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第51课 Reward for virtue 对美德的奖赏 — 词汇精讲


一、基础数据统计

1.1 词频统计

统计项目数值
总词数 (Tokens)165
类符数 (Types)94
型次比 (TTR)56.97%
词汇密度52.1%
平均词长4.2 字母
句子数12
平均句长13.8 词

1.2 词汇分布

难度等级词汇数量占比示例
K1 (最常用1000词)7882.98%friend, fat, diet, list, food, visit, room, desk
K2 (次常用1001-2000词)1212.77%forbid, include, embarrass, obvious, reward, contain
K3 (学术词汇/低频词)44.26%virtue, parcel, guiltily, occasionally
课外词汇00%-

词汇难度评级:★★☆☆☆ (初级)


二、核心词汇精讲(12个)

1. go on a diet 节食,开始节食

词性与构成:动词短语 (phrasal verb)

语境释义:为了健康或减肥而限制饮食,减少食物摄入量

课文语境

“…he decided to go on a diet.” (他决定开始节食。)

语义辨析

表达含义例句
go on a diet开始节食(强调行动的开始)I’m going on a diet next week.
be on a diet在节食中(强调状态)She’s been on a diet for two months.
put sb on a diet让某人节食The doctor put him on a strict diet.

搭配与用法

  • go on a strict diet 进行严格的节食
  • go on a crash diet 进行快速节食
  • be supposed to be on a diet 本应该在节食

例句拓展

  1. After the holiday, she decided to go on a diet to lose the extra pounds. (假期后,她决定节食减掉多余的体重。)
  2. You don’t need to go on a diet; you just need to eat more healthily. (你不需要节食,只需要吃得更健康。)

记忆技巧:diet 源自希腊语 diaita,意为”生活方式”。go on 表示”开始(某种活动)“,如 go on strike(开始罢工)、go on a trip(开始旅行)。


2. write out 写出,开出(清单)

词性与构成:动词短语 (phrasal verb)

语境释义:完整写出、誊写;开出(清单、处方等)

课文语境

“First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.” (首先,他列出了一份长长的禁食清单。)

语义辨析

表达含义例句
write out完整写出、正式写出Write out your name in full.
write down写下、记下(快速记录)Write down your ideas.
write up详细写出、撰写She wrote up her travel notes.

搭配与用法

  • write out a list 列出清单
  • write out a prescription 开处方
  • write out a report 撰写报告
  • write sth out in full 完整写出

例句拓展

  1. The teacher asked us to write out the essay again without any mistakes. (老师让我们把文章重新写一遍,不要有任何错误。)
  2. He wrote out a check for $500. (他开了一张500美元的支票。)

易错提示:write out 强调”完整、正式地写出”,而 write down 仅强调”记录下来”。


3. forbidden /fəˈbɪdn/ adj. 被禁止的

词性与构成:动词 forbid 的过去分词作形容词

语境释义:不被允许的,禁止食用的

课文语境

“…a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.” (所有被禁止食用的食物的长清单)

词族关联

forbid (v.) 禁止 → forbade (过去式) / forbad → forbidden (过去分词/形容词)
  ↓
forbiddance (n.) 禁止(正式)
  ↓
forbiddenly (adv.) 禁忌地(罕见)

搭配与用法

  • be strictly forbidden 被严格禁止
  • forbidden fruit 禁果(源自圣经,比喻禁忌的快乐)
  • Smoking forbidden 禁止吸烟(标识用语)
  • Entry forbidden 禁止入内

语法要点

  • forbid + 名词/动名词:The rules forbid smoking.(规定禁止吸烟。)
  • forbid + sb + to do:Her father forbade her to marry him.(她父亲禁止她嫁给他。)

例句拓展

  1. This area is forbidden to unauthorized personnel. (这个区域禁止未授权人员进入。)
  2. There’s something exciting about doing what is forbidden. (做被禁止的事总让人感到某种刺激。)

文化注释:Forbidden City(紫禁城/故宫)是北京著名景点,因古代禁止平民进入而得名。


4. pay a visit 拜访,访问

词性与构成:动词短语 (idiom)

语境释义:去某地看望某人,进行短暂的访问

课文语境

“Yesterday I paid him a visit.” (昨天我去拜访了他。)

语义辨析

表达含义正式程度例句
pay a visit拜访(较正式)★★★☆☆I paid a visit to my old teacher.
visit拜访(通用)★★☆☆☆I visited my grandmother.
call on拜访(正式)★★★★☆I called on the ambassador.
drop by/in顺便拜访(口语)★☆☆☆☆I’ll drop by after work.
pop in突然来访(英式口语)★☆☆☆☆Pop in for a cup of tea!

搭配与用法

  • pay sb a visit / pay a visit to sb 拜访某人
  • pay a brief/short visit 短暂拜访
  • pay a courtesy visit 礼节性拜访
  • pay a return visit 回访

例句拓展

  1. The president paid a state visit to China last month. (总统上个月对中国进行了国事访问。)
  2. If you’re ever in London, do pay us a visit. (如果你来伦敦,一定要来看我们。)

记忆技巧:pay 在这里表示”进行、作出”,类似用法有 pay attention(注意)、pay respect(表示尊敬)。


5. as…as ever 像往常一样,依然

词性与构成:比较结构习语 (idiom)

语境释义:和以往任何时候一样,表示状态没有改变

课文语境

“…Herbert was still as fat as ever.” (赫伯特仍然像往常一样胖。)

结构分析

as + 形容词/副词 + as ever
和以往一样...

常见搭配

  • as busy as ever 像往常一样忙碌
  • as cheerful as ever 像往常一样愉快
  • as strong as ever 依然强壮
  • as popular as ever 依然受欢迎

例句拓展

  1. After all these years, she is as beautiful as ever. (这么多年过去了,她依然美丽如初。)
  2. The old town remains as charming as ever. (这座老城依然魅力不减。)

对比结构

  • as…as usual 像往常一样
  • as…as before 和之前一样
  • not as…as 不如…

6. hurriedly /ˈhʌrɪdlɪ/ adv. 匆忙地,急忙地

词性与构成:形容词 hurried + 副词后缀 -ly

语境释义:快速地、仓促地,因时间紧迫而行动匆忙

课文语境

“He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk.” (他把我领进房间,然后匆忙地把一个大包裹藏在书桌下。)

词族关联

hurry (v./n.) 匆忙,急忙
  ↓
hurried (adj.) 匆忙的,仓促的
  ↓
hurriedly (adv.) 匆忙地

近义辨析

副词含义侧重例句
hurriedly因时间不够而匆忙She ate hurriedly and left.
hastily仓促、草率He made a hastily decision.
quickly速度快Please reply quickly.
rapidly快速(客观描述)The situation changed rapidly.

搭配与用法

  • act/work hurriedly 匆忙行动/工作
  • leave hurriedly 匆忙离开
  • dress/eat hurriedly 匆忙穿衣/吃饭

例句拓展

  1. She hurriedly gathered her belongings and rushed to the station. (她匆忙收拾好东西,赶往车站。)
  2. The letter was hurriedly written and full of mistakes. (这封信写得匆忙,满是错误。)

反义表达:slowly, leisurely, unhurriedly


7. embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/ adj. 尴尬的,窘迫的

词性与构成:动词 embarrass 的过去分词作形容词

语境释义:因尴尬或难堪而感到不自在、不好意思

课文语境

“It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.” (很明显,他感到非常尴尬。)

词族关联

embarrass (v.) 使尴尬,使窘迫
  ↓
embarrassed (adj.) 感到尴尬的(人作主语)
  ↓
embarrassing (adj.) 令人尴尬的(物/事作主语)
  ↓
embarrassment (n.) 尴尬,难堪

核心区分

  • embarrassed = 感到尴尬的(主语是人)
    • I was embarrassed by my mistake.
  • embarrassing = 令人尴尬的(主语是事物)
    • It was an embarrassing situation.

搭配与用法

  • be/feel/look embarrassed 感到/显得尴尬
  • be embarrassed about/by 因…而尴尬
  • be embarrassed to do 不好意思做…
  • to one’s embarrassment 令某人尴尬的是

例句拓展

  1. She was embarrassed to admit that she had forgotten his name. (她不好意思承认自己忘了他的名字。)
  2. To my embarrassment, I realized I was wearing mismatched shoes. (令我尴尬的是,我发现自己穿错了鞋。)
  3. He turned red with embarrassment when everyone laughed at his joke. (当大家嘲笑他的笑话时,他尴尬得脸红了。)

文化注释:在西方文化中,embarrassment 常与 blush(脸红)相关联,是表达尴尬的典型生理反应。


8. guiltily /ˈɡɪltɪli/ adv. 内疚地,心虚地

词性与构成:形容词 guilty + 副词后缀 -ly

语境释义:因做错事或有错而感到内疚地

课文语境

“…he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk.” (他内疚地笑了笑,然后把包裹放在书桌上。)

词族关联

guilt (n.) 内疚,罪行
  ↓
guilty (adj.) 内疚的,有罪的
  ↓
guiltily (adv.) 内疚地
  ↓
guiltiness (n.) 有罪,内疚(罕见)

语义网络

guiltily(内疚地)
    ├── ashamedly(羞愧地)← 因违背道德标准
    ├── sheepishly(羞怯地)← 因不好意思
    └── apologetically(抱歉地)← 因歉意

搭配与用法

  • smile/laugh guiltily 内疚地微笑/笑
  • look at sb guiltily 内疚地看着某人
  • admit sth guiltily 内疚地承认某事
  • plead guiltily 认罪(法律用语)

例句拓展

  1. He guiltily confessed that he had eaten the last piece of cake. (他内疚地承认吃了最后一块蛋糕。)
  2. She looked at her mother guiltily, knowing she had lied. (她内疚地看着母亲,知道自己撒了谎。)

反义表达:innocently, shamelessly, unashamedly


9. strict /strɪkt/ adj. 严格的,严厉的

词性与构成:基础形容词

语境释义:严格遵守规则或标准的,不容违反的

课文语境

“He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally.” (他解释说他的节食太严格了,以至于他不得不偶尔奖励自己。)

词族关联

strict (adj.) 严格的
  ↓
strictly (adv.) 严格地
  ↓
strictness (n.) 严格

多义辨析

含义解释例句
严格的(规则)必须严格遵守的strict rules/regulations
严厉的(人)要求高、不宽容的a strict teacher/parent
严谨的(定义)精确的、狭义的the strict meaning
完全的(保密)绝对的in strict confidence

搭配与用法

  • be strict with sb 对某人严格
  • be strict about sth 对某事严格
  • a strict diet/schedule 严格的节食/日程
  • strictly speaking 严格地说(插入语)

例句拓展

  1. My parents were very strict with me when I was young. (我小时候父母对我很严格。)
  2. The school has strict rules about uniforms. (学校对校服有严格的规定。)
  3. Strictly speaking, tomatoes are fruits, not vegetables. (严格来说,西红柿是水果,不是蔬菜。)

近义辨析

  • strict = 强调规则必须遵守,不容变通
  • severe = 强调严厉、苛刻
  • rigorous = 强调严谨、严密

10. reward /rɪˈwɔːd/ v./n. 奖励,奖赏;回报

词性与构成:可作动词或名词

语境释义:因做了某事(尤指好事)而给予回报或报酬

课文语境

“…he had to reward himself occasionally.” (他不得不偶尔奖励自己。)

词族关联

reward (v./n.) 奖励,回报
  ↓
rewarding (adj.) 有回报的,值得的
  ↓
rewardless (adj.) 无报酬的(罕见)

动词用法

  • reward sb for sth 因某事奖励某人
  • reward sb with sth 用某物奖励某人

名词用法

  • as a reward for 作为…的奖励
  • financial/material reward 经济/物质奖励
  • the rewards of …的回报

近义辨析

词汇含义侧重例句
reward因好行为给予奖励reward good behavior
award正式授予奖项、荣誉award a prize/medal
prize竞赛中赢得的奖品win a prize
bonus额外的奖金、红利year-end bonus

例句拓展

  1. Hard work usually brings its own rewards. (努力工作通常自有回报。)
  2. The police are offering a reward for information about the robbery. (警方为提供抢劫案线索的人提供悬赏。)
  3. Teaching can be a very rewarding career. (教书是一份很有回报的职业。)

文化注释:课文标题 “Reward for virtue” 是讽刺用法——Herbert 把”违反节食”当作对自己”坚持节食”的”奖励”,体现了英式幽默。


11. occasionally /əˈkeɪʒnəli/ adv. 偶尔,间或

词性与构成:名词 occasion + 形容词后缀 -al + 副词后缀 -ly

语境释义:不时地,不是经常地,偶尔发生

课文语境

“…he had to reward himself occasionally.” (他不得不偶尔奖励自己。)

词族关联

occasion (n.) 场合,时机
  ↓
occasional (adj.) 偶尔的,间或发生的
  ↓
occasionally (adv.) 偶尔地

近义辨析

副词频率含义
always100%总是
usually80%通常
often/frequently60%经常
sometimes40%有时
occasionally20%偶尔
rarely/seldom5%很少
never0%从不

搭配与用法

  • do sth occasionally 偶尔做某事
  • only occasionally 只是偶尔
  • quite occasionally 相当频繁地(英式)

例句拓展

  1. I don’t drink coffee regularly—only occasionally. (我不常喝咖啡——只是偶尔喝。)
  2. We meet up occasionally for lunch. (我们偶尔聚在一起吃午饭。)
  3. Occasionally, something happens that changes your life completely. (偶尔会发生一些彻底改变你生活的事情。)

易错提示:occasionally 表示频率低但确实发生,不要与 accidentally(意外地)混淆。


12. contain /kənˈteɪn/ v. 包含,容纳

词性与构成:动词,源自拉丁语 continere(保持在一起)

语境释义:内部含有、装有某物

课文语境

“It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!” (里面装有五大块巧克力和三袋糖果!)

词族关联

contain (v.) 包含,容纳
  ↓
container (n.) 容器
  ↓
containment (n.) 控制,遏制

多义辨析

含义解释例句
包含内部有某物The box contains old letters.
容纳能装下This bottle contains two liters.
控制抑制感情She could hardly contain her anger.
遏制阻止蔓延efforts to contain the fire

搭配与用法

  • contain + 具体物品 包含某物
  • be contained in/within 被包含在…中
  • contain oneself 自制,控制情绪

近义辨析

词汇用法区别例句
contain内部含有整体组成部分The drink contains sugar.
include整体中的一部分The price includes tax.
involve涉及、需要参与The job involves travel.
consist of由…组成(整体到部分)Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

例句拓展

  1. This food contains no artificial colors or flavors. (这种食品不含人工色素或香料。)
  2. I could barely contain my excitement when I heard the news. (听到这个消息时,我几乎无法抑制自己的兴奋。)
  3. The area was sealed off to contain the spread of the virus. (该区域被封锁以遏制病毒的传播。)

三、搭配与语块精讲

3.1 核心短语动词

短语含义例句
go on开始(节食/罢工/旅行等)go on a diet / go on strike
write out完整写出write out a list / write out a prescription
pay a visit拜访pay sb a visit / pay a visit to sb
put on放置;穿上;上演put the parcel on the desk

3.2 固定搭配

搭配含义课文例句
First of all首先First of all, he wrote out a long list…
as…as ever像往常一样Herbert was still as fat as ever.
so…that…如此…以至于…His diet was so strict that he had to…
under the desk在书桌下hid a large parcel under his desk

3.3 语块积累

饮食主题语块

go on a diet 开始节食
be on a diet 在节食中
a strict diet 严格的节食
forbidden foods 禁食
eat sweets 吃糖果

情感表达语块

be embarrassed 感到尴尬
feel guilty 感到内疚
smile guiltily 内疚地笑
be obvious that... 很明显...
reward oneself 奖励自己

叙事语块

pay sb a visit 拜访某人
ring the bell 按门铃
lead sb into... 带领某人进入...
hide sth under... 把某物藏在...下面

四、语义场分析

4.1 饮食/减肥主题词汇场

                     DIET(节食/饮食)
                          │
    ┌─────────────┬───────┴───────┬─────────────┐
    │             │               │             │
  go on        strict         forbidden       reward
  开始          严格的          禁止的          奖励
    │             │               │             │
  foods        list            butter        chocolate
  食物          清单            黄油          巧克力
    │             │               │             │
  dietician    write out       potatoes      sweets
  营养师        列出            土豆          糖果
    │             │               │             │
  lose weight  include         rice          contain
  减重          包括            米饭          包含

4.2 情感/行为主题词汇场

                    EMBARRASSMENT(尴尬)
                          │
    ┌─────────────┬───────┴───────┬─────────────┐
    │             │               │             │
  embarrassed   guiltily        obvious        hide
  尴尬的         内疚地           明显的         隐藏
    │             │               │             │
  hurry        smile           explain         lead
  匆忙          微笑            解释            带领
    │             │               │             │
  hurriedly    fat             visit           ring
  匆忙地        胖的             拜访            按铃

4.3 词汇共现网络

高频搭配组合

  • diet + strict → strict diet(严格的节食)
  • foods + forbidden → forbidden foods(禁食)
  • parcel + hide → hide a parcel(藏包裹)
  • smile + guiltily → smile guiltily(内疚地笑)
  • reward + occasionally → reward occasionally(偶尔奖励)

五、词汇学习策略

5.1 主题词汇记忆法

本课围绕”节食与诱惑”主题,可记忆以下词群:

【节食相关】
diet → strict → forbidden → reward → occasionally

【食物相关】
butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate, sweets

【情感相关】
embarrassed, guiltily, obvious, hurry, hide

【动作相关】
write out, pay a visit, ring, lead, put, explain, show

5.2 词根词缀拓展

核心词词根/词缀拓展词汇
forbidforbidd-forbiddance, forbidden
embarrass-bar-(障碍)barrier, embarrass, embarrassment
strictstrict-strictly, strictness, restrict, restriction
contain-tain-(拿住)contain, container, maintain, obtain, retain
virtuevirt-(美德)virtual, virtually, virtuoso

5.3 易混淆词汇对比

易混词含义区别
embarrassed尴尬的人感到尴尬
embarrassing令人尴尬的事物让人尴尬
guilty内疚的,有罪的人感到内疚
guiltily内疚地副词,修饰动作
strict严格的形容规则或人
strictly严格地副词,修饰动词

六、练习巩固

6.1 选词填空

用以下词汇的适当形式填空:embarrassed, guiltily, strict, reward, contain, forbidden, occasionally

  1. She felt ________ when she realized she had called him by the wrong name.
  2. The box ________ all the letters I received from my grandmother.
  3. Smoking is ________ in all public buildings.
  4. He looked at me ________ and admitted he had broken the window.
  5. My English teacher is very ________ about grammar mistakes.
  6. I only eat fast food ________, maybe once a month.
  7. She bought herself a new dress to ________ herself for working so hard.

答案:1. embarrassed 2. contains 3. forbidden 4. guiltily 5. strict 6. occasionally 7. reward

6.2 翻译练习

将下列句子翻译成英文:

  1. 他决定开始节食来减肥。
  2. 我昨天去拜访了我的老朋友。
  3. 她尴尬地脸红了。
  4. 这个房间能容纳50人。
  5. 他内疚地承认吃了最后一块蛋糕。

参考答案

  1. He decided to go on a diet to lose weight.
  2. I paid a visit to my old friend yesterday.
  3. She turned red with embarrassment.
  4. This room can contain 50 people.
  5. He guiltily admitted eating the last piece of cake.

6.3 词汇搭配

将左栏与右栏搭配:

左栏右栏
1. go ona. a visit
2. payb. oneself
3. writec. a diet
4. rewardd. out a list
5. as fate. embarrassed
6. feelf. as ever

答案:1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b, 5-f, 6-e


七、拓展阅读

7.1 相关词汇扩展

与”节食”相关的更多表达

  • count calories 计算卡路里
  • cut down on 减少摄入
  • watch one’s weight 注意体重
  • lose weight / shed pounds 减肥
  • gain weight / put on weight 增重
  • binge eating 暴饮暴食
  • cheat day 作弊日(节食中的放松日)

与”情感”相关的形容词-副词转换

  • angry → angrily 生气地
  • happy → happily 高兴地
  • sad → sadly 悲伤地
  • nervous → nervously 紧张地
  • proud → proudly 骄傲地

7.2 文化背景

课文标题 “Reward for virtue” 是一个讽刺性的表达。在西方文化中,virtue(美德)通常指道德上的善,理应得到奖励。但 Herbert 的”美德”是坚持节食,而他的”奖励”却是吃巧克力和糖果——这恰恰违背了他的节食目标。这种自我欺骗的幽默反映了人性的普遍弱点,也是新概念英语常用的英式幽默手法。


文档版本:v1.0
适用对象:新概念英语第二册学习者
建议学习时长:2-3小时


本课涉及的语法术语