第11课 One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来 — 语法深度分析
课号：第11课（共96课）
标题：One good turn deserves another（礼尚往来）
核心语法重点：过去进行时与一般过去时的对比、时间状语从句
难度等级：★★★（四级基础）
课文原文
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in a lawyer’s office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Harry saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me £2. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. ‘I have never borrowed any money from you,’ Harry said, ‘so now you can pay for my dinner!’
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 音标 | 词性 | 本课含义 | 词形变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| turn | /tɜːn/ | n./v. | 行为；帮助 | turns (三单), turned (过去式) |
| deserve | /dɪˈzɜːv/ | v. | 值得；应得 | deserves (三单), deserved (过去式) |
| restaurant | /ˈrestrɒnt/ | n. | 餐馆；饭店 | restaurants (复数) |
| lawyer | /ˈlɔːjə(r)/ | n. | 律师 | lawyers (复数) |
| salary | /ˈsæləri/ | n. | 薪水 | salaries (复数) |
| borrow | /ˈbɒrəʊ/ | v. | 借入 | borrows (三单), borrowed (过去式) |
| lend | /lend/ | v. | 借出 | lends (三单), lent (过去式/过去分词) |
| immediately | /ɪˈmiːdiətli/ | adv. | 立刻；立即 | immediate (adj.) |
1.2 词形变化要点
1.2.1 动词不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 本课出现 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lend | lent | lent | lending | lend me £2 |
| get | got | got/gotten | getting | gets a good salary |
| pay | paid | paid | paying | pays it back |
| see | saw | seen | seeing | saw me |
| sit | sat | sat | sitting | sat at the same table |
| eat | ate | eaten | eating | was eating |
| give | gave | given | giving | gave me the money |
1.2.2 易混淆词对：borrow vs lend
borrow (借入) → 从别人那里借到自己这里
结构：borrow sth. from sb.
例句：He always borrows money from his friends.
lend (借出) → 从自己这里借给别人
结构：lend sb. sth. / lend sth. to sb.
例句：I asked him to lend me £2.
记忆口诀：borrow来，lend去；borrow进，lend出。
1.2.3 派生词族
law词族：
law (n.) 法律 → lawyer (n.) 律师
↓
lawful (adj.) 合法的
↓
unlawful (adj.) 非法的
immediate词族：
immediate (adj.) 立刻的 → immediately (adv.) 立刻地
↓
mediate (v.) 调解
↓
medium (n.) 媒介
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 3 | 30% | S3后半, S5, S7 |
| 并列句 | 2 | 20% | S2, S3 |
| 复合句（含从句） | 5 | 50% | S1, S4, S6, S8, S9 |
| 总计 | 10 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 过去进行时+when结构开篇
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in.
句子成分分析:
- 谓语: was having (过去进行时，表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作)
- 状语: at a restaurant (地点状语，介词短语)
- [状语从句]: when Harry Steele came in (时间状语从句，when引导)
- 从句主语: Harry Steele
- 从句谓语: came in (动词短语)
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + Vt + O
- 句子类型: 复合句
语法要点:
“was/were doing… when… did” 是本课核心结构，表示”正在做某事，这时（突然）另一件事发生”。
S2: 一般过去时与现在进行时对比
Harry worked in a lawyer’s office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.
句子成分分析:
- [第一分句]:
- 状语: in a lawyer’s office (地点状语), years ago (时间状语)
- [第二分句]:
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + Vi + Adv.
- 句子类型: 并列句
语法要点:
worked (过去时) vs is working (现在进行时) 的对比，体现时间的跨度——从过去到现在的职业变化。
S3: 转折并列句
He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.
句子成分分析:
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + Vt + O + Adv.
- 句子类型: 并列句
语法要点:
“pay back” 是短语动词，意为”归还”。it为代词，作pay back的宾语，因pay back是”动词+副词”结构，代词必须放中间。
S4: 连续动作的并列谓语
Harry saw me and came and sat at the same table.
句子成分分析:
- 状语: at the same table (地点状语)
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + O; S + Vi + Adv.
- 句子类型: 简单句 (三个动词并列作谓语)
语法要点:
三个连续动作的并列谓语，体现动作的连贯性：看到→走过来→坐下。
S5: 现在完成时
He has never borrowed money from me.
句子成分分析:
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + Vt + O
- 句子类型: 简单句
语法要点:
现在完成时”has borrowed”表示从过去到现在为止的动作或状态，never加强否定语气。
S6: While引导的时间状语从句
While he was eating, I asked him to lend me £2.
句子成分分析:
- [状语从句]: While he was eating (时间状语从句，while引导)
- 从句引导词: While (当……时候，强调同时性)
- 从句主语: he
- 从句谓语: was eating (过去进行时)
- [宾语补足语]: to lend me £2 (不定式作宾补)
- 不定式逻辑主语: him
- 不定式动词: lend
- 间接宾语: me
- 直接宾语: £2
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + Vt + O + O.C.
- 句子类型: 复合句
语法要点:
“ask sb. to do sth.” 是双宾语结构的变体，其中不定式作宾语补足语。while强调两个动作同时进行。
S7: To one’s surprise结构
To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately.
句子成分分析:
- [插入语/评注性状语]: To my surprise (令我惊讶的是)
- [直接宾语]: the money
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + Vt + IO + DO (主谓双宾结构)
- 句子类型: 简单句
语法要点:
“to one’s + 情感名词” 是固定结构，表示”令某人……的是”。give sb. sth. 是双宾语结构。
S8: 直接引语（现在完成时）
‘I have never borrowed any money from you,’ Harry said, ‘so now you can pay for my dinner!’
句子成分分析:
- [直接引语1]:
- [主句谓语]: Harry said
- [直接引语2]:
句型判定:
- 基本句型: 复合句 (包含直接引语)
- 句子类型: 复合句
语法要点:
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | 5次 | Harry worked…, Harry saw me… | 叙述过去事件 |
| 过去进行时 | 2次 | I was having dinner…, he was eating | 描述背景动作 |
| 现在进行时 | 1次 | he is now working at a bank | 表示当前正在进行的动作 |
| 一般现在时 | 2次 | He gets a good salary…, he always borrows… | 表示习惯、常态 |
| 现在完成时 | 2次 | He has never borrowed…, I have never borrowed… | 过去与现在的联系 |
3.2 语态分析
| 语态 | 数量 | 例句 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主动语态 | 10句 | 全文均为主动语态 | 强调执行者，叙述者的主观视角 |
| 被动语态 | 0句 | — | — |
3.3 状语从句分析
| 从句类型 | 引导词 | 例句 | 语用功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 时间状语从句 | when | …when Harry Steele came in | 表示一个动作发生时另一动作正在进行 |
| 时间状语从句 | while | While he was eating… | 强调两个动作同时进行 |
| 结果状语从句 | so | so now you can pay… | 表示因果关系中的结果 |
四、本课语法重点总结
4.1 核心语法点
重点1：过去进行时 + when 结构
结构公式：
was/were doing... when... did
（正在做某事，这时突然发生了另一件事）
本课例句：
“I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in.”
使用场景：
- 描述过去某个时刻正在进行的动作被打断
- 强调两个动作的先后关系和意外性
- when引导的从句谓语通常用短暂性动词
重点2：While引导的时间状语从句
结构公式：
While + 主语 + was/were doing, 主语 + did
（当……正在做某事时，……做了某事）
本课例句：
“While he was eating, I asked him to lend me £2.”
与when的区别：
| 连词 | 强调 | 从句动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | 动作的先后/打断 | 短暂性/持续性均可 | when Harry came in |
| while | 动作的并同时进行 | 持续性动词 | while he was eating |
重点3：现在完成时的用法
本课例句：
“He has never borrowed money from me.” “I have never borrowed any money from you.”
语法功能：
- 表示从过去到现在的时间段内从未发生的动作
- never加强否定语气，强调”从未”的意思
- 与just, already, yet等时间状语连用时含义不同
4.2 难句解析
难句: “While he was eating, I asked him to lend me £2.”
结构拆解:
While he was eating, [时间状语从句：当他正在吃饭时]
↓
I asked him to lend me £2. [主句：我请他借给我2英镑]
↓
ask [谓语动词]
↓
him [宾语：他]
↓
to lend me £2 [宾语补足语：不定式]
语法难点:
- while引导时间状语从句，强调”同时进行”
- ask sb. to do sth. 结构中，不定式作宾补
- lend sb. sth. 双宾语结构中，me是间接宾语，£2是直接宾语
4.3 语法图谱
Lesson 11 语法结构图谱
═══════════════════════════════════════════
时态系统
├── 过去时态
│ ├── 一般过去时（叙述主要事件）
│ │ ├── worked, came, sat, saw, asked, gave
│ │ └── 功能：叙述过去发生的事件
│ └── 过去进行时（描述背景动作）
│ ├── was having, was eating
│ └── 功能：描述过去某时刻正在进行的动作
│
├── 现在时态
│ ├── 一般现在时（描述习惯/常态）
│ │ ├── gets, borrows, pays
│ │ └── 功能：描述Harry的习惯性行为
│ ├── 现在进行时（描述当前动作）
│ │ ├── is working
│ │ └── 功能：描述当前的职业状态
│ └── 现在完成时（过去与现在的联系）
│ ├── has borrowed, have borrowed
│ └── 功能：强调从过去到现在的经历
│
状语从句
├── when引导（表示打断/先后）
│ └── was having... when... came in
├── while引导（表示同时进行）
│ └── While he was eating...
└── so引导（表示结果）
└── so now you can pay...
特殊结构
├── to one's surprise（评注性状语）
├── ask sb. to do sth.（不定式作宾补）
├── pay back（短语动词）
├── pay for（短语动词）
└── borrow from / lend to（介词搭配）
五、与四级考试的关联
| 语法点 | 四级考点 | 真题例句/考查方式 |
|---|---|---|
| 过去进行时+when | 时态辨析 | ”I was walking in the park when it began to rain.” (听力对话) |
| while引导时间状语从句 | 连词辨析 | While/When/As选择题，考查主从句时态配合 |
| 现在完成时 | 时态选择 | 与过去时、完成进行时的辨析题 |
| 短语动词 | 词汇题 | pay back, pay for, pay off的辨析 |
| 双宾语结构 | 句子改写 | give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb.的转换 |
四级真题链接示例
**【真题改编】**时态辨析题
I ______ dinner when the telephone rang. A. have B. had C. was having D. am having
答案：C (was having) 解析：考查”was/were doing… when… did”结构，表示”正在做某事时突然被打断”。
分析完成时间: 2026-04-02
课号: Lesson 11
文本长度: 约120词/10句
本课涉及的语法术语
本课语法分析涉及以下术语：