第84课 On strike 罢工 — 语法精讲
课号:第84课(共96课)
标题:On strike(罢工)
核心语法重点:现在完成时、一般将来时(will/be going to)、be due to do结构、until/while时间状语从句
难度等级:★★★☆(四级进阶)
课文原文
Busmen have decided to go on strike next week. The strike is due to begin on Tuesday. No one knows how long it will last. The busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions. Most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. Many owners of private cars are going to offer ‘free rides’ to people on their way to work. This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. Meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts. All the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test. The students are going to take the test in two days’ time. Even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. But so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the Press. Only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!
公共汽车司机们已决定下周罢工。罢工预计于周二开始。没有人知道它会持续多久。司机们声称,罢工将持续到就工资和工作条件达成全面协议为止。大多数人认为罢工将持续至少一周。许多私家车车主将为上班路上的人提供”免费搭车”服务。这将在一定程度上缓解火车的压力。与此同时,许多大学生自愿在罢工期间驾驶公共汽车。所有这些年轻人都是驾驶专家,但在驾驶任何公共汽车之前,他们必须通过一项特殊测试。学生们将在两天后参加测试。即便如此,人们仍将发现上班很困难。但到目前为止,公众已通过致信报社向学生们表达了感激之情。只有一两个人反对说学生们会开得太快!
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| busman | /ˈbʌsmən/ | n. | 公共汽车司机 | busmen (复数) |
| strike | /straɪk/ | n./v. | 罢工;打击 | strikes (复数/三单), struck (过去式) |
| due | /djuː/ | adj. | 到期的;预计的 | — |
| last | /lɑːst/ | v./adj./adv. | 持续;最后的 | — |
| state | /steɪt/ | v./n. | 声明;陈述;状态 | states (三单), stated (过去式) |
| continue | /kənˈtɪnjuː/ | v. | 继续 | continues (三单), continued (过去式) |
| agreement | /əˈɡriːmənt/ | n. | 协议;同意 | agreements (复数) |
| reach | /riːtʃ/ | v. | 达成;到达 | reaches (三单), reached (过去式) |
| condition | /kənˈdɪʃn/ | n. | 条件;状况 | conditions (复数) |
| relieve | /rɪˈliːv/ | v. | 缓解;减轻 | relieves (三单), relieved (过去式) |
| pressure | /ˈpreʃə(r)/ | n. | 压力 | pressures (复数) |
| extent | /ɪkˈstent/ | n. | 程度;范围 | — |
| volunteer | /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/ | v./n. | 自愿做;志愿者 | volunteers (三单/复数), volunteered (过去式) |
| expert | /ˈekspɜːt/ | adj./n. | 熟练的;专家 | — |
| object | /əbˈdʒekt/ | v. | 反对 | objects (三单), objected (过去式) |
1.2 重点词汇详解
1.2.1 busman → busmen(不规则复数变化)
复合名词复数变化规则:
bus + man → busmen(将man变为men)
类似变化:
policeman → policemen(警察)
postman → postmen(邮递员)
Englishman → Englishmen(英国人)
但:
german → germans(德国人,因German非复合词)
本课例句: “Busmen have decided to go on strike next week.” (公共汽车司机们已决定下周罢工。)
1.2.2 strike 的多词性用法
| 词性 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| n. | 罢工 | go on strike(举行罢工) |
| n. | 打击 | a military strike(军事打击) |
| v. | 打;击 | strike the ball(击球) |
| v. | 给…印象 | It strikes me that…(使我感到…) |
| v. | 报时 | The clock struck twelve.(钟敲十二点) |
本课搭配:
- go on strike = 举行罢工(固定短语)
- be on strike = 在罢工状态中
1.2.3 due 的形容词用法
due 的多重含义:
1. 到期的(应付的)
The rent is due on the first of the month.
(房租每月一号到期。)
2. 预计的;预定的【本课用法】
The train is due to arrive at 6 PM.
(火车预计下午6点到达。)
3. 应有的;适当的
Give credit where it is due.
(该表扬的就表扬。)
4. due to = 由于(介词短语,表原因)
The game was canceled due to rain.
1.2.4 last 的多词性分析
last 的三重身份:
1. 动词(本课用法):持续
The strike will last for at least a week.
(罢工将持续至少一周。)
2. 形容词:最后的;上一个的
the last lesson(最后一课)
last week(上周)
3. 副词:最后地
He came last.(他最后一个来。)
1.2.5 state 的动词用法
state (v.) 与 say/tell 的区别:
- state:正式声明,强调严肃性和官方性
The busmen have stated that...(司机们声称...)
- say:一般性说话
He said that he was tired.
- tell:告诉某人某事(需接间接宾语)
He told me that he was tired.
- announce:公开宣布
They announced their decision.
1.2.6 reach 的抽象用法
reach 的两层含义:
1. 具体含义:到达(某地)
reach the station(到达车站)
2. 抽象含义:达成(协议/决定)【本课用法】
reach an agreement(达成协议)
reach a decision(做出决定)
reach a conclusion(得出结论)
同义替换:
reach an agreement = come to an agreement = arrive at an agreement
1.2.7 extent 与 to…extent 搭配
to some extent = 在某种程度上(固定搭配)
程度递进的表达:
- to a certain extent = 在一定程度上
- to some extent = 在某种程度上
- to a large extent = 在很大程度上
- to a great extent = 在极大程度上
- to the full extent = 充分地;最大限度地
本课例句:
"This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent."
(这将在一定程度上缓解火车的压力。)
1.2.8 volunteer 的词性转换
volunteer 词族:
volunteer (v.) 自愿做 → volunteered (过去式/过去分词)
↓
volunteer (n.) 志愿者 → volunteers (复数)
↓
voluntary (adj.) 自愿的;志愿的
↓
voluntarily (adv.) 自愿地
反义词:
involuntary (adj.) 非自愿的;无意的
本课例句:
"a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses"
(许多大学生自愿驾驶公共汽车)
1.2.9 expert 的形容词用法
expert 的双重身份:
1. 形容词(本课用法):熟练的;内行的
expert drivers = 熟练的司机
be expert at/in doing sth = 擅长做某事
2. 名词:专家
an expert on computer science(计算机专家)
an expert in economics(经济学专家)
易混淆词:
- expert (n./adj.) 专家;熟练的
- expertise (n.) 专门知识;专长
- experience (n.) 经验;经历
1.2.10 object 的动词用法
object (v.) 反对
搭配结构:
1. object that...(反对说...)【本课用法】
Only one or two people have objected that...
(只有一两个人反对说...)
2. object to sth/doing sth(反对某事/做某事)
Do you object to my smoking?(你反对我抽烟吗?)
3. object to sb doing sth(反对某人做某事)
I object to him being treated unfairly.
名词形式:objection (n.) 反对;异议
raise an objection = 提出异议
have no objection to = 不反对
1.3 构词法分析
1.3.1 派生词族
| 词根 | 名词 | 动词 | 形容词 | 副词 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| agree | agreement | agree | agreeable | agreeably |
| continue | continuation | continue | continuous | continuously |
| relieve | relief | relieve | relieved | — |
| press | Press/pressure | press | pressing | — |
| grate | gratitude | — | grateful | gratefully |
1.3.2 复合词
本课复合词:
1. busman = bus + man(公共汽车司机)
2. working conditions = working + conditions(工作条件)
3. private cars = private + cars(私家车)
4. free rides = free + rides(免费搭车)
5. university students = university + students(大学生)
6. expert drivers = expert + drivers(熟练司机)
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 3 | 25% | S2, S3, S7 |
| 并列句 | 2 | 16.7% | S10, S12 |
| 复合句(含从句) | 7 | 58.3% | S1, S4, S5, S6, S8, S9, S11 |
| 总计 | 12 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 罢工决定
Busmen have decided to go on strike next week.
句子结构:简单句(含不定式短语作宾语)
主干:
Busmen │ have decided │ to go on strike next week
主语 │ 谓语(现在完成时)│ 不定式短语作宾语
不定式短语分析:
to go │ on strike │ next week
不定式│ 介词短语作状语│ 时间状语
语法要点:
1. 【核心语法1】现在完成时 have decided
- 表示过去做出的决定,对现在产生影响
- 强调"决定已完成"的状态
2. go on strike = 举行罢工(固定搭配)
3. next week 与一般将来时无关!
- 此处修饰不定式 to go,表示"计划下周去罢工"
- 现在完成时强调的是"decide"这个动作已完成
本句涉及语法术语:现在完成时 | 不定式作宾语 | 介词短语
S2: 罢工时间
The strike is due to begin on Tuesday.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
The strike │ is due to begin │ on Tuesday
主语 │ 谓语部分 │ 时间状语
语法要点:
1. 【核心语法2】be due to do 结构
- 含义:预计/预定做某事(基于计划或时间表)
- 语气:客观陈述,而非主观意愿
- 类似:be scheduled to do, be expected to do
2. due 在此为形容词,意为"预定的;到期的"
3. on Tuesday = 具体某一天前用介词on
本句涉及语法术语:be due to do | 一般现在时 | 时间状语
S3: 持续时间未知
No one knows how long it will last.
句子结构:主从复合句(含宾语从句)
主句:
No one │ knows │ [how long it will last]
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语从句
宾语从句:
how long │ it │ will last
连接副词 │ 主 │ 谓语(一般将来时)
语法要点:
1. No one = 不定代词,作主语时谓语用单数
2. how long 引导宾语从句,在从句中作时间状语
3. will last = 一般将来时,表示对未来的预测
4. last (v.) = 持续,不及物动词
S4: 罢工条件
The busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions.
句子结构:主从复合句(含宾语从句+时间状语从句)
主句:
The busmen │ have stated │ [that...]
主语 │ 谓语(现在完成时)│ 宾语从句
宾语从句(that引导):
that │ the strike │ will continue │ [until...]
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语(将来时)│ 时间状语从句
时间状语从句(until引导):
until │ general agreement │ is reached │ about pay and working conditions
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语(被动)│ 介词短语作状语
语法要点:
1. 【核心语法3】现在完成时 have stated
- 表示"已经声明",强调声明动作的完成和影响
2. 【核心语法4】until 引导时间状语从句
- 含义:直到...为止
- 主句用将来时 will continue,从句用一般现在时 is reached
- 遵循"主将从现"原则
3. 【核心语法5】被动语态 is reached
- agreement is reached = 协议被达成
- reach 为及物动词,此处用被动形式
4. about pay and working conditions 修饰 agreement
- 说明是关于什么方面的协议
本句涉及语法术语:现在完成时 | 宾语从句 | 时间状语从句 | until从句 | 被动语态 | 主将从现
S5: 预计持续时间
Most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week.
句子结构:主从复合句(含宾语从句)
主句:
Most people │ believe │ [that...]
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语从句
宾语从句:
that │ the strike │ will last │ for at least a week
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语(将来时)│ 时间状语
语法要点:
1. most people = 大多数人(most 作形容词)
2. believe that... = 相信...(that可省略)
3. will last = 一般将来时,表示预测
4. for at least a week = 持续至少一周
- for + 时间段 = 持续...时间
- at least = 至少(与at most"至多"相对)
S6: 免费搭车
Many owners of private cars are going to offer ‘free rides’ to people on their way to work.
句子结构:简单句(含多个介词短语)
主干:
Many owners of private cars │ are going to offer │ 'free rides'
主语(含of短语) │ 谓语(be going to)│ 直接宾语
间接宾语:
to people on their way to work
介词短语(表对象)含定语
语法要点:
1. 【核心语法6】be going to do 结构
- 含义:计划/打算做某事(主观意图)
- 与 will 的区别:be going to 强调事先有计划/迹象
2. owners of private cars = 私家车车主
- of 短语作后置定语
3. offer sth to sb = offer sb sth(双宾语结构)
向某人提供某物
4. on their way to work = 在他们上班的路上
- on one's way to... = 在去...的路上
- to work = 去上班(work为名词)
本句涉及语法术语:be going to | 一般将来时 | 双宾语结构 | 介词短语
S7: 缓解压力
This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
This │ will relieve │ pressure │ on the trains │ to some extent
主语 │ 谓语(将来时)│ 宾语 │ 定语 │ 程度状语
语法要点:
1. will relieve = 一般将来时(客观预测)
2. relieve pressure on... = 缓解...的压力
- relieve (v.) = 缓解;减轻
- pressure on... = 对...的压力
3. to some extent = 在某种程度上(固定搭配)
- extent (n.) = 程度;范围
S8: 大学生志愿者
Meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts.
句子结构:主从复合句(含时间状语从句)
主句:
Meanwhile, a number of university students │ have volunteered │ to drive buses
状语 │ 谓语(现在完成时)│ 不定式作状语
时间状语从句(while引导):
while │ the strike │ lasts
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语(一般现在时)
语法要点:
1. meanwhile = 与此同时(过渡副词)
2. a number of = 许多(后接复数名词,谓语用复数)
3. 【核心语法7】现在完成时 have volunteered
- 表示过去开始的志愿行为,持续到现在
4. 【核心语法8】while 引导时间状语从句
- 含义:在...期间
- 强调"持续一段时间"
- 主句用完成时,从句用一般现在时(表持续状态)
5. volunteer to do sth = 自愿做某事
本句涉及语法术语:现在完成时 | 时间状语从句 | while从句 | 不定式
S9: 必须通过测试
All the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test.
句子结构:并列复合句(but连接)+ 时间状语从句
分句1:
All the young men │ are │ expert drivers
主语 │ 系 │ 表语
分句2:
[before they drive any of the buses], they │ will have to pass │ a special test
时间状语从句 │ 谓语(将来时) │ 宾语
时间状语从句(before引导):
before │ they │ drive │ any of the buses
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语
语法要点:
1. expert drivers = 熟练司机(expert作形容词)
2. 【核心语法9】before 引导时间状语从句
- 含义:在...之前
- 主句用将来时 will have to pass,从句用一般现在时 drive
- 遵循"主将从现"原则
3. 【核心语法10】will have to 结构
- have to = 必须;不得不(客观必要性)
- will have to = 将必须(将来的客观要求)
4. any of the buses = 任何一辆公共汽车
- any = 任一(用于肯定句表"任何一个")
本句涉及语法术语:并列句 | 时间状语从句 | before从句 | 一般将来时 | have to | 主将从现
S10: 测试时间
The students are going to take the test in two days’ time.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
The students │ are going to take │ the test │ in two days' time
主语 │ 谓语(be going to)│ 宾语 │ 时间状语
语法要点:
1. 【核心语法11】be going to do 结构
- 表示事先计划好的将来动作
2. take the test = 参加测试(美式用 take,英式也可用 take/do)
3. in two days' time = 两天后
- in + 时间段 = ...之后(用于将来时)
- two days' = 名词所有格(复数s后加')
对比:
- in two days = 两天后(将来)
- two days ago = 两天前(过去)
- after two days = 两天后(常用于过去时)
本句涉及语法术语:be going to | 一般将来时 | 名词所有格
S11: 上班困难
Even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work.
句子结构:简单句(含形式宾语结构)
主干:
Even so, people │ are going to find │ it │ difficult │ to get to work
状语 │ 谓语(be going to)│ 形式宾语│ 宾补 │ 真正宾语
语法要点:
1. even so = 即便如此(承上启下)
2. 【核心语法12】find it + adj. + to do 结构
- it 为形式宾语,代替后面的不定式短语
- difficult 为宾语补足语
- to get to work 为真正宾语
结构公式:find + it + 形容词/名词 + 不定式
3. are going to find = 一般将来时(预测)
- 注意:be going to 可用于预测,不仅限于计划
4. get to work = 到达工作地点;上班
- get to = 到达
- work (n.) = 工作地点
本句涉及语法术语:be going to | 形式宾语 | 宾语补足语 | 不定式
S12: 公众反应
But so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the Press.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
But so far, the public │ has expressed │ its gratitude │ to the students │ in letters to the Press
连词+状语 │ 谓语(现在完成时)│ 宾语 │ 对象状语 │ 方式状语
语法要点:
1. so far = 到目前为止(与现在完成时连用)
2. 【核心语法13】现在完成时 has expressed
- 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作/状态
- so far 是现在完成时的标志性时间状语
3. the public = 公众(集合名词,形式单数,可接单数或复数谓语)
- 本课用 has(单数谓语)
4. express gratitude to sb = 向某人表达感激
- gratitude (n.) 感激(抽象名词,不可数)
5. in letters to the Press = 通过致信报界
- Press (大写P) = 新闻界;报界;出版社
S13: 个别反对意见
Only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!
句子结构:主从复合句(含宾语从句)
主句:
Only one or two people │ have objected │ [that...]
主语 │ 谓语(现在完成时)│ 宾语从句
宾语从句:
that │ the students │ will drive │ too fast
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语(将来时)│ 状语
语法要点:
1. only one or two = 只有一两个(强调数量极少)
2. 【核心语法14】现在完成时 have objected
- 表示到目前为止的反对意见
3. object that... = 反对说...(that引导宾语从句说明反对的内容)
4. will drive = 一般将来时(预测)
5. too fast = 太快(fast为副词,修饰drive)
2.3 从句类型汇总
| 从句类型 | 出现次数 | 引导词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 宾语从句 | 5 | that, how long | S3, S4, S5, S13 |
| 时间状语从句 | 3 | until, while, before | S4, S8, S9 |
| 总计 | 8 | — | — |
2.4 从句嵌套关系图
句子嵌套层级示意图:
S4 (The busmen have stated...)
├── 主句:The busmen have stated
│ └── that引导的宾语从句
│ └── until引导的时间状语从句
│ └── is reached(被动语态)
S8 (...have volunteered...)
├── 主句:students have volunteered
│ └── while引导的时间状语从句
│ └── lasts(一般现在时表持续)
S9 (All the young men...)
├── 分句1:All the young men are expert drivers
├── but(转折连词)
└── 分句2:before引导的时间状语从句
└── 主句:they will have to pass...
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
3.1.1 时态分布统计
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | 5 | have decided, have stated, have volunteered, has expressed, have objected | 已完成动作的持续影响 |
| 一般将来时 | 8 | will last, will continue, will relieve, will have to, will drive, be going to offer, be going to take, be going to find | 未来预测与计划 |
| 一般现在时 | 4 | is due, knows, lasts, is reached | 客观事实/规律 |
| 总计 | 17 | — | — |
3.1.2 时态关系时间轴
时间轴示意图:
过去 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────► 现在 ──────────────► 将来
[决定已做出] [预计持续]
have decided will last
│ │
[已声明立场] [将继续]
have stated will continue
│ │
[已自愿报名] [在此期间] [将提供]
have volunteered ◄─── while lasts ───► are going to offer
│ │
[已表达感激] [将缓解]
has expressed will relieve
│ │
[有人反对] [将必须通过]
have objected will have to pass
│
[将参加测试]
are going to take
│
[将发现困难]
are going to find
3.2 be due to do 结构详解
3.2.1 结构公式
be due to + 动词原形
含义:
1. 预定/预计做某事(基于计划或时间表)
2. 到期做某事
语气特点:
- 客观陈述,非主观意愿
- 常用于官方公告、时刻表、计划安排
3.2.2 本课实例
原文:The strike is due to begin on Tuesday.
译文:罢工预计于周二开始。
语法分析:
- is due to begin = 预计开始
- 表示基于计划或安排的预期
- 语气客观、正式
3.2.3 与其他将来表达的对比
| 结构 | 含义 | 语气 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be due to do | 预定做 | 客观正式 | 时刻表、官方安排 |
| will do | 将做 | 预测/意愿 | 一般将来 |
| be going to do | 打算做 | 主观计划 | 个人意图 |
| be about to do | 即将做 | 紧迫性 | 马上发生 |
| be to do | 将要做 | 正式安排 | 官方决定 |
例句对比:
The train is due to arrive at 6.(按时刻表)
The train will arrive soon.(预测)
The train is going to arrive.(有迹象)
The train is about to arrive.(马上到)
3.3 have to / be going to 的情态表达
3.3.1 have to 的情态功能
have to = 必须;不得不(客观必要性)
时态变化:
- 现在时:have/has to
- 过去时:had to
- 将来时:will have to【本课用法】
否定形式:
- don't have to = 不必(没有义务)
- mustn't = 禁止(绝对不能)
本课例句:
they will have to pass a special test
= 他们将必须通过一项特殊测试
(客观要求,非个人意愿)
3.3.2 be going to 的多重功能
be going to + 动词原形
功能1:表示事先计划/打算(本课主要用法)
Many owners... are going to offer 'free rides'
= 许多车主打算提供免费搭车(事先有计划)
功能2:表示有迹象表明即将发生
It's going to rain.(看天色要下雨)
功能3:预测未来(基于现有证据)
people are going to find it difficult
= 人们将会发现很困难(基于前文情况的预测)
3.3.3 will vs be going to 对比
| 用法 | will | be going to |
|---|---|---|
| 预测 | 主观预测 | 有证据的预测 |
| 计划 | 临时决定 | 事先计划 |
| 意愿 | 表示意愿 | 不表意愿 |
| 承诺 | 可做承诺 | 不做承诺 |
本课例句对比:
will last(预测罢工持续时间)
will continue(预测罢工继续)
will relieve(预测缓解效果)
will have to(将来的客观要求)
will drive(预测驾驶方式)
are going to offer(车主的计划)
are going to take(学生的计划)
are going to find(基于证据的预测)
3.4 find it + adj. + to do 结构
3.4.1 结构公式
find + it + 形容词/名词 + 不定式(真正宾语)
结构分析:
- find:谓语动词(发现;觉得)
- it:形式宾语(无实际意义,占位用)
- 形容词/名词:宾语补足语
- 不定式短语:真正宾语(因太长而后置)
改写对比:
people are going to find [to get to work] difficult( awkward)
people are going to find it difficult [to get to work](自然)
3.4.2 本课实例
原文:people are going to find it difficult to get to work
直译:人们将会发现上班是困难的
意译:人们仍将发现上班很困难
结构拆解:
find(谓语)+ it(形式宾语)+ difficult(宾补)+ to get to work(真正宾语)
3.4.3 类似结构扩展
主语 + 动词 + it + 宾补 + 不定式
常见动词:
- find it easy/difficult/hard to do
发现做某事容易/困难
- think it necessary/important to do
认为做某事有必要/重要
- consider it wise/foolish to do
认为做某事明智/愚蠢
- make it a rule to do
使做某事成为惯例
例句:
I find it hard to believe his words.
(我发现很难相信他的话。)
She thinks it important to learn English.
(她认为学英语很重要。)
3.5 until / while 时间状语从句
3.5.1 until 从句详解
until = 直到...为止
用法规则:
1. 主句动作持续到从句时间点结束
2. 主句用延续性动词
3. 遵循"主将从现"原则
肯定句:动作持续到until时间点
The strike will continue until agreement is reached.
(罢工将持续到协议达成【为止】。)
否定句:not...until = 直到...才
He didn't leave until midnight.
(他直到午夜才离开。)
3.5.2 while 从句详解
while = 在...期间;当...时候
与when的区别:
- while:强调动作持续一段时间,从句用延续性动词
- when:可指时间点或时间段,动词不限
本课用法:
"while the strike lasts"
= 在罢工持续期间
lasts 为延续性动词(持续),故可用while
对比:
✓ while the strike lasts(持续一段时间)
✗ while the strike begins(begin为瞬间动词,不宜用while)
3.5.3 “主将从现”原则应用
原则:在时间/条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时
本课实例:
1. until general agreement is reached(不用will be reached)
2. while the strike lasts(不用will last)
3. before they drive any of the buses(不用will drive)
主句用将来时,从句用现在时:
The strike will continue │ until │ agreement is reached
↓ 主句(将来时) ↓ ↓ 从句(现在时)
四、本课核心语法点
4.1 现在完成时的决定与影响
4.1.1 现在完成时的核心功能
现在完成时(Present Perfect Tense)
结构:have/has + 过去分词
本课功能1:表示已完成的动作对现在的影响
- Busmen have decided...(决定已完成,影响是现在"罢工即将发生")
- The busmen have stated...(声明已完成,影响是现在"大家都知道条件")
本课功能2:表示从过去持续到现在的动作/状态
- students have volunteered...(从过去某时开始自愿,持续到现在)
- the public has expressed...(到目前为止已表达)
4.1.2 与一般过去时的对比
| 时态 | 含义 | 例句 | 时间状语 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | 过去某时发生 | The busmen decided yesterday. | yesterday, last week |
| 现在完成时 | 已完成/持续到现在 | The busmen have decided. | already, so far, yet |
4.1.3 本课现在完成时实例汇总
| 实例 | 含义 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| have decided | 已决定 | 完成动作 |
| have stated | 已声明 | 完成动作 |
| have volunteered | 已自愿 | 完成动作 |
| has expressed | 已表达 | 完成动作 |
| have objected | 已反对 | 完成动作 |
4.2 be due to do 表示计划/预计
4.2.1 结构要点
be due to + 动词原形
核心含义:
1. 基于计划/时间表的预期
2. 客观陈述,非主观意愿
时间参照:
- 现在预计:is/are due to do
- 过去预计:was/were due to do
- 将来预计:will be due to do(较少用)
4.2.2 使用场景
1. 交通工具时刻表
The flight is due to depart at 9 AM.
(航班预计上午9点起飞。)
2. 会议/活动安排
The meeting is due to start in ten minutes.
(会议预计十分钟后开始。)
3. 付款/截止日期
The payment is due to be made by Friday.
(付款预计在周五前完成。)
本课:
The strike is due to begin on Tuesday.
(罢工预计周二开始。)——基于计划安排
4.3 until 引导的时间状语从句
4.3.1 结构公式
主句(延续性动词,将来时)+ until + 从句(一般现在时)
含义:主句动作持续到从句动作发生为止
例句结构:
The strike will continue │ until │ agreement is reached
↓ 主句(将来时+延续性动词) ↓ ↓ 从句(现在时)
4.3.2 注意事项
1. 主句动词必须是延续性的
✓ continue(延续性)
✗ start(瞬间动词,不宜用于肯定句+until)
2. 否定句 not...until = 直到...才
He didn't stop until midnight.
(他直到午夜才停止。)
3. 从句用一般现在时代替将来时
✓ until agreement is reached
✗ until agreement will be reached
4.4 while 引导的时间状语从句(表示”在…期间”)
4.4.1 结构特点
while + 主语 + 延续性动词(一般现在时)
含义:在从句动作持续的整个期间,主句动作发生
本课实例:
...volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts.
= ...自愿在罢工持续的期间驾驶公共汽车
对比when:
- while 强调"持续一段时间"
- when 可指"时间点"或"时间段"
4.4.2 动词选择
适合while的动词(延续性):
last(持续), work(工作), study(学习), wait(等待), live(居住)
不适合while的动词(瞬间):
begin(开始), start(开始), finish(结束), arrive(到达), leave(离开)
本课:
lasts 是延续性动词,故可用while
4.5 一般将来时的多种表达(will / be going to)
4.5.1 结构汇总
| 结构 | 形式 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|
| will + do | 一般将来时 | will last, will continue |
| be going to + do | 计划/预测 | are going to offer |
| be due to + do | 预计 | is due to begin |
| will have to + do | 将来必须 | will have to pass |
4.5.2 本课将来时用法分类
【预测类 - will】
1. it will last(预测持续时间)
2. the strike will continue(预测罢工继续)
3. This will relieve pressure(预测缓解效果)
4. the students will drive too fast(预测驾驶方式)
【计划类 - be going to】
1. are going to offer 'free rides'(车主计划)
2. are going to take the test(学生计划)
3. are going to find it difficult(基于证据的预测)
【预计类 - be due to】
1. is due to begin on Tuesday(按计划预计)
【必须类 - will have to】
1. will have to pass a special test(将来的客观要求)
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 四级考点映射
| 本课语法点 | 四级考点 | 考查形式 | 难度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | 时态辨析 | 单选/完形 | ★★★ |
| be due to do | 固定搭配 | 单选/翻译 | ★★★ |
| until从句 | 时间状语从句 | 单选/改错 | ★★★ |
| while从句 | 时间状语从句 | 阅读理解 | ★★☆ |
| will vs be going to | 情态动词 | 单选/完形 | ★★★ |
| find it + adj. + to do | 形式宾语 | 单选/翻译 | ★★★★ |
| have to | 情态动词 | 单选 | ★★☆ |
| 被动语态 | 语态转换 | 单选/翻译 | ★★★ |
5.2 四级真题链接
5.2.1 现在完成时考点
【2019年12月四级真题】
The company ______ to expand its business overseas since last year.
A. has decided B. decided C. decides D. had decided
答案:A
解析:since last year(自去年以来)是现在完成时的标志词,
表示从过去持续到现在的动作。
对应本课:
"Busmen have decided to go on strike next week."
(现在完成时表示已完成的决定)
5.2.2 be due to 考点
【2020年9月四级真题】
The flight ______ to take off at 3 PM, but it was delayed due to bad weather.
A. was due B. was about C. was going D. was certain
答案:A
解析:be due to do = 预计/预定做某事,符合"原定起飞但被延误"的语境。
对应本课:
"The strike is due to begin on Tuesday."
5.2.3 until从句考点
【2018年6月四级真题】
I won't leave here ______ I finish my work.
A. when B. while C. until D. as soon as
答案:C
解析:not...until = 直到...才,符合"直到完成工作才离开"的语境。
对应本课:
"the strike will continue until general agreement is reached"
5.2.4 find it + adj. + to do 考点
【2021年6月四级真题】
Many students find ______ difficult to learn English grammar well.
A. that B. this C. it D. what
答案:C
解析:find it + adj. + to do 是固定结构,it为形式宾语,
真正宾语是后面的不定式短语。
对应本课:
"people are going to find it difficult to get to work"
5.3 四级核心词汇
| 本课词汇 | 四级考频 | 常见搭配 | 真题例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| strike | ★★★★★ | go on strike, be on strike | Workers went on strike for better pay. |
| due | ★★★★☆ | be due to, due to | The project is due to finish next month. |
| last | ★★★★★ | last for, last long | The meeting lasted for three hours. |
| condition | ★★★★☆ | working conditions, on condition that | Employees are satisfied with working conditions. |
| relieve | ★★★☆☆ | relieve pressure, relieve pain | Medicine can relieve pain effectively. |
| extent | ★★★☆☆ | to some extent, to a large extent | I agree with you to some extent. |
| volunteer | ★★★★☆ | volunteer to do, volunteer for | She volunteered to help the elderly. |
| expert | ★★★☆☆ | expert at/in, expert on | He is an expert at computer programming. |
| object | ★★★☆☆ | object to, object that | Do you object to my suggestion? |
5.4 翻译练习
5.4.1 中译英
1. 会议预计明天上午九点开始。
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:The meeting is due to begin at 9 AM tomorrow.)
2. 罢工将持续到双方达成协议为止。
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:The strike will continue until both sides reach an agreement.)
3. 许多大学生自愿在假期期间帮助贫困地区的孩子。
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:Many university students have volunteered to help children in poor areas during the vacation.)
4. 人们发现很难在短时间内适应新环境。
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:People find it difficult to adapt to the new environment in a short time.)
5. 到目前为止,政府已经采取措施缓解交通压力。
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:So far, the government has taken measures to relieve traffic pressure.)
5.4.2 英译中
1. The train is due to arrive in ten minutes.
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:火车预计十分钟后到达。)
2. She will have to finish the report before Friday.
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:她必须在周五前完成报告。)
3. We are going to offer free training to all employees.
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:我们打算为所有员工提供免费培训。)
4. To some extent, I agree with your opinion.
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:在某种程度上,我同意你的观点。)
5. He found it hard to believe what she said.
_________________________________________________
(参考答案:他发现很难相信她说的话。)
本课涉及的语法术语
- 现在完成时 | 一般将来时 | be going to
- be due to | until | while | before
- 时间状语从句 | 宾语从句 | 被动语态
- 形式宾语 | so far | even so
提示:点击术语链接可跳转到详细解释,使用 Obsidian 可查看双向链接关系。
课后思考:
- 为什么课文开头用 “have decided”(现在完成时)而不是 “decided”(一般过去时)?
- “will” 和 “be going to” 在本课中有何区别?请找出具体例句分析。
- “until” 和 “while” 引导的时间状语从句在使用上有什么不同?
- 试分析 “find it difficult to do” 结构中 “it” 的语法功能。
本讲内容涵盖新概念英语第二册第84课《On strike》的全部语法要点,建议结合课文反复研读,并通过四级真题进行巩固练习。