第51课 Reward for virtue 对美德的奖赏 — 词汇精讲
一、基础数据统计
1.1 词频统计
| 统计项目 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 总词数 (Tokens) | 165 |
| 类符数 (Types) | 94 |
| 型次比 (TTR) | 56.97% |
| 词汇密度 | 52.1% |
| 平均词长 | 4.2 字母 |
| 句子数 | 12 |
| 平均句长 | 13.8 词 |
1.2 词汇分布
| 难度等级 | 词汇数量 | 占比 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| K1 (最常用1000词) | 78 | 82.98% | friend, fat, diet, list, food, visit, room, desk |
| K2 (次常用1001-2000词) | 12 | 12.77% | forbid, include, embarrass, obvious, reward, contain |
| K3 (学术词汇/低频词) | 4 | 4.26% | virtue, parcel, guiltily, occasionally |
| 课外词汇 | 0 | 0% | - |
词汇难度评级:★★☆☆☆ (初级)
二、核心词汇精讲(12个)
1. go on a diet 节食,开始节食
词性与构成:动词短语 (phrasal verb)
语境释义:为了健康或减肥而限制饮食,减少食物摄入量
课文语境:
“…he decided to go on a diet.” (他决定开始节食。)
语义辨析:
| 表达 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| go on a diet | 开始节食(强调行动的开始) | I’m going on a diet next week. |
| be on a diet | 在节食中(强调状态) | She’s been on a diet for two months. |
| put sb on a diet | 让某人节食 | The doctor put him on a strict diet. |
搭配与用法:
- go on a strict diet 进行严格的节食
- go on a crash diet 进行快速节食
- be supposed to be on a diet 本应该在节食
例句拓展:
- After the holiday, she decided to go on a diet to lose the extra pounds. (假期后,她决定节食减掉多余的体重。)
- You don’t need to go on a diet; you just need to eat more healthily. (你不需要节食,只需要吃得更健康。)
记忆技巧:diet 源自希腊语 diaita,意为”生活方式”。go on 表示”开始(某种活动)“,如 go on strike(开始罢工)、go on a trip(开始旅行)。
2. write out 写出,开出(清单)
词性与构成:动词短语 (phrasal verb)
语境释义:完整写出、誊写;开出(清单、处方等)
课文语境:
“First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.” (首先,他列出了一份长长的禁食清单。)
语义辨析:
| 表达 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| write out | 完整写出、正式写出 | Write out your name in full. |
| write down | 写下、记下(快速记录) | Write down your ideas. |
| write up | 详细写出、撰写 | She wrote up her travel notes. |
搭配与用法:
- write out a list 列出清单
- write out a prescription 开处方
- write out a report 撰写报告
- write sth out in full 完整写出
例句拓展:
- The teacher asked us to write out the essay again without any mistakes. (老师让我们把文章重新写一遍,不要有任何错误。)
- He wrote out a check for $500. (他开了一张500美元的支票。)
易错提示:write out 强调”完整、正式地写出”,而 write down 仅强调”记录下来”。
3. forbidden /fəˈbɪdn/ adj. 被禁止的
词性与构成:动词 forbid 的过去分词作形容词
语境释义:不被允许的,禁止食用的
课文语境:
“…a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.” (所有被禁止食用的食物的长清单)
词族关联:
forbid (v.) 禁止 → forbade (过去式) / forbad → forbidden (过去分词/形容词)
↓
forbiddance (n.) 禁止(正式)
↓
forbiddenly (adv.) 禁忌地(罕见)
搭配与用法:
- be strictly forbidden 被严格禁止
- forbidden fruit 禁果(源自圣经,比喻禁忌的快乐)
- Smoking forbidden 禁止吸烟(标识用语)
- Entry forbidden 禁止入内
语法要点:
- forbid + 名词/动名词:The rules forbid smoking.(规定禁止吸烟。)
- forbid + sb + to do:Her father forbade her to marry him.(她父亲禁止她嫁给他。)
例句拓展:
- This area is forbidden to unauthorized personnel. (这个区域禁止未授权人员进入。)
- There’s something exciting about doing what is forbidden. (做被禁止的事总让人感到某种刺激。)
文化注释:Forbidden City(紫禁城/故宫)是北京著名景点,因古代禁止平民进入而得名。
4. pay a visit 拜访,访问
词性与构成:动词短语 (idiom)
语境释义:去某地看望某人,进行短暂的访问
课文语境:
“Yesterday I paid him a visit.” (昨天我去拜访了他。)
语义辨析:
| 表达 | 含义 | 正式程度 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| pay a visit | 拜访(较正式) | ★★★☆☆ | I paid a visit to my old teacher. |
| visit | 拜访(通用) | ★★☆☆☆ | I visited my grandmother. |
| call on | 拜访(正式) | ★★★★☆ | I called on the ambassador. |
| drop by/in | 顺便拜访(口语) | ★☆☆☆☆ | I’ll drop by after work. |
| pop in | 突然来访(英式口语) | ★☆☆☆☆ | Pop in for a cup of tea! |
搭配与用法:
- pay sb a visit / pay a visit to sb 拜访某人
- pay a brief/short visit 短暂拜访
- pay a courtesy visit 礼节性拜访
- pay a return visit 回访
例句拓展:
- The president paid a state visit to China last month. (总统上个月对中国进行了国事访问。)
- If you’re ever in London, do pay us a visit. (如果你来伦敦,一定要来看我们。)
记忆技巧:pay 在这里表示”进行、作出”,类似用法有 pay attention(注意)、pay respect(表示尊敬)。
5. as…as ever 像往常一样,依然
词性与构成:比较结构习语 (idiom)
语境释义:和以往任何时候一样,表示状态没有改变
课文语境:
“…Herbert was still as fat as ever.” (赫伯特仍然像往常一样胖。)
结构分析:
as + 形容词/副词 + as ever
和以往一样...
常见搭配:
- as busy as ever 像往常一样忙碌
- as cheerful as ever 像往常一样愉快
- as strong as ever 依然强壮
- as popular as ever 依然受欢迎
例句拓展:
- After all these years, she is as beautiful as ever. (这么多年过去了,她依然美丽如初。)
- The old town remains as charming as ever. (这座老城依然魅力不减。)
对比结构:
- as…as usual 像往常一样
- as…as before 和之前一样
- not as…as 不如…
6. hurriedly /ˈhʌrɪdlɪ/ adv. 匆忙地,急忙地
词性与构成:形容词 hurried + 副词后缀 -ly
语境释义:快速地、仓促地,因时间紧迫而行动匆忙
课文语境:
“He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk.” (他把我领进房间,然后匆忙地把一个大包裹藏在书桌下。)
词族关联:
hurry (v./n.) 匆忙,急忙
↓
hurried (adj.) 匆忙的,仓促的
↓
hurriedly (adv.) 匆忙地
近义辨析:
| 副词 | 含义侧重 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| hurriedly | 因时间不够而匆忙 | She ate hurriedly and left. |
| hastily | 仓促、草率 | He made a hastily decision. |
| quickly | 速度快 | Please reply quickly. |
| rapidly | 快速(客观描述) | The situation changed rapidly. |
搭配与用法:
- act/work hurriedly 匆忙行动/工作
- leave hurriedly 匆忙离开
- dress/eat hurriedly 匆忙穿衣/吃饭
例句拓展:
- She hurriedly gathered her belongings and rushed to the station. (她匆忙收拾好东西,赶往车站。)
- The letter was hurriedly written and full of mistakes. (这封信写得匆忙,满是错误。)
反义表达:slowly, leisurely, unhurriedly
7. embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/ adj. 尴尬的,窘迫的
词性与构成:动词 embarrass 的过去分词作形容词
语境释义:因尴尬或难堪而感到不自在、不好意思
课文语境:
“It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.” (很明显,他感到非常尴尬。)
词族关联:
embarrass (v.) 使尴尬,使窘迫
↓
embarrassed (adj.) 感到尴尬的(人作主语)
↓
embarrassing (adj.) 令人尴尬的(物/事作主语)
↓
embarrassment (n.) 尴尬,难堪
核心区分:
- embarrassed = 感到尴尬的(主语是人)
- I was embarrassed by my mistake.
- embarrassing = 令人尴尬的(主语是事物)
- It was an embarrassing situation.
搭配与用法:
- be/feel/look embarrassed 感到/显得尴尬
- be embarrassed about/by 因…而尴尬
- be embarrassed to do 不好意思做…
- to one’s embarrassment 令某人尴尬的是
例句拓展:
- She was embarrassed to admit that she had forgotten his name. (她不好意思承认自己忘了他的名字。)
- To my embarrassment, I realized I was wearing mismatched shoes. (令我尴尬的是,我发现自己穿错了鞋。)
- He turned red with embarrassment when everyone laughed at his joke. (当大家嘲笑他的笑话时,他尴尬得脸红了。)
文化注释:在西方文化中,embarrassment 常与 blush(脸红)相关联,是表达尴尬的典型生理反应。
8. guiltily /ˈɡɪltɪli/ adv. 内疚地,心虚地
词性与构成:形容词 guilty + 副词后缀 -ly
语境释义:因做错事或有错而感到内疚地
课文语境:
“…he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk.” (他内疚地笑了笑,然后把包裹放在书桌上。)
词族关联:
guilt (n.) 内疚,罪行
↓
guilty (adj.) 内疚的,有罪的
↓
guiltily (adv.) 内疚地
↓
guiltiness (n.) 有罪,内疚(罕见)
语义网络:
guiltily(内疚地)
├── ashamedly(羞愧地)← 因违背道德标准
├── sheepishly(羞怯地)← 因不好意思
└── apologetically(抱歉地)← 因歉意
搭配与用法:
- smile/laugh guiltily 内疚地微笑/笑
- look at sb guiltily 内疚地看着某人
- admit sth guiltily 内疚地承认某事
- plead guiltily 认罪(法律用语)
例句拓展:
- He guiltily confessed that he had eaten the last piece of cake. (他内疚地承认吃了最后一块蛋糕。)
- She looked at her mother guiltily, knowing she had lied. (她内疚地看着母亲,知道自己撒了谎。)
反义表达:innocently, shamelessly, unashamedly
9. strict /strɪkt/ adj. 严格的,严厉的
词性与构成:基础形容词
语境释义:严格遵守规则或标准的,不容违反的
课文语境:
“He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally.” (他解释说他的节食太严格了,以至于他不得不偶尔奖励自己。)
词族关联:
strict (adj.) 严格的
↓
strictly (adv.) 严格地
↓
strictness (n.) 严格
多义辨析:
| 含义 | 解释 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 严格的(规则) | 必须严格遵守的 | strict rules/regulations |
| 严厉的(人) | 要求高、不宽容的 | a strict teacher/parent |
| 严谨的(定义) | 精确的、狭义的 | the strict meaning |
| 完全的(保密) | 绝对的 | in strict confidence |
搭配与用法:
- be strict with sb 对某人严格
- be strict about sth 对某事严格
- a strict diet/schedule 严格的节食/日程
- strictly speaking 严格地说(插入语)
例句拓展:
- My parents were very strict with me when I was young. (我小时候父母对我很严格。)
- The school has strict rules about uniforms. (学校对校服有严格的规定。)
- Strictly speaking, tomatoes are fruits, not vegetables. (严格来说,西红柿是水果,不是蔬菜。)
近义辨析:
- strict = 强调规则必须遵守,不容变通
- severe = 强调严厉、苛刻
- rigorous = 强调严谨、严密
10. reward /rɪˈwɔːd/ v./n. 奖励,奖赏;回报
词性与构成:可作动词或名词
语境释义:因做了某事(尤指好事)而给予回报或报酬
课文语境:
“…he had to reward himself occasionally.” (他不得不偶尔奖励自己。)
词族关联:
reward (v./n.) 奖励,回报
↓
rewarding (adj.) 有回报的,值得的
↓
rewardless (adj.) 无报酬的(罕见)
动词用法:
- reward sb for sth 因某事奖励某人
- reward sb with sth 用某物奖励某人
名词用法:
- as a reward for 作为…的奖励
- financial/material reward 经济/物质奖励
- the rewards of …的回报
近义辨析:
| 词汇 | 含义侧重 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| reward | 因好行为给予奖励 | reward good behavior |
| award | 正式授予奖项、荣誉 | award a prize/medal |
| prize | 竞赛中赢得的奖品 | win a prize |
| bonus | 额外的奖金、红利 | year-end bonus |
例句拓展:
- Hard work usually brings its own rewards. (努力工作通常自有回报。)
- The police are offering a reward for information about the robbery. (警方为提供抢劫案线索的人提供悬赏。)
- Teaching can be a very rewarding career. (教书是一份很有回报的职业。)
文化注释:课文标题 “Reward for virtue” 是讽刺用法——Herbert 把”违反节食”当作对自己”坚持节食”的”奖励”,体现了英式幽默。
11. occasionally /əˈkeɪʒnəli/ adv. 偶尔,间或
词性与构成:名词 occasion + 形容词后缀 -al + 副词后缀 -ly
语境释义:不时地,不是经常地,偶尔发生
课文语境:
“…he had to reward himself occasionally.” (他不得不偶尔奖励自己。)
词族关联:
occasion (n.) 场合,时机
↓
occasional (adj.) 偶尔的,间或发生的
↓
occasionally (adv.) 偶尔地
近义辨析:
| 副词 | 频率 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| always | 100% | 总是 |
| usually | 80% | 通常 |
| often/frequently | 60% | 经常 |
| sometimes | 40% | 有时 |
| occasionally | 20% | 偶尔 |
| rarely/seldom | 5% | 很少 |
| never | 0% | 从不 |
搭配与用法:
- do sth occasionally 偶尔做某事
- only occasionally 只是偶尔
- quite occasionally 相当频繁地(英式)
例句拓展:
- I don’t drink coffee regularly—only occasionally. (我不常喝咖啡——只是偶尔喝。)
- We meet up occasionally for lunch. (我们偶尔聚在一起吃午饭。)
- Occasionally, something happens that changes your life completely. (偶尔会发生一些彻底改变你生活的事情。)
易错提示:occasionally 表示频率低但确实发生,不要与 accidentally(意外地)混淆。
12. contain /kənˈteɪn/ v. 包含,容纳
词性与构成:动词,源自拉丁语 continere(保持在一起)
语境释义:内部含有、装有某物
课文语境:
“It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!” (里面装有五大块巧克力和三袋糖果!)
词族关联:
contain (v.) 包含,容纳
↓
container (n.) 容器
↓
containment (n.) 控制,遏制
多义辨析:
| 含义 | 解释 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 包含 | 内部有某物 | The box contains old letters. |
| 容纳 | 能装下 | This bottle contains two liters. |
| 控制 | 抑制感情 | She could hardly contain her anger. |
| 遏制 | 阻止蔓延 | efforts to contain the fire |
搭配与用法:
- contain + 具体物品 包含某物
- be contained in/within 被包含在…中
- contain oneself 自制,控制情绪
近义辨析:
| 词汇 | 用法区别 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| contain | 内部含有整体组成部分 | The drink contains sugar. |
| include | 整体中的一部分 | The price includes tax. |
| involve | 涉及、需要参与 | The job involves travel. |
| consist of | 由…组成(整体到部分) | Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. |
例句拓展:
- This food contains no artificial colors or flavors. (这种食品不含人工色素或香料。)
- I could barely contain my excitement when I heard the news. (听到这个消息时,我几乎无法抑制自己的兴奋。)
- The area was sealed off to contain the spread of the virus. (该区域被封锁以遏制病毒的传播。)
三、搭配与语块精讲
3.1 核心短语动词
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| go on | 开始(节食/罢工/旅行等) | go on a diet / go on strike |
| write out | 完整写出 | write out a list / write out a prescription |
| pay a visit | 拜访 | pay sb a visit / pay a visit to sb |
| put on | 放置;穿上;上演 | put the parcel on the desk |
3.2 固定搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 课文例句 |
|---|---|---|
| First of all | 首先 | First of all, he wrote out a long list… |
| as…as ever | 像往常一样 | Herbert was still as fat as ever. |
| so…that… | 如此…以至于… | His diet was so strict that he had to… |
| under the desk | 在书桌下 | hid a large parcel under his desk |
3.3 语块积累
饮食主题语块:
go on a diet 开始节食
be on a diet 在节食中
a strict diet 严格的节食
forbidden foods 禁食
eat sweets 吃糖果
情感表达语块:
be embarrassed 感到尴尬
feel guilty 感到内疚
smile guiltily 内疚地笑
be obvious that... 很明显...
reward oneself 奖励自己
叙事语块:
pay sb a visit 拜访某人
ring the bell 按门铃
lead sb into... 带领某人进入...
hide sth under... 把某物藏在...下面
四、语义场分析
4.1 饮食/减肥主题词汇场
DIET(节食/饮食)
│
┌─────────────┬───────┴───────┬─────────────┐
│ │ │ │
go on strict forbidden reward
开始 严格的 禁止的 奖励
│ │ │ │
foods list butter chocolate
食物 清单 黄油 巧克力
│ │ │ │
dietician write out potatoes sweets
营养师 列出 土豆 糖果
│ │ │ │
lose weight include rice contain
减重 包括 米饭 包含
4.2 情感/行为主题词汇场
EMBARRASSMENT(尴尬)
│
┌─────────────┬───────┴───────┬─────────────┐
│ │ │ │
embarrassed guiltily obvious hide
尴尬的 内疚地 明显的 隐藏
│ │ │ │
hurry smile explain lead
匆忙 微笑 解释 带领
│ │ │ │
hurriedly fat visit ring
匆忙地 胖的 拜访 按铃
4.3 词汇共现网络
高频搭配组合:
- diet + strict → strict diet(严格的节食)
- foods + forbidden → forbidden foods(禁食)
- parcel + hide → hide a parcel(藏包裹)
- smile + guiltily → smile guiltily(内疚地笑)
- reward + occasionally → reward occasionally(偶尔奖励)
五、词汇学习策略
5.1 主题词汇记忆法
本课围绕”节食与诱惑”主题,可记忆以下词群:
【节食相关】
diet → strict → forbidden → reward → occasionally
【食物相关】
butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate, sweets
【情感相关】
embarrassed, guiltily, obvious, hurry, hide
【动作相关】
write out, pay a visit, ring, lead, put, explain, show
5.2 词根词缀拓展
| 核心词 | 词根/词缀 | 拓展词汇 |
|---|---|---|
| forbid | forbidd- | forbiddance, forbidden |
| embarrass | -bar-(障碍) | barrier, embarrass, embarrassment |
| strict | strict- | strictly, strictness, restrict, restriction |
| contain | -tain-(拿住) | contain, container, maintain, obtain, retain |
| virtue | virt-(美德) | virtual, virtually, virtuoso |
5.3 易混淆词汇对比
| 易混词 | 含义 | 区别 |
|---|---|---|
| embarrassed | 尴尬的 | 人感到尴尬 |
| embarrassing | 令人尴尬的 | 事物让人尴尬 |
| guilty | 内疚的,有罪的 | 人感到内疚 |
| guiltily | 内疚地 | 副词,修饰动作 |
| strict | 严格的 | 形容规则或人 |
| strictly | 严格地 | 副词,修饰动词 |
六、练习巩固
6.1 选词填空
用以下词汇的适当形式填空:embarrassed, guiltily, strict, reward, contain, forbidden, occasionally
- She felt ________ when she realized she had called him by the wrong name.
- The box ________ all the letters I received from my grandmother.
- Smoking is ________ in all public buildings.
- He looked at me ________ and admitted he had broken the window.
- My English teacher is very ________ about grammar mistakes.
- I only eat fast food ________, maybe once a month.
- She bought herself a new dress to ________ herself for working so hard.
答案:1. embarrassed 2. contains 3. forbidden 4. guiltily 5. strict 6. occasionally 7. reward
6.2 翻译练习
将下列句子翻译成英文:
- 他决定开始节食来减肥。
- 我昨天去拜访了我的老朋友。
- 她尴尬地脸红了。
- 这个房间能容纳50人。
- 他内疚地承认吃了最后一块蛋糕。
参考答案:
- He decided to go on a diet to lose weight.
- I paid a visit to my old friend yesterday.
- She turned red with embarrassment.
- This room can contain 50 people.
- He guiltily admitted eating the last piece of cake.
6.3 词汇搭配
将左栏与右栏搭配:
| 左栏 | 右栏 |
|---|---|
| 1. go on | a. a visit |
| 2. pay | b. oneself |
| 3. write | c. a diet |
| 4. reward | d. out a list |
| 5. as fat | e. embarrassed |
| 6. feel | f. as ever |
答案:1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b, 5-f, 6-e
七、拓展阅读
7.1 相关词汇扩展
与”节食”相关的更多表达:
- count calories 计算卡路里
- cut down on 减少摄入
- watch one’s weight 注意体重
- lose weight / shed pounds 减肥
- gain weight / put on weight 增重
- binge eating 暴饮暴食
- cheat day 作弊日(节食中的放松日)
与”情感”相关的形容词-副词转换:
- angry → angrily 生气地
- happy → happily 高兴地
- sad → sadly 悲伤地
- nervous → nervously 紧张地
- proud → proudly 骄傲地
7.2 文化背景
课文标题 “Reward for virtue” 是一个讽刺性的表达。在西方文化中,virtue(美德)通常指道德上的善,理应得到奖励。但 Herbert 的”美德”是坚持节食,而他的”奖励”却是吃巧克力和糖果——这恰恰违背了他的节食目标。这种自我欺骗的幽默反映了人性的普遍弱点,也是新概念英语常用的英式幽默手法。
文档版本:v1.0
适用对象:新概念英语第二册学习者
建议学习时长:2-3小时