第85课 Never too old to learn 活到老学到老 — 语法精讲
课号:第85课(共96课)
标题:Never too old to learn(活到老学到老)
核心语法重点:将来完成进行时、定语从句的嵌套使用、现在完成时与just的搭配
难度等级:★★★★☆(四级进阶/长难句分析)
课文原文
I have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head-master, Mr Regmald Page, will be retiring next week. Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmaster’s home. We shall all remember Mr Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. A great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday. It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. For him, this will be an entirely new hobby. But this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn.
我刚收到母校的一封信,通知我说我的前校长雷金纳德·佩奇先生将于下周退休。学校的学生,无论新老,都将送给他一份礼物以纪念这一时刻。所有为这份礼物出资的人都将把自己的名字签在一本大相册里,这本相册将被送到校长家中。我们都会记住佩奇先生,记住他的耐心和理解,以及当我们如此不情愿地去上学时他给予我们的亲切鼓励。许多往届学生将于下周四参加为他举行的告别宴会。巧合的是,在他退休的前一天,佩奇先生将已经执教满四十年。退休之后,他将致力于园艺。对他来说,这将是一个全新的爱好。但这并不重要,因为正如他常说的,活到老学到老。
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 词类统计与构词法分析
1.1.1 全文词类分布
| 词类 | 数量 | 占比 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 名词 | 42 | 28.6% | letter, school, head-master, pupils, present |
| 动词 | 35 | 23.8% | received, informing, retiring, contributing, devote |
| 形容词 | 18 | 12.2% | former, old, new, large, patient, curious |
| 副词 | 12 | 8.2% | just, kindly, unwillingly, entirely, often |
| 代词 | 15 | 10.2% | I, me, my, his, us, we, one, those, which |
| 介词 | 16 | 10.9% | from, in, to, for, of, after, before |
| 连词 | 6 | 4.1% | that, when, as, but, and |
| 冠词 | 10 | 6.8% | a, an, the |
| 总计 | 154 | 100% | — |
1.1.2 构词法重点词汇
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 构词分析 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| receive | /rɪˈsiːv/ | v. | re-(回) + ceive(拿) = 收到 | receives, received, receiving |
| inform | /ɪnˈfɔːm/ | v. | in-(入) + form(形状) → 使了解形状 → 通知 | informs, informed, informing |
| former | /ˈfɔːmə(r)/ | adj. | form(形式) + -er(比较级后缀) → 以前的 | — |
| head-master | /ˌhedˈmɑːstə(r)/ | n. | head(头) + master(主人) → 校长 | head-masters (复数) |
| retire | /rɪˈtaɪə(r)/ | v. | re-(回) + tire(拉) → 拉回 → 退休 | retires, retired, retiring |
| pupil | /ˈpjuːpl/ | n. | 拉丁语 pupillus(小孩) | pupils (复数) |
| occasion | /əˈkeɪʒn/ | n. | oc-(向) + cas(落下) + -ion(名词后缀) | occasions |
| contribute | /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ | v. | con-(共同) + tribute(给予) | contributes, contributed, contributing |
| patience | /ˈpeɪʃns/ | n. | patient(耐心的) + -ce(名词后缀) | — |
| understanding | /ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ/ | n./adj. | understand(理解) + -ing(动名词/现在分词) | — |
| encouragement | /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒmənt/ | n. | en-(使) + courage(勇气) + -ment(名词后缀) | encouragements |
| unwillingly | /ʌnˈwɪlɪŋli/ | adv. | un-(否定) + will(意愿) + -ing + -ly(副词后缀) | — |
| coincidence | /kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns/ | n. | co-(共同) + in-(在…上) + cid(落) + -ence | coincidences |
| devote | /dɪˈvəʊt/ | v. | de-(加强) + vote(发誓) → 宣誓奉献 | devotes, devoted, devoting |
| entirely | /ɪnˈtaɪəli/ | adv. | entire(完全的) + -ly(副词后缀) | — |
| remark | /rɪˈmɑːk/ | v./n. | re-(再) + mark(标记) → 评论 | remarks, remarked, remarking |
1.2 词形变化详解
1.2.1 动词不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 本课出现 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| receive | received | received | receiving | have just received |
| inform | informed | informed | informing | informing me |
| contribute | contributed | contributed | contributing | have contributed |
| give | gave | given | giving | he gave us |
| go | went | gone | going | we went |
| retire | retired | retired | retiring | will be retiring; has retired |
| send | sent | sent | sending | will be sending |
| sign | signed | signed | signing | will sign |
| devote | devoted | devoted | devoting | will devote |
| remark | remarked | remarked | remarking | has often remarked |
1.2.2 派生词族分析
1. courage → encouragement 词族:
courage (n.) 勇气
↓ + en-(动词前缀)
encourage (v.) 鼓励
↓ + -ment (名词后缀)
encouragement (n.) 鼓励、激励 [本课出现]
↓ + -ing (形容词后缀)
encouraging (adj.) 令人鼓舞的
本课例句:
“the kindly encouragement he gave us” (他给予我们的亲切鼓励)
2. understand → understanding 词族:
understand (v.) 理解
↓ + -ing (动名词后缀)
understanding (n.) 理解、谅解 [本课出现]
↓ + -able (形容词后缀)
understandable (adj.) 可理解的
本课例句:
“his patience and understanding” (他的耐心和理解)
3. patient → patience 词族:
patient (adj.) 耐心的
↓ + -ce (名词后缀,-t变-ce)
patience (n.) 耐心 [本课出现]
↓ 反义词
impatient (adj.) 不耐烦的
impatience (n.) 不耐烦
注意:-ent/-ant 结尾的形容词变名词时,通常变为 -ence/-ance。
4. entire → entirely 词族:
entire (adj.) 完全的、整个的
↓ + -ly (副词后缀)
entirely (adv.) 完全地 [本课出现]
本课例句:
“an entirely new hobby” (一个全新的爱好)
1.3 重点词汇精讲
1.3.1 receive vs. accept
| 词汇 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| receive | 收到(客观事实,不涉及态度) | I received a letter. 我收到一封信。 |
| accept | 接受(主观意愿,表示同意) | I accepted his offer. 我接受了他的提议。 |
本课使用 receive,强调客观收到信件的事实。
1.3.2 inform 的用法结构
inform sb. of/about sth. 通知某人某事
inform sb. that... 通知某人...
keep sb. informed 随时向某人通报情况
本课结构:informing me that…(现在分词短语作后置定语)
1.3.3 former 的搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| former head-master | 前任校长 |
| former pupils | 往届学生/校友 |
| my former school | 我的母校 |
| in former times | 从前 |
对应词:latter(后者的)
1.3.4 contribute 的用法
contribute to/towards sth. 为...捐款/贡献
contribute to (doing) sth. 有助于...
本课:“those who have contributed towards the gift” (为礼物出资的人)
1.3.5 devote 的用法
devote oneself to (doing) sth. 致力于...
be devoted to (doing) sth. 专心于...
注意:to 是介词,后接名词或动名词。
本课:“he will devote himself to gardening” (他将致力于园艺)
1.3.6 unwillingly 的词义层次
unwillingly (adv.) 不情愿地
↓ 形容词
unwilling (adj.) 不情愿的
↓ 反义词
willing (adj.) 愿意的
↓ 副词
willingly (adv.) 愿意地
本课:“when we went so unwillingly to school” (当我们如此不情愿地去上学时)
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 句号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 1 | 10% | S8 |
| 并列句 | 1 | 10% | S9 |
| 复合句(含从句) | 7 | 70% | S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7 |
| 并列复合句 | 1 | 10% | S10 |
| 总计 | 10 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇引入——收到来信
I have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head-master, Mr Regmald Page, will be retiring next week.
句子结构:主从复合句(含现在分词短语+宾语从句+同位语)
主干:
I │ have just received │ a letter │ from my old school │ [informing...]
主 │ 谓语(现在完成时)│ 宾语 │ 地点状语 │ 现在分词短语作后置定语
现在分词短语(修饰letter):
informing │ me │ [that...]
现在分词 │ 宾 │ 宾语从句
宾语从句:
that │ my former head-master │ will be retiring │ next week
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语(将来进行时)│ 时间状语
同位语:
my former head-master, Mr Regmald Page, ...
└────同位语────┘
成分分析:
1. have just received - 现在完成时,just表示"刚刚"
2. informing me that... - 现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰letter
3. that引导宾语从句,作informing的宾语
4. Mr Regmald Page - 同位语,对head-master的具体说明
5. will be retiring - 将来进行时,表示按计划将要发生的动作
本句涉及语法术语:现在完成时 | 现在分词 | 宾语从句 | 同位语 | 将来进行时
S2: 送礼计划
Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion.
句子结构:简单句(含同位语/形容词短语+不定式目的状语)
主干:
Pupils │ of the school │ will be sending │ him │ a present │ [to mark...]
主语 │ 后置定语 │ 谓语(将来进行时)│ 间接宾│ 直接宾 │ 目的状语
同位语/形容词短语:
Pupils of the school, old and new, ...
└──补充说明──┘
= both old pupils and new pupils
目的状语:
to mark the occasion
不定式表示目的:为了纪念这一时刻
成分分析:
1. Pupils of the school - 主语,of短语作后置定语
2. old and new - 补充说明pupils,相当于定语从句 who are old and new
3. will be sending - 将来进行时,表示将来计划进行的动作
4. him / a present - 双宾语结构(间接宾语+直接宾语)
5. to mark the occasion - 不定式作目的状语
本句涉及语法术语:将来进行时 | 双宾语 | 不定式 | 目的状语
S3: 签名留念——含嵌套定语从句
All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmaster’s home.
句子结构:主从复合句(含定语从句+定语从句嵌套)
主干:
All those │ will sign │ their names │ in a large album │ [which...]
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 地点状语 │ 定语从句
定语从句1(修饰those):
who │ have contributed │ towards the gift
关系代│ 谓语(现在完成时)│ 介词短语
定语从句2(修饰album):
which │ will be sent │ to the headmaster's home
关系代│ 谓语(一般将来时被动)│ 地点状语
成分分析:
1. All those - 主语,those为指示代词指代人
2. who have contributed towards the gift - 限制性定语从句,修饰those
- 关系代词who作主语,不可省略
- have contributed - 现在完成时,表示过去动作对现在的影响
3. will sign - 一般将来时
4. which will be sent... - 限制性定语从句,修饰album
- 关系代词which作主语,不可省略
- will be sent - 一般将来时被动语态
本句涉及语法术语:定语从句 | 现在完成时 | 一般将来时 | 被动语态 | 关系代词
S4: 怀念校长——含多重定语从句和时间状语从句
We shall all remember Mr Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school.
句子结构:主从复合句(含省略关系词的定语从句+时间状语从句)
主干:
We │ shall all remember │ Mr Page │ for his patience... │ and for the kindly encouragement...
主 │ 谓语(一般将来时) │ 宾语 │ 原因状语1 │ 原因状语2(含定从)
定语从句(省略关系词that/which):
(that/which) │ he │ gave │ us
宾语(省略) │ 主 │ 谓 │ 间接宾
时间状语从句:
when │ we │ went │ so unwillingly │ to school
连词 │ 主 │ 谓 │ 方式状语 │ 地点状语
成分分析:
1. shall remember - 一般将来时(shall用于第一人称)
2. for his patience and understanding - 介词for表示原因,"因为..."
3. for the kindly encouragement - 第二个for短语,与第一个并列
4. he gave us - 定语从句修饰encouragement
- 关系代词that/which作gave的直接宾语,被省略
- gave us (encouragement) - 双宾语结构
5. when we went so unwillingly to school - 时间状语从句
- went - 一般过去时,回忆过去的上学经历
- so unwillingly - 方式状语,强调不情愿的程度
本句涉及语法术语:定语从句 | 时间状语从句 | 一般将来时 | 一般过去时 | 原因状语 | 省略关系词
S5: 告别宴会
A great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday.
句子结构:简单句
主干:
A great many former pupils │ will be attending │ a farewell dinner │ in his honour │ next Thursday
主语 │ 谓语(将来进行时) │ 宾语 │ 目的状语 │ 时间状语
成分分析:
1. A great many former pupils - 主语
- a great many = many,修饰可数名词复数
- former pupils = 往届学生/校友
2. will be attending - 将来进行时,表示将来某时正在进行的动作
- 比will attend更强调动作的进行性
3. a farewell dinner - 告别宴会(farewell n. 告别)
4. in his honour = in honour of him - 为了纪念他/向他致敬
5. next Thursday - 时间状语
S6: 核心难点句——将来完成进行时
It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years.
句子结构:主从复合句(含主语从句/同位语从句)
形式主语句型:
It │ is │ a curious coincidence │ [that...]
形主│ 系 │ 表语 │ 真正主语(主语从句)
主语从句:
that │ the day before his retirement │ Mr Page │ will have been teaching │ for a total of forty years
连词 │ 时间状语 │ 主语 │ 谓语(将来完成进行时) │ 时间状语
成分分析:
1. It is a curious coincidence that... - it作形式主语,that从句是真正主语
- 也可以理解为同位语从句,说明coincidence的内容
2. the day before his retirement - 时间状语,"在他退休的前一天"
3. will have been teaching - 【本课核心语法】将来完成进行时
- 结构:will + have + been + 现在分词
- 含义:到将来某个时间点为止,某动作已经持续了一段时间
- 本句:到退休那天,教书这个动作已经持续了40年
4. for a total of forty years - for+时间段,与完成时/完成进行时连用
本句涉及语法术语:将来完成进行时 | 主语从句 | 形式主语 | for引导的时间状语
S7: 退休后的打算
After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening.
句子结构:主从复合句(含时间状语从句)
时间状语从句:
After │ he │ has retired
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语(现在完成时)
主句:
he │ will devote │ himself │ to gardening
主 │ 谓语(一般将来时)│ 宾语 │ 介词短语
成分分析:
1. After he has retired - 时间状语从句
- after引导时间状语从句,表示"在...之后"
- has retired - 现在完成时,表示在将来某个时间点之前完成的动作
- 注意:after从句中用现在完成时表示将来完成的动作(主将从现原则变体)
2. will devote himself to gardening - 一般将来时
- devote oneself to... - 致力于...
- to是介词,后接动名词gardening
本句涉及语法术语:时间状语从句 | 现在完成时 | 一般将来时 | 动名词 | 主将从现
S8: 全新爱好
For him, this will be an entirely new hobby.
句子结构:简单句(主系表结构)
主干:
For him │ this │ will be │ an entirely new hobby
状语 │ 主语 │ 系动词 │ 表语
成分分析:
1. For him - 状语,"对他来说"
2. this - 主语,指代gardening
3. will be - 一般将来时系动词
4. an entirely new hobby - 表语
- entirely (adv.) 修饰形容词new
- entirely new = 全新的
本句涉及语法术语:一般将来时 | 主系表结构 | 副词修饰形容词
S9: 转折过渡
But this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn.
句子结构:并列复合句(含原因状语从句+方式状语从句)
分句1:
But │ this │ does not matter
转折 │ 主语 │ 谓语(否定式)
分句2:
for │ one │ is │ never too old │ to learn
原因连│ 主 │ 系 │ 表语 │ 结果状语
方式状语从句(插入语):
as │ he │ has often remarked
连词│ 主 │ 谓语(现在完成时)
成分分析:
1. But this does not matter - 并列分句1,"但这没关系"
2. for - 并列连词,表示原因(= because,但更正式)
3. as he has often remarked - 方式状语从句,插入主句中间
- as = "正如"
- has often remarked - 现在完成时,表示从过去到现在的反复动作
4. one is never too old to learn - 分句2主句
- one - 泛指代词,"一个人"
- never too...to... - 双重否定结构,"再...也不为过"
- 字面:永远不会太老以至于不能学习
- 意译:活到老学到老
本句涉及语法术语:并列句 | 原因状语从句 | 方式状语从句 | 现在完成时 | too…to结构 | 插入语
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
3.1.1 全文时态分布
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | 4 | have (just) received, have contributed, has retired, has often remarked | 过去动作与现在的关联 |
| 一般将来时 | 3 | will sign, will devote, will be | 将来发生的动作 |
| 将来进行时 | 3 | will be retiring, will be sending, will be attending | 将来进行的动作 |
| 将来完成进行时 | 1 | will have been teaching | 到将来某时持续完成的动作 |
| 一般过去时 | 1 | went | 过去的事实 |
| 一般现在时 | 1 | does not matter | 普遍真理/现状 |
3.1.2 时态时间轴图解
时间轴示意图:
过去 ----------------- 现在 ----------------- 将来 ----------------- 更远的将来
│ │ │ │
│ went to school │ have received │ will be retiring │
│ (不情愿上学) │ (刚收到信) │ (将退休) │
│ │ have contributed │ will be sending │
│ │ (已出资) │ (将送礼) │
│ │ │ will sign │
│ │ │ (将签名) │
│ │ │ will be attending │
│ │ │ (将参加) │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ ▼ │
│ │ │ will have been │
│ │ │ teaching for 40 years│
│ │ │ (将已教满40年) │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ After he has retired │
│ │ │ (退休之后) │
│ │ │ ▼ │
│ │ │ will devote himself │
│ │ │ to gardening │
│ │ │ (将致力于园艺) │
3.2 将来完成进行时重点分析
3.2.1 结构拆解
will have been teaching
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ └── 现在分词(teach的进行态)
│ │ └────────── been(be的过去分词,与have构成完成式)
│ └───────────────── have(助动词,构成完成时态)
└────────────────────── will(情态助动词,表将来)
整体:将来 + 完成 + 进行 = 到将来某时为止,动作已持续进行一段时间
3.2.2 与一般将来时、将来完成时的对比
| 时态 | 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般将来时 | will teach | 将来会教 | He will teach next week. |
| 将来进行时 | will be teaching | 将来正在教 | He will be teaching at 3 pm. |
| 将来完成时 | will have taught | 将来已教完 | He will have taught 40 years by then. |
| 将来完成进行时 | will have been teaching | 将来已持续教了 | He will have been teaching for 40 years. |
3.2.3 使用条件
将来完成进行时使用场景:
- 有明确的将来时间点(by next week, by the end of this year)
- 动作在该时间点前已经开始并持续进行
- 强调动作的持续性
本课条件检查:
- ✓ 明确将来时间点:the day before his retirement
- ✓ 动作在此之前已开始并持续:teaching
- ✓ 强调持续性:for a total of forty years
3.3 定语从句大量使用分析
3.3.1 全文定语从句统计
| 句号 | 先行词 | 关系词 | 从句功能 | 是否可省略 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S3 | those | who | 主语 | ✗ 不可省 |
| S3 | album | which | 主语 | ✗ 不可省 |
| S4 | encouragement | (that/which) | 宾语 | ✓ 已省略 |
| S6 | (整个主语从句) | that | 主语 | ✗ 不可省 |
3.3.2 定语从句的嵌套结构
S3 嵌套结构:
All those [who have contributed towards the gift]
│ │ └──────── 定语从句1(修饰those)────────┘
│ └────── 先行词 ──────┘
└── 主语 ──┘
│
│ will sign their names in a large album [which will be sent to the headmaster's home]
│ │ └─────── 定语从句2(修饰album)────────┘
│ └──── 先行词 ────┘
└──────────────────────────────────────────── 谓语部分 ────────────────────────────────────┘
3.4 同位语的使用
3.4.1 全文同位语统计
| 位置 | 同位语 | 被说明的词 | 类型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | Mr Regmald Page | my former head-master | 专有名词同位语 |
| S2 | old and new | Pupils of the school | 形容词短语作同位语 |
3.4.2 同位语 vs. 定语从句
| 对比项 | 同位语 | 定语从句 |
|---|---|---|
| 功能 | 对名词的具体说明 | 对名词的修饰限制 |
| 标点 | 常用逗号隔开 | 限制性的不用逗号 |
| 能否省略 | 可以,不影响基本意义 | 限制性的不可省 |
| 本课例 | Mr Regmald Page | who have contributed… |
四、本课核心语法点
4.1 现在完成时与just的搭配
4.1.1 just的位置和含义
结构:have/has just + 过去分词
含义:刚刚做完某事(时间极近)
本课例句:
I have just received a letter from my old school...
(我刚收到母校的一封信...)
时间轴:
收到信 ●───────────────────────────────→ 现在
↑ │
just(刚才) │
│
4.1.2 just与其他时间副词对比
| 副词 | 搭配时态 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| just | 现在完成时 | 刚刚 | I have just finished. |
| already | 现在完成时 | 已经 | I have already finished. |
| yet | 现在完成时(否定/疑问) | 还(未) | I haven’t finished yet. |
| ever | 现在完成时 | 曾经 | Have you ever been there? |
| never | 现在完成时 | 从未 | I have never been there. |
4.2 将来完成时的用法
4.2.1 结构回顾
将来完成时:will/shall + have + 过去分词
将来完成进行时:will/shall + have + been + 现在分词
被动形式:
将来完成时被动:will have been + 过去分词
将来完成进行时无被动形式
4.2.2 使用场景
-
到将来某时为止,动作已完成
By next week, I will have finished the work. (到下星期,我将已完成这项工作。)
-
到将来某时为止,动作已持续一段时间(用进行时)
By the end of this year, he will have been working here for 10 years. (到今年年底,他将已在这里工作10年了。)
-
表示对将来某时之前情况的推测
They will have arrived by now. (他们现在应该已经到了。)
4.3 多个定语从句的嵌套使用
4.3.1 嵌套结构模板
[主句] + [定语从句1修饰先行词A] + [定语从句2修饰先行词B]
例句:
All those [who have contributed] will sign in an album [which will be sent].
4.3.2 翻译技巧
嵌套定语从句的中文处理:
英文原文:
All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names
in a large album which will be sent to the headmaster's home.
直译:
所有那些为礼物出资的人将在一本大相册里签上他们的名字,这本相册将被送到校长家中。
意译(更自然):
所有为这份礼物出资的人都将把自己的名字签在一本大相册里,这本相册将被送到校长家中。
4.4 同位语的使用——Mr Regmald Page
4.4.1 同位语的类型
| 类型 | 例句 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 专有名词同位语 | my former head-master, Mr Regmald Page | 用具体人名说明 |
| 名词同位语 | Mr Page will be retiring… | 用姓氏简称 |
| 形容词短语同位语 | Pupils… old and new | 用形容词说明 |
4.4.2 同位语的标点规则
1. 限制性同位语(不用逗号)
- 专有名词同位语通常不用逗号
- 例:my former head-master Mr Regmald Page
2. 非限制性同位语(用逗号)
- 补充说明性质的同位语
- 例:Mr. Smith, our teacher, is kind.
本课用法:
"my former head-master, Mr Regmald Page, will be retiring"
- 用逗号隔开,表示补充说明
- 去掉后句子仍然完整
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 考点映射
| 本课语法点 | 四级考点 | 考查频率 | 真题示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 将来完成进行时 | 时态辨析 | ★★★☆☆ | By the end of next month, he _______ here for 10 years. |
| 现在完成时+just | 时态+副词 | ★★★★☆ | I _______ just _______ (receive) your letter. |
| 定语从句 | 关系词选择 | ★★★★★ | This is the album _______ will be sent to him. |
| 时间状语从句 | 连词辨析 | ★★★★☆ | _______ he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. |
| 同位语从句 | that vs which | ★★★☆☆ | It is a curious coincidence _______ he will retire. |
5.2 四级真题模拟练习
一、单项选择(时态辨析)
-
By the time he _______ next week, he _______ for the company for 30 years. A. retires; will have worked B. will retire; will work C. retires; has worked D. will retire; has worked
答案:A 解析:by the time引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来,主句用将来完成时。
-
I _______ just _______ a letter from my old friend. A. have; received B. had; received C. am; receiving D. /; received
答案:A 解析:just常与现在完成时连用,表示”刚刚”。
二、语法填空(定语从句)
-
All those _______ have contributed towards the gift will sign their names. 答案:who 解析:先行词those指人,关系词在从句中作主语,用who。
-
This is a large album _______ will be sent to the headmaster’s home. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词album指物,关系词在从句中作主语,用which或that。
三、翻译练习
-
请将以下句子翻译成英文: “到他退休的那一天,他将已经在这个岗位上工作了四十年。”
参考答案: By the day of his retirement, he will have been working in this position for forty years.
5.3 写作句型积累
1. 表达”某人刚刚…”
I have just received a letter from… (我刚收到…的来信)
2. 表达”纪念某个时刻”
…to mark the occasion (以纪念这一时刻)
3. 表达”某人将致力于…”
…will devote himself to (doing) sth. (某人将致力于…)
4. 表达”活到老学到老”
One is never too old to learn. (活到老学到老)
5. 表达”到某时为止已经持续多久”
By…, sb. will have been doing sth. for… (到某时,某人将已经做某事多久了)
六、全文逻辑梳理
6.1 文章结构图
第85课:Never too old to learn(活到老学到老)
│
├─ 第一段:退休消息
│ ├─ S1: 收到来信 → 得知校长将退休
│ ├─ S2: 学生计划送礼
│ └─ S3: 签名留念的安排
│
├─ 第二段:回忆与告别
│ ├─ S4: 回忆校长的品质(耐心、理解、鼓励)
│ ├─ S5: 告别宴会安排
│ └─ S6: 【核心句】执教40年的巧合
│
└─ 第三段:退休生活与人生哲理
├─ S7: 退休后致力于园艺
├─ S8: 全新爱好
└─ S9: 点题——活到老学到老
6.2 语法难点分布
难句难度梯度:
│
│ ★★★★★ S6: 将来完成进行时 + 主语从句
│ ★★★★☆ S4: 多重定语从句 + 时间状语从句
│ ★★★★☆ S1: 现在分词短语 + 宾语从句 + 同位语
│ ★★★☆☆ S3: 嵌套定语从句
│ ★★★☆☆ S9: 并列句 + 插入语 + 方式状语从句
│ ★★☆☆☆ S7: 时间状语从句
│ ★★☆☆☆ S2: 将来进行时 + 目的状语
│ ★★☆☆☆ S5: 将来进行时 + 介词短语
│ ★☆☆☆☆ S8: 简单句
│
└────────────────────────────────────
七、长难句专项突破
7.1 最难句精析(S4)
We shall all remember Mr Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school.
分层解析:
第1层:主句
We shall all remember Mr Page for his patience and understanding
│ │ │ │ │ └──── 原因1 ────┘
│ │ │ │ └──── 并列连词 ────┘
│ │ │ └──── 介词for表原因
│ │ └──── 宾语
│ └──── 谓语(将来时)
└──── 主语
第2层:并列原因
and for the kindly encouragement [he gave us] [when...]
│ │ └──── 定语从句 ────┘ └─ 状从─┘
│ └──── 原因2(核心名词)
└──── 并列连词
第3层:定语从句(省略that/which)
(he gave us the encouragement)
│ │ │
│ │ └──── 间接宾语
│ └──── 谓语
└──── 主语
第4层:时间状语从句
when we went so unwillingly to school
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └──── 地点状语
│ │ │ └──── 方式状语
│ │ └──── 谓语(过去时)
│ └──── 主语
└──── 连词
翻译步骤:
- 先译主干:我们都会记住佩奇先生
- 再译原因:因为他的耐心和理解
- 补充第二个原因:以及亲切的鼓励
- 添加定语从句:他给予我们的
- 添加时间状语从句:当我们不情愿地去上学时
7.2 核心句精析(S6)
It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years.
语法要点:
1. 形式主语句型
It is... that...
it = 形式主语,无实际意义
that从句 = 真正主语
2. 将来完成进行时
will have been teaching
= 到将来某时为止,动作已持续进行
3. 时间表达
the day before his retirement
= 在他退休的前一天(明确时间点)
for a total of forty years
= 总共四十年(持续时间)
本课涉及的语法术语
现在完成时 | 现在分词 | 宾语从句 | 同位语 | 将来进行时 | 双宾语 | 不定式 | 目的状语 | 定语从句 | 一般将来时 | 被动语态 | 关系代词 | 时间状语从句 | 一般过去时 | 原因状语 | 省略关系词 | 将来完成进行时 | 主语从句 | 形式主语 | for引导的时间状语 | 主将从现 | 动名词 | 主系表结构 | 副词修饰形容词 | 并列句 | 原因状语从句 | 方式状语从句 | too…to结构 | 插入语 | 介词短语 | 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句
文档版本:v1.0
编写日期:2026-04-02
适用对象:新概念英语第二册学习者、大学英语四级备考者
建议学习时间:60-90分钟(精读+练习)