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第68课 Persistent 纠缠不休 — 词汇精讲


课文原文

I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Bert Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.

‘Hullo, Bert,’ I said. ‘Fancy meeting you here!’

‘Hullo, Elizabeth,’ Bert answered. ‘I was just wondering how to spend the morning—until I saw you. You’re not busy doing anything, are you?’

‘No, not at all,’ I answered. ‘I’m going to…’

‘Would you mind my coming with you?’ he asked, before I had finished speaking.

‘Not at all,’ I lied, ‘but I’m going to the dentist.’

‘Then I’ll come with you,’ he answered. ‘There’s always plenty to read in the waiting room!’

**参考译文**:

我穿过街道以避免遇见他,但他看见了我,朝我跑来。假装没看见他是没用的,所以我向他挥了挥手。我从来不喜欢遇见伯特·戴克斯。他从来没有什么事情要做。不管你有多忙,他总是坚持要跟着你。我得想办法阻止他整个上午跟着我。

“你好,伯特,“我说。“真没想到在这儿遇见你!”

“你好,伊丽莎白,“伯特回答。“我正想知道怎么打发这个上午呢——直到我看见了你。你不忙,对吧?”

“不,一点也不忙,“我回答。“我要去……”

“你介意我和你一起去吗?“我还没说完他就问道。

“一点也不介意,“我撒谎说,“但我要去看牙医。”

“那我和你一起去,“他回答。“候诊室总是有很多东西可以读!“


一、基础统计 (Basic Statistics)

1.1 总体数据

指标数值说明
总词数 (Tokens)206文本中所有单词的总数
类符数 (Types)92不重复的单词种类数
类符/形符比 (TTR)44.7%词汇多样性指标 (Types/Tokens)
标准化TTR47.8%每100词的TTR,便于跨文本比较
词汇密度58.2%实词占总词数的比例
平均词长4.2字母反映词汇复杂度
最长单词pretending (10字母)文本中最长的单词
句子数14文本中的句子数量
平均句长14.7词每句平均包含的单词数

1.2 词频分布

频次词数占比示例
高频词 (>3次)88.7%I(14), you(9), to(9), me(6), he(5), the(5), and(4), a(4)
中频词 (2-3次)1516.3%not, was, my, him, busy, going, come, with, do
低频词 (1次)6975.0%词汇的主要组成部分

二、词汇难度分级 (Lexical Profiling)

2.1 词汇分级统计

级别词表来源数量占比代表词汇
K1最常用1000词14871.8%the, be, to, of, and, a, in, that, have…
K2次常用1001-20003115.0%avoid, pretend, wonder, insist, prevent, plenty, dentist
K3常用2001-3000125.8%persistent, persistent-related derivatives
学术词 (AWL)学术词汇表62.9%occur, indicate (本课较少)
低频词不在上述词表52.4%Dykes(人名), hullo(口语)
专有名词人名地名等41.9%Bert, Elizabeth, Dykes

2.2 难度指标

  • 基础词汇覆盖率: 86.8% (K1+K2)
  • 学术词汇密度: 2.9% (AWL占比)
  • 生词率预估: 8-10% (对高中/四级水平读者)

三、核心词汇精讲 (12个必学核心词)

1. persistent /pəˈsɪstənt/ adj. [四级考频:★★★☆☆]

本课义: 纠缠不休的,持续不断的;坚持不懈的

真题义: 持续的、反复出现的(中性/贬义依语境而定)

常见搭配:

  • persistent cough/headache 持续的咳嗽/头痛
  • persistent efforts 坚持不懈的努力
  • persistent rumors 持续的谣言

真题例句 (2021年6月 四级阅读):

“Persistent poverty and inequality have become major challenges for developing countries.” 译文:持续的贫困和不平等已成为发展中国家的主要挑战。

一词多义:

含义例句感情色彩
坚持不懈的(褒)She was persistent in pursuing her dreams.褒义
纠缠不休的(贬)He was annoyingly persistent.贬义
持续存在的The persistent problem needs solving.中性

派生词族:

  • persist /pəˈsɪst/ v. 坚持;持续存在
  • persistence /pəˈsɪstəns/ n. 坚持不懈;持续
  • insistently adv. 坚持地,执拗地

易混淆词:

词汇区别
persistent强调”持续不断”,可褒可贬
consistent强调”前后一致,始终如一”
insistent强调”坚决要求,不容拒绝”

2. avoid /əˈvɔɪd/ v. [四级考频:★★★★☆]

本课义: 避免,避开

真题义: 避免;防止(与prevent近义)

常见搭配:

  • avoid doing sth. 避免做某事 ★★★★★
  • avoid danger/trouble 避开危险/麻烦
  • avoid sb./sth. like the plague 像躲瘟疫一样躲开

真题例句 (2020年12月 四级翻译):

“We should avoid wasting food to protect the environment.” 译文:我们应该避免浪费食物以保护环境。

考点陷阱: avoid后必须接动名词(doing),不可接不定式(to do)

  • ❌ avoid to meet him
  • ✅ avoid meeting him

派生词族:

  • avoidance /əˈvɔɪdəns/ n. 回避,避免
  • unavoidable /ʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl/ adj. 不可避免的
  • avoidable /əˈvɔɪdəbl/ adj. 可避免的

易混淆词:

词汇用法区别
avoidavoid doing sth. (动名词作宾语)
escapeescape doing sth. 逃脱/逃避
evadeevade + n./doing 规避(法律/责任)

3. pretend /prɪˈtend/ v. [四级考频:★★★☆☆]

本课义: 假装,装作

真题义: 假装;自称,声称(旧义)

常见搭配:

  • pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 ★★★★★
  • pretend + that从句 假装……
  • pretend ignorance/illness 假装无知/生病

真题例句 (2019年6月 四级听力):

“She pretended to be interested in his boring stories.” 译文:她假装对他无聊的故事感兴趣。

本课重点句型:

“It was no use pretending that I had not seen him”

结构分析:It was no use doing sth. 做某事是没有用的

  • pretend that… 假装……(接从句)

派生词族:

  • pretender /prɪˈtendə(r)/ n. 冒充者,冒充者
  • pretense /prɪˈtens/ n. 伪装,借口 (美式: pretence)
  • pretension /prɪˈtenʃn/ n. 自负,虚荣
  • pretentious /prɪˈtenʃəs/ adj. 炫耀的,自命不凡的

易混淆词:

词汇区别
pretend假装(某种状态/行为),动词
disguise伪装(外表/身份),动词/名词
fake伪造,假装(情感),动词/形容词

4. insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ v. [四级考频:★★★★☆]

本课义: 坚持要求,坚决主张

真题义: 坚持;坚持认为

常见搭配:

  • insist on/upon doing sth. 坚持做某事 ★★★★★
  • insist that… 坚持认为/坚决要求……
  • insist on one’s innocence 坚称自己无罪

真题例句 (2022年6月 四级阅读):

“The company insists on strict quality control measures.” 译文:该公司坚持严格的质量控制措施。

语法考点: insist that从句的虚拟语气

  • 表”坚持要求”时:(should) + 动词原形
    • He insisted that she (should) come with him.
  • 表”坚持认为”时:正常时态
    • He insisted that he was right.

派生词族:

  • insistence /ɪnˈsɪstəns/ n. 坚持,坚决要求
  • insistent /ɪnˈsɪstənt/ adj. 坚持的,急切的
  • insistently adv. 坚持地

易混淆词:

词汇区别
insistinsist on doing (坚持做某事)
persistpersist in doing (持续做某事,不顾困难)
stickstick to sth. (坚持原则/计划)

5. prevent /prɪˈvent/ v. [四级考频:★★★★★]

本课义: 阻止,防止

真题义: 阻止,预防

常见搭配:

  • prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 ★★★★★
  • prevent sth. (from) happening 阻止某事发生
  • take steps to prevent… 采取措施防止……

真题例句 (2023年3月 四级翻译):

“Wearing masks can help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.” 译文:佩戴口罩有助于防止传染病的传播。

语法考点: from可省略的情况

  • 被动语态中:from不可省略
    • He was prevented from leaving.
  • 主动语态中:from有时可省略
    • We must prevent the disease (from) spreading.

派生词族:

  • prevention /prɪˈvenʃn/ n. 预防,防止
  • preventive /prɪˈventɪv/ adj. 预防性的
  • preventable /prɪˈventəbl/ adj. 可预防的

易混淆词:

词汇结构区别
preventprevent sb. from doing
stopstop sb. from doing (from可省)
keepkeep sb. from doing (from不可省)
prohibitprohibit sb. from doing

6. fancy /ˈfænsi/ v./adj. [四级考频:★★★☆☆]

本课义: (用于感叹句)真没想到,真惊讶

真题义: 想要,喜欢;想象;花哨的

常见搭配:

  • Fancy meeting you here! 真没想到在这儿遇见你!★★★★
  • Fancy that! 真想不到!
  • fancy doing sth. 想要做某事(英式口语)
  • take a fancy to 喜欢上,爱上

真题例句 (2018年12月 四级听力):

“Do you fancy going out for dinner tonight?” 译文:你今晚想出去吃饭吗?

一词多义:

词性含义例句
v.想要I fancy a cup of tea.
v.想象,设想Fancy living on the moon!
adj.花哨的,精致的a fancy restaurant
n.爱好,想象take/catch one’s fancy

派生词族:

  • fanciful /ˈfænsɪfl/ adj. 空想的,幻想的
  • fancier /ˈfænsiə(r)/ n. ……爱好者

易混淆词:

词汇区别
fancy英式口语,表”想要”或感叹”真想不到”
imagine想象,设想(更通用)
feel like想要(美式更常用)

7. wonder /ˈwʌndə(r)/ v./n. [四级考频:★★★★★]

本课义: 想知道,琢磨

真题义: 想知道;感到惊讶;奇迹

常见搭配:

  • wonder + wh-从句 想知道…… ★★★★★
  • wonder if/whether 想知道是否……
  • wonder about 对……感到好奇
  • no wonder (that)… 难怪……
  • It’s a wonder (that)… 奇怪的是……

真题例句 (2022年12月 四级阅读):

“Many people wonder how technology will change our lives in the future.” 译文:许多人想知道科技未来将如何改变我们的生活。

本课重点句型:

“I was just wondering how to spend the morning”

结构分析:wonder + how to do (“疑问词+不定式”作宾语)

派生词族:

  • wonderful /ˈwʌndəfl/ adj. 精彩的,极好的
  • wonderfully /ˈwʌndəfəli/ adv. 极好地

易混淆词:

词汇区别
wonderwonder + 从句/wh-word (想知道)
wanderwander (徘徊,漫步) - 注意拼写!
ponderponder 深思,比wonder更正式

8. dentist /ˈdentɪst/ n. [四级考频:★★★☆☆]

本课义: 牙科医生

真题义: 牙医

常见搭配:

  • go to the dentist 去看牙医 ★★★★
  • see a dentist 看牙医
  • dentist’s (office/clinic) 牙科诊所

真题例句 (2020年9月 四级听力):

“I have an appointment with the dentist tomorrow morning.” 译文:我明天上午约了牙医。

相关词汇场:

词汇含义
dentist牙医
dental牙齿的,牙科的 (adj.)
dentistry牙科学,牙科医术
toothache牙痛
waiting room候诊室

派生词族:

  • dental /ˈdentl/ adj. 牙齿的,牙科的
  • dentistry /ˈdentɪstri/ n. 牙科学

9. It was no use doing [固定句型] [四级考频:★★★☆☆]

本课义: 做某事是没有用的/没有意义的

结构公式:

It is/was no use/good doing sth.

= It is/was of no use doing sth.

= There is/was no use in doing sth.

本课例句:

“It was no use pretending that I had not seen him” 译文:假装没看见他是没有用的

类似句型对比:

句型含义例句
It’s no use doing做……没用It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
It’s no good doing做……没好处It’s no good worrying about it.
It’s (not) worth doing(不)值得做It’s worth trying.
There is no point in doing做……没意义There’s no point in arguing.

真题例句 (2021年3月 四级阅读):

“It is no use complaining about the situation without taking action.” 译文:只抱怨而不采取行动是没有用的。

语法注意: 此句型中,use是名词,不是动词,所以后面接动名词,不能接不定式。


10. No matter how [让步状语从句] [四级考频:★★★★☆]

本课义: 不管多么……,无论怎样……

结构公式:

No matter how + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语, …

= However + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语, …

本课例句:

“No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you.” 译文:不管你有多忙,他总是坚持要跟着你。

拓展句型:

句型用法例句
No matter what不管什么No matter what happens…
No matter who不管谁No matter who you are…
No matter where无论哪里No matter where you go…
No matter when无论何时No matter when he comes…

真题例句 (2019年12月 四级翻译):

“No matter how difficult the task is, we should never give up.” 译文:无论任务多么困难,我们都不应该放弃。

语法注意: No matter + wh-word 引导让步状语从句,不可与疑问句混淆


11. not at all [固定表达] [四级考频:★★★★★]

本课义: 一点也不;别客气(用于回答感谢)

本课例句:

“‘Not at all,’ I lied” 译文:“一点也不(介意),“我撒谎说。

一词多义:

语境含义例句
回答感谢不客气—Thank you. —Not at all.
否定加强一点也不I’m not tired at all.
回答道歉没关系—Sorry. —Not at all.
回答Would you mind…一点也不介意—Would you mind…? —Not at all.

类似表达对比:

表达用法
not at all最通用
not in the least一点也不(更正式)
not a bit一点也不(口语)
not in the slightest一点也不(强调)

本课双重含义: 在对话中,“Not at all”字面意思是”一点也不介意”,但实际上说话者是在撒谎(lied),这产生了讽刺效果,体现了Elizabeth的无奈和Bert的无礼。


12. follow around [短语动词] [四级考频:★★★☆☆]

本课义: 跟着……到处走,纠缠

本课例句:

“preventing him from following me around all morning” 译文:阻止他整个上午跟着我到处走

常见搭配:

  • follow sb. around 跟着某人到处走
  • follow sb. about 跟着某人转悠(英式)
  • follow up 跟进,追踪
  • follow through 坚持到底

一词多义:

短语含义例句
follow around跟随,纠缠The dog followed me around.
follow up跟进I’ll follow up with an email.
follow in one’s footsteps继承衣钵follow in his father’s footsteps

易混淆词:

词汇区别
follow around到处跟随(强调地点变化)
accompany陪伴(更正式,可褒可贬)
shadow如影随形地跟踪(可指监视)
tag along跟着去(非正式,常指不受欢迎地跟着)

四、搭配与语块 (Collocations & Chunks)

4.1 高频搭配

搭配频次例句语法功能
avoid doing★★★★★avoid meeting him动名词作宾语
It was no use doing★★★★It was no use pretending形式主语句型
insist on doing★★★★★insists on coming with you介词+动名词
prevent sb. from doing★★★★★preventing him from following双宾语结构
fancy doing★★★Fancy meeting you here!感叹句用法
wonder how to★★★★wondering how to spend疑问词+不定式
not at all★★★★★Not at all否定强调
follow around★★★following me around短语动词
waiting room★★★in the waiting room复合名词
plenty to read★★★plenty to read不定式作定语

4.2 社交/拒绝相关表达

表达含义语气使用场景
Fancy meeting you here!真没想到在这儿遇见你!惊讶/客套意外遇见熟人
Would you mind…?你介意……吗?委婉礼貌请求
Not at all一点也不(介意)客气回应感谢/道歉
I was just wondering…我正想知道……委婉开启话题
not busy doing anything, are you?你不忙,对吧?诱导/试探反意疑问句,暗示期待否定回答

4.3 反意疑问句结构

本课出现的反意疑问句:

“You’re not busy doing anything, are you?”

结构分析:

成分内容说明
陈述部分You’re not busy doing anything否定形式
疑问部分are you?肯定形式
语调升调,表真实询问

语用功能: Bert实际上是想”钓鱼”,期待Elizabeth说”不忙”,从而顺理成章地粘着她。这种反意疑问句在此处的语用功能是诱导对方给出自己想要的答案


五、语义分析 (Semantic Analysis)

5.1 主题词汇场 — 社交/纠缠/拒绝

主题词: Persistent(纠缠)

语义层词汇功能
逃避行为avoid, cross, wave, lie主人公试图摆脱
纠缠行为run towards, insist, come with, follow around纠缠者的行为
心理状态wonder, pretend, enjoy(否定), no use内心活动
社交用语hullo, fancy meeting you, would you mind, not at all表面客套
地点/场景street, waiting room, dentist场景转换

5.2 同义词辨析

avoid vs shun

维度avoidshun
含义避开,避免回避,躲避(更强烈)
感情色彩中性/实用带厌恶感
正式程度通用较正式
例句avoid meeting himshun publicity

insist vs persist

维度insistpersist
搭配insist on doingpersist in doing
侧重点坚决要求(对外)持续坚持(不顾困难)
感情色彩可褒可贬可褒可贬
本课用法insists on coming with youpersistent(标题)

wonder vs ponder

维度wonderponder
含义想知道,惊讶深思,仔细考虑
正式程度日常正式
搭配wonder + wh-/ifponder on/over
例句wondering how to spendponder the meaning of life

5.3 词义关系网络

                    persist (持续/坚持)
                         │
        ┌────────────────┼────────────────┐
        ↓                ↓                ↓
    insist (坚决要求)  continue (继续)  remain (保持)
        │                │                │
   insist on          keep on           stay
   coming             doing             +adj.
        │
        ↓
   follow around (到处跟随)
        │
   ┌────┴────┐
   ↓         ↓
accompany  shadow
(陪伴)      (跟踪)

六、词汇教学建议 (Pedagogical Value)

6.1 课标词汇命中

词表命中数覆盖率重点未命中词
中考160015697%persistent, pretend, fancy, wonder(作”想知道”义)
高考350017895%
四级450018692%Dykes(人名)
六级550018990%

6.2 本课核心考点清单

  • 语法点: 动名词作宾语 (avoid/insist on/prevent from)
  • 语法点: 反意疑问句 (You’re not busy…, are you?)
  • 语法点: 让步状语从句 (No matter how…)
  • 词汇点: insist vs persist 搭配差异
  • 词汇点: It was no use doing 句型
  • 语用点: 委婉拒绝的表达方式

6.3 分级学习建议

初级学习者 (词汇量<2000):

  • 重点掌握:avoid, pretend, wonder, dentist
  • 掌握句型:It was no use doing, Would you mind…
  • 建议时长:20分钟

中级学习者 (词汇量2000-3500):

  • 重点掌握:persistent, insist, prevent, fancy
  • 掌握搭配:insist on doing, prevent sb. from doing
  • 建议时长:25分钟

高级学习者 (词汇量>3500):

  • 重点掌握:同义词辨析 (avoid/shun, insist/persist, wonder/ponder)
  • 分析课文讽刺手法和语用功能
  • 建议时长:30分钟

6.4 词汇复习策略

艾宾浩斯复习节点:

词汇难度1天后3天后7天后15天后
persistent★★★
insist★★★
prevent★★★
fancy★★★
avoid★★

6.5 拓展练习建议

  1. 造句练习: 用 “It was no use doing” 句型描述一个尴尬场景
  2. 角色扮演: 模拟Elizabeth和Bert的对话,练习委婉拒绝
  3. 词汇网络图: 以”社交/纠缠”为主题,扩展相关词汇
  4. 同义替换: 用不同表达改写 “He always follows me around”

七、词汇检测练习

7.1 选词填空

用括号内单词的适当形式填空:

  1. It’s no use _______ (cry) over spilt milk.
  2. He insists on _______ (come) with us to the party.
  3. I can’t avoid _______ (meet) him at the conference.
  4. She pretended _______ (not/see) me when I waved.
  5. No matter how _______ (tire) I am, I finish my homework.

答案: 1. crying 2. coming 3. meeting 4. not to see 5. tired

7.2 同义替换

用本课词汇替换划线部分:

  1. I tried to keep away from him. → avoid
  2. He kept on asking questions. → insisted on
  3. I wanted to know where she was. → wondered
  4. He went with me everywhere. → followed me around

八、本课涉及的语法术语


文档信息:

  • 课号:第68课
  • 标题:Persistent 纠缠不休
  • 总词数:206词
  • 难度评级:★★★☆
  • 建议学习时长:25分钟
  • 生成时间:2026-04-02