4. claim to have done - 本课核心语法结构，见后详解
本句涉及语法术语：不定式 | 完成式 | 并列主语 | 宾语
S2: 让步转折句（含多重从句嵌套）
Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these ‘monsters’ which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish.
句子结构：主从复合句（让步状语从句 + 形式主语 + 定语从句）
第一层：让步状语从句
Though │ people │ have often laughed │ at stories │ told by seamen
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语（现在完成时） │ 介宾 │ 过去分词短语作后置定语
told by seamen = which were told by seamen (省略的定语从句)
第二层：主句（形式主语句型）
it │ is │ now known │ [that...]
形式主│系 │ 被动语态 │ 真正主语(主语从句)
第三层：主语从句
that │ many of these 'monsters' │ are │ simply strange fish
连词 │ 主语（含定语从句） │ 系 │ 表语
第四层：定语从句（修饰monsters）
which │ have at times been sighted
关系代│ 谓语（现在完成时被动）
语法要点：
1. Though - 让步状语从句连词，"虽然/尽管"
2. have often laughed - 现在完成时 + often，表示习惯性动作
3. told by seamen - 过去分词短语，作stories的后置定语
4. it is now known that... - 形式主语句型，"现在已知..."
5. which have...been sighted - 现在完成时被动语态的定语从句
6. at times - 固定短语，"有时/偶尔"
本句涉及语法术语：让步状语从句 | 形式主语 | 主语从句 | 定语从句 | 现在完成时 | 被动语态 | 过去分词
S3: 并列对比句
Occasionally, unusual creatures are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea.
句子结构：并列复合句（but连接两个分句，均为被动语态）
分句1：
Occasionally │ unusual creatures │ are washed │ to the shore
状语 │ 主语 │ 谓语(被动) │ 地点状语
分句2：
they │ are rarely caught │ out at sea
主语 │ 谓语(被动) │ 地点状语
语法要点：
1. occasionally - 评注性状语，表示频率
2. are washed - 一般现在时被动语态，"被冲到"
3. but - 转折连词，连接两个对比分句
4. are rarely caught - 一般现在时被动语态 + rarely"很少"
5. out at sea - 介词短语，"在海上/在海上远处"
6. 对比逻辑：shore（岸边）vs at sea（海上）
本句涉及语法术语：并列句 | 一般现在时 | 被动语态 | 转折连词
S4: 叙事转折句（时间状语从句）
Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar.
句子结构：简单句（被动语态）
主干：
(Some time ago), however, a peculiar fish │ was caught │ near Madagascar
时间状语 插入语 主语 │ 谓语(被动) │ 地点状语
语法要点：
1. some time ago - "一段时间以前/不久前"，与一般过去时连用
2. however - 插入语，表示转折，"然而"
3. was caught - 一般过去时被动语态
4. near Madagascar - 地点状语，马达加斯加附近
S5: 被动语态叙事句（时间状语从句）
A small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line.
句子结构：主从复合句（时间状语从句）
主句（被动语态）：
A small fishing-boat │ was carried │ miles out to sea │ by the powerful fish
主语 │ 谓语(被动) │ 地点状语 │ 施事状语
时间状语从句：
as │ it │ pulled │ on the line
连词│ 主 │ 谓语 │ 介词短语
语法要点：
1. fishing-boat - 复合名词，"渔船"
2. was carried - 一般过去时被动语态，"被拖走"
3. miles out to sea - 距离 + 方向，"数英里外的海上"
4. by the powerful fish - 施事状语，"被这条强壮的鱼"
5. as - 时间状语从句连词，"当...时"
6. pulled on the line - "拉扯鱼线"
本句涉及语法术语：时间状语从句 | 一般过去时 | 被动语态 | 施事状语
S6: 现在分词作状语句（宾语从句）
Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way.
句子结构：简单句（现在分词短语作状语 + 宾语从句）
现在分词短语（原因/时间状语）：
Realizing │ that this was no ordinary fish
现在分词 │ 宾语从句
宾语从句：
that │ this │ was │ no ordinary fish
连词 │ 主 │ 系 │ 表语
主句：
the fisherman │ made │ every effort │ not to damage it in any way
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 目的状语（不定式否定式）
语法要点：
1. Realizing that... - 现在分词短语作状语，表原因或时间
= Because the fisherman realized that... (原因状语从句)
= When the fisherman realized that... (时间状语从句)
2. no ordinary fish - no + 名词 = "并非普通的..."
3. make every effort to do sth. - "尽一切努力做某事"
4. not to damage - 不定式的否定形式，not置于to之前
5. in any way - "以任何方式"，常用于否定句
本句涉及语法术语：现在分词 | 状语 | 宾语从句 | 不定式 | 否定式
S7: 时间状语从句（被动语态）
When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long.
句子结构：主从复合句（时间状语从句 + 被动语态）
时间状语从句：
When │ it │ was eventually brought │ to shore
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语(被动) │ 地点状语
主句：
it │ was found │ to be over thirteen feet long
主 │ 谓语(被动)│ 主语补足语（不定式）
语法要点：
1. when - 时间状语从句连词
2. was eventually brought - 一般过去时被动语态 + eventually"最终"
3. to shore - "到岸边"
4. was found to be... - "被发现是..."，被动语态 + 不定式作主补
5. over thirteen feet long - "超过十三英尺长"
over = more than，表示"超过"
feet - foot的复数形式
本句涉及语法术语：时间状语从句 | 一般过去时 | 被动语态 | 主语补足语
S8: 简单描述句（并列结构）
It had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail.
句子结构：简单句（含四个并列宾语）
主干：
It │ had │ a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail
主 │ 谓 │ 宾语1, 宾语2, 宾语3, and 宾语4
宾语分析：
1. a head like a horse - "像马一样的头"（like介词短语作后置定语）
2. big blue eyes - "蓝色的大眼睛"（多个形容词并列修饰）
3. shining silver skin - "闪亮的银色皮肤"（现在分词作定语）
4. a bright red tail - "鲜红色的尾巴"
语法要点：
1. 四个宾语并列，用逗号和and连接（牛津逗号用法）
2. like a horse - 介词短语作后置定语，修饰head
3. shining - 现在分词作定语，表示"发光的/闪亮的"
4. 形容词顺序：大小(big) + 颜色(blue/bright red)
本句涉及语法术语：简单句 | 并列宾语 | 形容词 | 现在分词 | 介词短语
S9: 同位语说明句
The fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish.
句子结构：主从复合句（含两个定语从句嵌套）
主干：
The fish │ is called │ an oarfish
主语 │ 谓语(被动)│ 主语补足语
定语从句1（非限制性，修饰fish）：
which │ has since been sent │ to a museum │ [where...]
关系代│ 谓语(现在完成时被动)│ 地点状语 │ 定语从句2
定语从句2（限制性，修饰museum）：
where │ it │ is being examined │ by a scientist
关系副│ 主 │ 谓语(现在进行时被动)│ 施事状语
语法要点：
1. which引导非限制性定语从句，用逗号隔开
2. has since been sent - 现在完成时被动语态 + since"此后/自从"
3. where引导定语从句，修饰地点名词museum
4. is being examined - 【本课核心语法】现在进行时被动语态
5. by a scientist - 施事状语，"被一位科学家"
6. is called - 一般现在时被动语态，"被称为"
本句涉及语法术语：定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 | 现在完成时 | 现在进行时 | 被动语态 | 主语补足语
S10: 结尾总结句（原因状语从句）
Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.
句子结构：主从复合句（原因状语从句）
主句：
Such creatures │ have rarely been seen │ alive │ by man
主语 │ 谓语(现在完成时被动) │ 主补 │ 施事状语
原因状语从句：
as │ they │ live │ at a depth of six hundred feet
连词│ 主 │ 谓语 │ 地点状语
语法要点：
1. Such creatures - such + 名词，"这样的生物"
2. have rarely been seen - 现在完成时被动语态 + rarely"很少"
3. alive - 形容词作主语补足语，"活着的"
4. by man - "被人类"，man此处作"人类"解，单数无冠词
5. as - 原因状语从句连词，"因为/由于"
6. at a depth of... - 固定短语，"在...的深度"
本句涉及语法术语：现在完成时 | 被动语态 | 原因状语从句 | 主语补足语
2.3 从句类型汇总
| 从句类型 | 出现次数 | 引导词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 定语从句 | 4 | which, where | S2, S9 |
| 让步状语从句 | 1 | though | S2 |
| 主语从句 | 1 | that | S2 |
| 时间状语从句 | 2 | as, when | S5, S7 |
| 原因状语从句 | 1 | as | S10 |
| 宾语从句 | 1 | that | S6 |
| 总计 | 10 | — | — |
2.4 从句嵌套关系图
句子嵌套层级示意图：
S2 (Though...it is now known that...)
├── 让步状语从句 (Though people have often laughed...)
│ └── told by seamen (过去分词短语作后置定语)
├── 主句 (it is now known...)
│ └── that引导的主语从句
│ └── which引导的定语从句 (修饰monsters)
│ └── have...been sighted (现在完成时被动)
S9 (The fish, which...where...)
├── 主干 (The fish...is called an oarfish)
├── 非限制性定语从句1 (which has since been sent...)
│ └── where引导的定语从句2 (修饰museum)
│ └── is being examined (现在进行时被动)
S6 (Realizing that...)
├── 现在分词短语作状语
│ └── that引导的宾语从句
└── 主句 (the fisherman made...)
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
3.1.1 时态分布统计
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 3 | claim, are, is called | 陈述事实/客观描述 |
| 一般过去时 | 4 | was caught, was carried, was brought, pulled | 叙事主线（过去事件） |
| 现在完成时 | 4 | have laughed, have been sighted, has been sent, have been seen | 过去对现在的影响/经历 |
| 现在进行时被动 | 1 | is being examined | 正在进行被动动作 |
| 过去进行时 | 0 | — | 未出现 |
3.1.2 时态关系时间轴
时间轴示意图：
过去 ◄─────────────────────────────────────────────────► 现在
was caught was carried was brought
[被捕获] [被拖走] [被带回]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
pulled(on line) found(to be...)
[拉扯鱼线] [被发现是...]
────────────────────────────────────────────────────
have laughed(习惯)
have been sighted(经历)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────►
has been sent(持续到现在的影响)
have been seen(经历总结)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────►
is being examined (现在正在进行)
now ────────────────────────────────────────────────────►
claim / are / is called (陈述现在事实)
3.2 被动语态深度分析
3.2.1 被动语态全表
| 形式 | 本课例句 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时被动 | are washed, are caught, is called | 经常性被动动作 |
| 一般过去时被动 | was caught, was carried, was brought, was found | 过去被动动作 |
| 现在完成时被动 | have been sighted, has been sent, have been seen | 过去到现在被动 |
| 现在进行时被动 | is being examined | 正在进行被动 |
3.2.2 现在进行时被动语态详解
结构公式：am/is/are + being + 过去分词
本课例句：
it is being examined by a scientist
它正在被一位科学家检查
成分分析：
it │ is being examined │ by a scientist
主语 │ 谓语(现在进行被动)│ 施事状语
时态含义：
- 表示说话时正在进行的被动动作
- 强调"此刻正在被..."
对比其他被动形式：
┌─────────────────┬────────────────────────────┐
│ 时态 │ 结构 │
├─────────────────┼────────────────────────────┤
│ 一般现在时被动 │ am/is/are + done │
│ 一般过去时被动 │ was/were + done │
│ 一般将来时被动 │ will be + done │
│ 现在进行时被动 │ am/is/are + being + done │ ← 本课出现
│ 过去进行时被动 │ was/were + being + done │
│ 现在完成时被动 │ have/has been + done │
│ 过去完成时被动 │ had been + done │
└─────────────────┴────────────────────────────┘
3.3 现在分词作状语
本课例句：
Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort...
结构分析：
Realizing... (现在分词短语) │ the fisherman │ made...
状语（表原因/时间） │ 主语 │ 谓语
功能解析：
1. 现在分词短语作状语，逻辑主语是主句主语(the fisherman)
2. Realizing = When the fisherman realized (时间状语从句)
3. Realizing = Because the fisherman realized (原因状语从句)
4. 现在分词表示主动含义（渔民主动意识到）
转换对比：
现在分词短语：Realizing that..., the fisherman made...
时间状语从句：When the fisherman realized that..., he made...
原因状语从句：Because the fisherman realized that..., he made...
注意：
- 现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致
- 表示主动关系用现在分词(doing)
- 表示被动关系用过去分词(done)
3.4 形式主语句型分析
本课例句：
it is now known that many of these 'monsters'...are simply strange fish
结构公式：
It + be + 过去分词 + that从句
常用形式主语句型：
┌─────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────┐
│ 句型 │ 含义 │
├─────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ It is known that... │ 众所周知... │
│ It is said that... │ 据说... │
│ It is believed that... │ 人们相信... │
│ It is reported that... │ 据报道... │
│ It is proved that... │ 已证明... │
│ It is estimated that... │ 据估计... │
└─────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
语法要点：
1. it 是形式主语，无实际意义
2. that引导的从句是真正主语
3. 这样安排避免头重脚轻
对比（不推荐）：
That many of these 'monsters'...are simply strange fish is now known.
（主语太长，句子不平衡）
四、本课核心语法点
4.1 claim to have done 结构
4.1.1 结构公式
claim + to have + 过去分词
含义：声称曾经做过某事（动作发生在claim之前）
时态关系：
have done (先发生) → claim (后发生)
4.1.2 本课例句
原文：Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.
译文：渔民和水手有时声称见过海里的怪物。
分析：
claim (现在) → to have seen (过去)
转换理解：
Fishermen claim: "We have seen monsters in the sea."
4.1.3 扩展用法
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| claim to do | 声称要做 | He claims to be the best player. |
| claim to have done | 声称做过 | She claims to have met him before. |
| claim to be doing | 声称正在做 | They claim to be working on it. |
4.2 though 引导的让步状语从句
4.2.1 结构公式
Though + 从句, + 主句
含义：虽然...但是...
注意：
- though 不能与 but 连用（中文说"虽然...但是"，英文只用though或只用but）
- though 可与 yet/still/nevertheless 连用
4.2.2 本课例句
原文：Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that...
译文：虽然人们常常嘲笑水手们讲的故事，但现在已经知道...
分析：
Though (从句), 主句
虽然... ， （但是）...
不能写成：
Though people have laughed..., but it is now known... ✗
4.2.3 though vs although vs even though
| 连词 | 语气 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| though | 较弱，可放句末 | Though it was late, he went on working. |
| although | 较正式 | Although he is young, he knows a lot. |
| even though | 强调，“即使” | Even though it rained, we went out. |
4.3 it is now known that… 形式主语句型
4.3.1 结构详解
It + is + 副词 + 过去分词 + that + 从句
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └─ 真正主语（主语从句）
│ │ │ └─ 谓语（被动语态）
│ │ └─ now/said/reported等
│ └─ be动词
└─ 形式主语
4.3.2 四级写作应用
常用句型：
1. It is universally acknowledged that... 举世公认...
2. It is widely accepted that... 人们普遍认为...
3. It is generally believed that... 大家普遍认为...
4. It is well known that... 众所周知...
写作示例：
It is universally acknowledged that environmental protection is vital to human survival.
（举世公认，环境保护对人类的生存至关重要。）
4.4 which 引导的定语从句（含现在完成时）
4.4.1 限制性 vs 非限制性
限制性定语从句（无逗号，that/which）：
The fish which was caught was very large.
（被捕获的那条鱼很大。）
→ 限定范围，指明是"被捕获的那条"
非限制性定语从句（有逗号，只能用which）：
The fish, which has since been sent to a museum, is called an oarfish.
（这条鱼，此后被送到博物馆，被称为桨鱼。）
→ 补充说明，主句本身意思完整
4.4.2 现在完成时在定语从句中的应用
本课例句1：
'monsters' which have at times been sighted
被有时看到的"怪物"
本课例句2：
The fish, which has since been sent to a museum...
这条鱼，此后已被送到博物馆...
语法要点：
- 现在完成时表示过去动作对现在的影响
- have been sighted 强调"被看到"的经历
- has been sent 强调"已送走"的现在状态
4.5 现在进行时的被动语态
4.5.1 结构详解
结构：am/is/are + being + 过去分词
本课例句：
it is being examined by a scientist
它正在被一位科学家检查
时态含义：
- 说话时正在进行的被动动作
- 强调"此刻正在被..."
常见错误：
✗ It is examining by a scientist. （主动形式错误）
✗ It is been examining by a scientist. （结构错误）
✓ It is being examined by a scientist. （正确）
4.5.2 四级真题考点
真题示例（改编）：
The new bridge _______ at present.
A. is built B. is being built
C. has built D. has been built
答案：B. is being built
解析：at present (目前/现在) 是现在进行时标志词
bridge与build是被动关系
因此用现在进行时被动语态
4.6 as 引导的原因状语从句
4.6.1 as 表原因的用法
本课例句：
Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.
这种生物很少被人类活着看到，因为它们生活在六百英尺的深处。
as = because/since，引导原因状语从句
语气强度对比：
because > since > as
because - 直接原因，回答why
since - 已知原因，"既然"
as - 附带说明，"由于"
4.6.2 as 的多种用法总结
| 用法 | 含义 | 例句 | 本课 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原因状语 | 因为/由于 | As it was raining, we stayed home. | ✓ |
| 时间状语 | 当…时/随着 | As I was walking, I saw her. | — |
| 方式状语 | 按照/像…一样 | Do as I say. | — |
| 让步状语 | 尽管（倒装） | Child as he is, he knows a lot. | — |
| 定语从句 | 正如 | As we all know, … | — |
| 比较结构 | 和…一样 | as…as / not so…as | — |
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 四级听力考点
| 本课语法 | 四级听力应用 | 考查形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动语态 | 动作承受者理解 | 谁被做了什么 |
| 现在完成时 | 经历与变化题 | have/has been done |
| 定语从句 | 信息定位 | which/where引导 |
| 原因状语从句 | 因果关系题 | as/because |
听力推断题示例：
【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟）
W: Why are such deep-sea creatures rarely seen alive?
M: As they live at a depth of six hundred feet, they are rarely caught out at sea.
Q: Why are deep-sea creatures rarely seen alive?
A) Because they are dangerous.
B) Because they live deep underwater.
C) Because they are too large.
D) Because they swim too fast.
【答案】B
【解析】直接考查as引导的原因状语从句
depth of six hundred feet = deep underwater
5.2 四级阅读考点
| 本课语法 | 阅读应用 | 考查形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 形式主语 | 长难句理解 | It is known that… |
| 现在分词作状语 | 句子主干提取 | Realizing that… |
| 现在进行时被动 | 进行时态理解 | is being examined |
| 让步状语从句 | 转折逻辑 | Though/Although |
阅读理解示例：
原文：Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen,
it is now known that many of these 'monsters' are simply strange fish.
题目：What can we infer from the passage?
A) People always believe seamen's stories.
B) Seamen's stories are always true.
C) People's attitude towards seamen's stories has changed.
D) There are real monsters in the sea.
【答案】C
【解析】Though表示让步，前后对比：
以前：laughed at (嘲笑)
现在：it is now known (现在已知)
说明态度发生了变化
5.3 四级翻译考点
| 中文表达 | 英文翻译（用本课语法） |
|---|---|
| 众所周知 | It is well known that… |
| 据说这条鱼长达13英尺 | The fish is said to be over thirteen feet long. |
| 这种生物很少被人类看到 | Such creatures have rarely been seen by man. |
| 因为它生活在深海 | as they live at a depth of… |
| 正在由专家检查 | is being examined by experts |
翻译真题示例：
【真题】2019年12月 大学英语四级考试翻译（公开来源：教育部教育考试院公开样题）
中文原文：据说这种古老的乐器已有三千年的历史。
参考译文：It is said that this ancient musical instrument
has a history of three thousand years.
本课对应：
It is now known that many of these 'monsters' are simply strange fish.
5.4 四级写作应用
写作模板句：
1. 引入背景（形式主语）：
It is universally acknowledged that ocean exploration is of great significance.
（举世公认，海洋探索具有重要意义。）
2. 让步转折：
Though many people doubt the existence of unknown creatures,
scientific evidence suggests otherwise.
（虽然许多人怀疑未知生物的存在，但科学证据表明并非如此。）
3. 说明原因：
Such phenomena are rarely observed as they occur under special conditions.
（由于这些现象发生在特殊条件下，所以很少被观察到。）
4. 描述正在进行的研究：
This issue is being studied by researchers around the world.
（这个问题正在被世界各地的研究人员研究。）
5.5 四级词汇考点
| 本课词汇 | 四级考频 | 常考搭配/含义 |
|---|---|---|
| claim | ★★★★☆ | claim to do 声称；lay claim to 对…提出所有权 |
| sight | ★★★☆☆ | at first sight 乍一看；catch sight of 看见 |
| eventually | ★★★★☆ | = finally/ultimately，用于作文结尾 |
| creature | ★★★☆☆ | living creature 生物；strange creature 奇怪生物 |
| powerful | ★★★★☆ | powerful influence 强大影响；powerful weapon 有力武器 |
六、学习检测与练习
6.1 语法填空
用所给词的适当形式填空：
- Fishermen sometimes __________ (claim) to have seen monsters in the sea.
- The small boat __________ (carry) miles out to sea by the powerful fish.
- The fish __________ (examine) by a scientist at the moment.
- Such creatures __________ (rare see) alive by man as they live deep underwater.
答案：
- claim（一般现在时）
- was carried（一般过去时被动）
- is being examined（现在进行时被动）
- have rarely been seen（现在完成时被动）
6.2 句型转换
将下列句子改写为含指定语法的句子：
-
Because he realized the danger, he ran away quickly. → __________ the danger, he ran away quickly.（用现在分词）
-
People say that the fish is over 13 feet long. → The fish __________ over 13 feet long.（用形式主语句型转换）
-
Though it was raining heavily, they went on working. → __________, they went on working.（用现在分词短语）
答案：
- Realizing
- is said to be
- Though raining heavily
6.3 翻译练习
将下列句子翻译成英文，使用本课语法：
- 据说这个博物馆里珍藏着许多稀有生物。
- 虽然人们曾经嘲笑这个想法，但现在它已被广泛接受。
- 这种动物很少被看到，因为它生活在深山里。
- 这本书目前正在被翻译成多种语言。
参考答案：
- It is said that many rare creatures are preserved in this museum.
- Though people once laughed at this idea, it is now widely accepted.
- Such animals have rarely been seen as they live in deep mountains.
- The book is being translated into many languages.
6.4 选择题
【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟）
-
The project _______ by a group of experts at present. A. is being reviewed B. has reviewed C. is reviewed D. was being reviewed
答案：A 解析：at present表示现在，project与review是被动关系，用现在进行时被动。
-
_______ that the earth goes around the sun. A. It is said B. People said C. We are said D. That is said
答案：A 解析：It is said that… 是固定句型，表示”据说…”。
-
_______ the difficulty of the task, he decided to ask for help. A. Realized B. Realizing C. To realize D. Having realized
答案：B或D 解析：现在分词作状语，realize与主语he是主动关系。D选项强调先后关系。
七、考点清单
7.1 本课四级考点清单
- 被动语态：一般现在时/过去时/完成时/进行时被动
- 现在完成时：have/has done，表示经历与影响
- 现在进行时被动：am/is/are being done
- 形式主语：It is known/said that…
- 让步状语从句：Though/Although 引导
- 原因状语从句：as/because/since 辨析
- 定语从句：which/where 引导，限制性与非限制性
- 现在分词作状语：Realizing that…
- 不定式完成式：claim to have done
- 宾语从句：that 引导，作 realizing 的宾语
7.2 前置知识复习
| 前置课程 | 相关知识点 | 本课应用 |
|---|---|---|
| L10 | 被动语态基础 | are washed, was caught |
| L21 | 被动语态进阶 | has been sent |
| L28 | 定语从句（who） | which 引导定语从句 |
| L38 | 现在完成时 | have been sighted |
| L55 | 形式主语 | it is now known that… |
7.3 后续学习建议
- 关联课程：L85 (have sth. done), L91 (过去完成时)
- 练习建议：完成2018-2024年四级真题中被动语态相关语法题
- 拓展阅读：查找含现在进行时被动语态的四级阅读长难句进行分析
八、附录：本课语法数据卡片
{
"lesson": 82,
"title": "Monster or fish?",
"title_cn": "是妖还是鱼？",
"core_grammar": "被动语态综合（含现在进行时被动）、形式主语、定语从句",
"difficulty": "★★★☆",
"duration": "25min",
"cet4_level": "B",
"key_structures": [
"claim to have done (声称做过)",
"it is now known that... (形式主语)",
"is being examined (现在进行时被动)",
"though引导让步状语从句",
"as引导原因状语从句"
],
"clause_types": [
"定语从句 x4",
"让步状语从句 x1",
"原因状语从句 x1",
"时间状语从句 x2",
"主语从句 x1",
"宾语从句 x1"
],
"vocabulary_focus": [
"fisherman /ˈfɪʃəmən/ n. 渔民",
"claim /kleɪm/ v. 声称",
"sight /saɪt/ v. 看见",
"peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/ adj. 奇特的",
"eventually /ɪˈventʃuəli/ adv. 最终"
],
"related_lessons": [10, 21, 28, 38, 55, 85, 91]
}本课涉及的语法术语
- 被动语态 | 一般现在时被动 | 一般过去时被动 | 现在完成时被动 | 现在进行时被动
- 现在完成时 | 一般现在时 | 一般过去时
- 定语从句 | 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句
- 让步状语从句 | 原因状语从句 | 时间状语从句
- 形式主语 | 主语从句 | 宾语从句
- 现在分词 | 过去分词 | 不定式 | 完成式
- 主语补足语 | 状语 | 施事状语
- 并列句 | 简单句 | 复合句
- 名词 | 动词 | 形容词 | 副词
- 派生词 | 复合词 | 词缀 | 名词复数
💡 提示：点击术语链接可跳转到详细解释，使用 Obsidian 可查看双向链接关系。
文档版本：v1.0
生成日期：2026年4月2日
适用教材：《新概念英语》第二册 Lesson 82