语法速查表 (Quick Reference)
一页纸快速查阅核心语法点。
📊 时态速查表
| 时态 | 结构 | 标志词 | 例句 |
|---|
| 一般现在时 | do/does | every day, usually, often | I work every day. |
| 一般过去时 | did | yesterday, last week, ago | I worked yesterday. |
| 一般将来时 | will do / be going to | tomorrow, next week | I will work tomorrow. |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are doing | now, at the moment | I am working now. |
| 过去进行时 | was/were doing | at 8 o’clock yesterday | I was working at 8. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has done | already, yet, since, for | I have worked here for 5 years. |
| 过去完成时 | had done | before, by the time | I had finished before he came. |
时态对比
过去完成时 → 一般过去时 → 现在
had done → did → do
(先) (后) (现在)
📋 从句速查表
定语从句
| 先行词 | 关系词 | 例句 |
|---|
| 人（主格） | who/that | The man who/that came… |
| 人（宾格） | whom/who/that/省略 | The man (whom) I met… |
| 物 | which/that | The book which/that I bought… |
| 所有格 | whose | The boy whose father… |
状语从句
| 类型 | 连接词 | 例句 |
|---|
| 时间 | when, while, before, after, as soon as | When he came, I left. |
| 原因 | because, since, as, for | Because it rained, I stayed. |
| 条件 | if, unless, as long as | If it rains, I won’t go. |
| 让步 | although, though, even though | Although tired, he worked. |
| 结果 | so…that, such…that | So tired that I slept. |
| 目的 | so that, in order that | I came so that I could help. |
名词性从句
| 类型 | 连接词 | 例句 |
|---|
| 主语从句 | that/what/whether | What he said is true. |
| 宾语从句 | that/what/if/whether | I know that he is right. |
| 表语从句 | that/what/whether | The problem is that we have no time. |
| 同位语从句 | that (不可省略) | The news that he won surprised us. |
🔄 语态转换速查
| 时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|
| 一般现在时 | do | am/is/are done |
| 一般过去时 | did | was/were done |
| 一般将来时 | will do | will be done |
| 现在进行时 | am doing | am being done |
| 现在完成时 | have done | have been done |
| 过去完成时 | had done | had been done |
被动结构：be + 过去分词 (+ by + 执行者)
💭 虚拟语气速查
与现在事实相反
| 从句 | 主句 |
|---|
| If + 过去式 (were) | would/should/could/might + do |
| If I were you | I would go. |
与过去事实相反
| 从句 | 主句 |
|---|
| If + had done | would/should/could/might + have done |
| If I had known | I would have told you. |
省略if的倒装
- Were I you (= If I were you)
- Had I known (= If I had known)
⚡ 情态动词完成式速查
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|
| must have done | 一定做过（推测） | He must have been tired. |
| can’t have done | 不可能做过 | He can’t have seen us. |
| should have done | 本该做（未做） | You should have told me. |
| shouldn’t have done | 本不该做（做了） | You shouldn’t have eaten it. |
| needn’t have done | 本不必做（做了） | I needn’t have worried. |
| could have done | 本可以做（未做） | You could have helped me. |
📝 五大基本句型速查
| 句型 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|
| 句型1 | S + V | He sleeps. |
| 句型2 | S + V + C | He is a teacher. |
| 句型3 | S + V + O | He bought a book. |
| 句型4 | S + V + IO + DO | He gave me a book. |
| 句型5 | S + V + O + C | He made me happy. |
🔗 连接词速查表
逻辑关系分类
| 关系 | 连接词 |
|---|
| 添加 | and, also, besides, in addition, furthermore |
| 转折 | but, however, although, though, yet |
| 因果 | because, since, so, therefore, thus, as a result |
| 时间 | when, before, after, while, meanwhile |
| 条件 | if, unless, as long as, provided that |
| 举例 | for example, for instance, such as |
| 总结 | in conclusion, to sum up, in short |
⚠️ 常见错误速查表
| ❌ 错误 | ✅ 正确 | 说明 |
|---|
| I very like it. | I like it very much. | very修饰动词用法错误 |
| He is difficult to finish. | It is difficult for him to finish. | 形式主语错误 |
| I married with him. | I married him. / I am married to him. | 介词错误 |
| Because it rained, so I stayed. | Because it rained, I stayed. / It rained, so I stayed. | because和so不能同时使用 |
| There are many students in the classroom, they are studying. | There are many students who are studying… / …classroom**. They** are… | 逗号粘连 |
| He must have been at home yesterday, isn’t he? | …, wasn’t he? | 反义疑问句时态错误 |
| I don’t think he will come, will he? | …, will he? | 否定转移的反义疑问 |
📐 句子成分符号速查
| 符号 | 含义 | 英文 |
|---|
| S | 主语 | Subject |
| V | 谓语 | Verb |
| O | 宾语 | Object |
| IO | 间接宾语 | Indirect Object |
| DO | 直接宾语 | Direct Object |
| C | 补语/表语 | Complement |
| OC | 宾语补足语 | Object Complement |
| A | 状语 | Adverbial |
| Att. | 定语 | Attributive |
| P | 表语 | Predicative |
🎓 四级考点频率速查
| 语法点 | 频率 | 难度 |
|---|
| 时态（完成时） | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 中 |
| 被动语态 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 中 |
| 定语从句 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 中 |
| 状语从句 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 中 |
| 名词性从句 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 中 |
| 虚拟语气 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 高 |
| 情态动词 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 中 |
| 非谓语动词 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 高 |
| 倒装 | ⭐⭐⭐ | 高 |
| 强调 | ⭐⭐⭐ | 中 |
| 主谓一致 | ⭐⭐⭐ | 低 |
💡 快速记忆口诀
时态口诀
一般现在常规律，一般过去过去事
现在进行正在做，现在完成已完成
过去进行过去正，过去完成过去的过去
从句口诀
定从修饰名，状从修饰动
名从当名用，主宾表同位
虚拟语气口诀
虚拟语气退一步，现在过去用did
过去过去用had done，将来同现在
本速查表建议打印保存，随时查阅
完整解释请查看对应术语文件