第69课 But not murder! 但并非谋杀！ — 语法精讲
课文原文与参考译文
课文原文： I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time. I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully. After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test. The examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, ‘Just one more thing, Mr Eames. Let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you. As soon as I tap on the window, I want the car to be stopped immediately.’ I continued driving and after some time, the examiner tapped loudly. Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react. I suddenly pressed the brake pedal hard and we were both thrown forward. The examiner looked at me sadly. ‘Mr Eames,’ he said, in a mournful voice, ‘you have just killed that child!’
参考译文： 我正在进行第三次驾照考试。我被要求在繁忙的交通中驾驶，并且已经成功地做到了。在被指示驶出城外后，我开始获得信心。确信自己已经通过了考试，我几乎开始享受我的测试。考官一定对我的表现感到满意，因为他微笑着说：“还有一件事，伊姆斯先生。让我们假设一个孩子突然在你面前过马路。一旦我敲击车窗，我就希望汽车立即停止。“我继续驾驶，过了一会儿，考官大声敲击。尽管声音可以清楚地听到，但我花了很长时间才做出反应。我突然用力踩下刹车踏板，我们俩都被向前抛去。考官悲伤地看着我。“伊姆斯先生，“他用悲伤的声音说，“你刚刚撞死了那个孩子！“
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 词类统计
| 词类 | 数量 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词 (Noun) | 18个 | licence, traffic, confidence, performance, examiner, child, road, window, car, sound, time, reaction, brake, pedal, voice |
| 动词 (Verb) | 16个 | test, ask, drive, do, instruct, acquire, pass, suppose, cross, tap, want, stop, continue, press, throw, kill |
| 形容词 (Adjective) | 8个 | heavy, sure, successful, pleased, sudden, loud, clear, mournful |
| 副词 (Adverb) | 7个 | successfully, almost, immediately, suddenly, hard, sadly, just |
| 代词 (Pronoun) | 10个 | I, me, my, you, he, his, him, we, us, both |
| 冠词 (Article) | 11个 | a, the |
| 介词 (Preposition) | 12个 | for, in, out of, with, to, on, in front of, at, after, by, before |
| 连词 (Conjunction) | 6个 | and, for, that, as soon as, though |
本课总词数：约210词
1.2 构词法分析
1.2.1 派生词 (Derivation)
| 词汇 | 词根 | 词缀 | 词类 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| successful | success (n.) | -ful (形容词后缀) | 形容词 | 成功的 |
| performance | perform (v.) | -ance (名词后缀) | 名词 | 表现、表演 |
| confidence | confident (adj.) | -ence (名词后缀) | 名词 | 信心 |
| examiner | examine (v.) | -er (施动者后缀) | 名词 | 考官 |
| suddenly | sudden (adj.) | -ly (副词后缀) | 副词 | 突然地 |
| immediately | immediate (adj.) | -ly (副词后缀) | 副词 | 立即地 |
| mournful | mourn (v.) | -ful (形容词后缀) | 形容词 | 悲伤的 |
| reaction | react (v.) | -ion (名词后缀) | 名词 | 反应 |
1.2.2 合成词 (Compounding)
| 词汇 | 构成 | 词类 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| driving licence | driving (动名词) + licence | 名词短语 | 驾驶执照 |
| heavy traffic | heavy (adj.) + traffic | 名词短语 | 繁忙的交通 |
| brake pedal | brake (n.) + pedal | 名词短语 | 刹车踏板 |
1.2.3 词形变化
动词不规则变化：
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| do | did | done | doing | 做 |
| have | had | had | having | 有 |
| drive | drove | driven | driving | 驾驶 |
| go | went | gone | going | 去 |
| say | said | said | saying | 说 |
| throw | threw | thrown | throwing | 抛、扔 |
| come | came | come | coming | 来 |
| hear | heard | heard | hearing | 听到 |
| pass | passed | passed | passing | 通过 |
1.3 重点词汇分析
| 词汇 | 词类 | 词义 | 搭配用法 | 构词分析 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| test | v./n. | 测试/考试 | be tested for (接受…测试), driving test (驾驶考试) | 原形动词/名词 |
| instruct | v. | 指示、指导 | instruct sb. to do sth. (指示某人做某事) | instruct + -ion → instruction |
| acquire | v. | 获得、取得 | acquire confidence (获得信心), acquire knowledge (获得知识) | 拉丁词源 acquirere |
| confidence | n. | 信心 | have confidence in (对…有信心), with confidence (自信地) | confident + -ence |
| performance | n. | 表现、表演 | pleased with one’s performance (对某人的表现满意) | perform + -ance |
| suppose | v. | 假设、认为 | let us suppose (让我们假设), be supposed to (应该) | sup- (下) + pose (放) |
| react | v. | 反应 | react to (对…反应), it takes time to react (花时间反应) | re- (回) + act (行动) |
| brake | n./v. | 刹车/制动 | brake pedal (刹车踏板), apply the brake (刹车) | 日耳曼语源 |
| pedal | n. | 踏板 | brake pedal (刹车踏板), gas pedal (油门踏板) | 拉丁语 pedalis (脚的) |
| mournful | adj. | 悲伤的 | in a mournful voice (用悲伤的声音) | mourn + -ful |
本句涉及语法术语：名词 | 动词 | 形容词 | 副词 | 派生 | 合成 | 词形变化
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类型 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 8句 | 53% | “I continued driving.” |
| 并列句 | 3句 | 20% | “I had been asked to drive… and had done so successfully.” |
| 复合句 | 4句 | 27% | “Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test.” |
| 总计 | 15句 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句句法分析
Sentence 1
原句: I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time.
句子成分分析:
[I] ← 主语 (Subject): 第一人称代词
[was being tested] ← 谓语 (Predicate): 过去进行时被动语态
[for a driving licence] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 目的状语，说明测试目的
[for the third time] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 频率状语，修饰谓语
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V (被动语态，无宾语)
- 句子类型: 简单句
语法要点:
- 谓语采用 过去进行时被动语态 (was being tested)，表示过去某一时刻正在被进行的动作
- for the third time 中的 third 是序数词，前面需用定冠词 the
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 状语 | 过去进行时被动语态 | 序数词
Sentence 2
原句: I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully.
句子成分分析:
[I] ← 主语 (Subject)
[had been asked] ← 谓语① (Predicate): 过去完成时被动语态
[to drive in heavy traffic] ← 主语补足语 (Subject Complement): 不定式被动句中作主补
[and] ← 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunction)
[had done so successfully] ← 谓语② (Predicate): 过去完成时主动语态，so 指代前文动作
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + C (主谓宾补结构，被动语态中宾语变主语，原宾补变主补)
- 句子类型: 并列句 (and 连接两个并列谓语)
语法要点:
- 谓语采用 过去完成时被动语态 (had been asked)，表示在过去某个时间点之前已经被完成的动作
- to drive 是不定式作主语补足语，补充说明主语 I 被要求做什么
- so 是替代词，指代前文的 to drive in heavy traffic
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 主语补足语 | 过去完成时被动语态 | 不定式 | 并列句 | 替代词
Sentence 3
原句: After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
句子成分分析:
[After having been instructed to drive out of town] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 时间状语，由介词+动名词完成被动式构成
[I] ← 主语 (Subject)
[began] ← 谓语 (Predicate): 一般过去时
[to acquire confidence] ← 宾语 (Object): 不定式短语作宾语
非谓语结构分析:
- having been instructed: 动名词的完成被动式 (Perfect Passive Gerund)
- having been done 结构表示动作发生在谓语之前且为被动
- 逻辑主语是句子的主语 I
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + O
- 句子类型: 简单句
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 状语 | 动名词 | 完成被动式 | 不定式
Sentence 4
原句: Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test.
句子成分分析:
[Sure that I had passed] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 形容词短语作原因状语
[that I had passed] ← 宾语从句 (Object Clause): 作 sure 的宾语
[I] ← 主语 (Subject)
[was almost beginning] ← 谓语 (Predicate): 过去进行时
[to enjoy my test] ← 宾语 (Object): 不定式作宾语
从句分析:
- that I had passed: 宾语从句
- 引导词: that (可省略)
- 从句时态: 过去完成时 (had passed)
- 功能: 作形容词 sure 的宾语
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + O
- 句子类型: 复合句 (包含宾语从句)
语法要点:
- Sure that… 是形容词短语作原因状语，相当于 Because I was sure that…
- 这是 形容词短语作状语 的特殊用法，表示主语的状态或原因
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 状语 | 宾语从句 | 形容词短语 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成时
Sentence 5
原句: The examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, ‘Just one more thing, Mr Eames.’
句子成分分析:
[The examiner] ← 主语 (Subject): 名词带定冠词
[must have been pleased] ← 谓语 (Predicate): 情态动词+完成式被动语态
[with my performance] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 介词短语作原因状语/方面状语
[for] ← 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunction): 表示原因，=for是并列连词
[he] ← 主语② (Subject)
[smiled and said] ← 谓语② (Predicate): 一般过去时，and连接并列动词
['Just one more thing, Mr Eames.'] ← 直接引语 (Direct Speech): 作 said 的宾语
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + Adv. , for S + V + O
- 句子类型: 并列句 (for 连接两个并列分句，表示因果关系)
语法要点:
- must have been pleased: 情态动词 must + 完成式被动语态
- 表示对过去情况的肯定推测，“一定已经…”
- 结构: must + have + been + 过去分词
- for 作为并列连词，表示补充说明的原因 (语气比 because 弱)
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 状语 | 情态动词 | 完成式被动语态 | 并列连词 | 直接引语
Sentence 6
原句: Let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you.
句子成分分析:
[Let] ← 谓语 (Predicate): 使役动词，let 后接不带 to 的不定式
[us] ← 宾语 (Object): 第一人称复数代词宾格
[suppose] ← 宾语补足语 (Object Complement): 不带 to 的不定式
[that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you] ← 宾语从句 (Object Clause)
[a child] ← 从句主语
[suddenly] ← 状语: 副词修饰动词
[crosses] ← 从句谓语: 一般现在时
[the road] ← 从句宾语
[in front of you] ← 状语: 地点状语
句型判定:
- 基本句型: V + O + O.C. (祈使句)
- 句子类型: 复合句 (包含宾语从句)
语法要点:
- let sb. do sth.: 使役动词 let 后接不带 to 的不定式作宾补
- 宾语从句中使用 一般现在时 (crosses) 表示假设的普遍情况或习惯性动作
- in front of 是复合介词短语，表示空间位置
本句涉及语法术语：谓语 | 宾语 | 宾语补足语 | 宾语从句 | 使役动词 | 不带to的不定式 | 一般现在时
Sentence 7
原句: As soon as I tap on the window, I want the car to be stopped immediately.
句子成分分析:
[As soon as I tap on the window] ← 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause): 时间状语从句
[As soon as] ← 从属连词: 一...就...
[I] ← 从句主语
[tap] ← 从句谓语: 一般现在时
[on the window] ← 状语: 介词短语
[I] ← 主语 (Subject)
[want] ← 谓语 (Predicate): 及物动词
[the car] ← 宾语 (Object)
[to be stopped immediately] ← 宾语补足语 (Object Complement): 不定式被动式
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + O + O.C.
- 句子类型: 复合句 (主句 + 时间状语从句)
语法要点:
- As soon as: 时间状语从句引导词，表示”一…就…”
- want + 宾语 + to be done: 不定式被动式作宾语补足语
- 结构: want + O + (to be + 过去分词)
- 含义: 希望某事被做
- 时间状语从句中用一般现在时 (tap) 表示将来 (主将从现原则)
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 宾语补足语 | 时间状语从句 | 不定式被动式 | 一般现在时
Sentence 8
原句: I continued driving and after some time, the examiner tapped loudly.
句子成分分析:
[I] ← 主语 (Subject)
[continued] ← 谓语① (Predicate): 一般过去时
[driving] ← 宾语 (Object): 动名词作宾语
[and] ← 并列连词
[after some time] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 时间状语
[the examiner] ← 主语② (Subject)
[tapped] ← 谓语② (Predicate): 一般过去时
[loudly] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 方式状语
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + O and S + V + Adv.
- 句子类型: 并列句
语法要点:
- continue doing: 动名词作 continue 的宾语，表示继续做某事
- after some time 表示”过了一段时间”
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 状语 | 动名词 | 并列句
Sentence 9
原句: Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react.
句子成分分析:
[Though the sound could be heard clearly] ← 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause): 让步状语从句
[Though] ← 从属连词: 虽然、尽管
[the sound] ← 从句主语
[could be heard] ← 从句谓语: 情态动词+被动语态
[clearly] ← 状语: 副词修饰谓语
[it] ← 形式主语 (Formal Subject)
[took] ← 谓语 (Predicate)
[me] ← 间接宾语 (Indirect Object)
[a long time] ← 直接宾语 (Direct Object)
[to react] ← 真正主语 (Real Subject): 不定式
句型判定:
- 基本句型: It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.
- 句子类型: 复合句 (主句 + 让步状语从句)
语法要点:
- It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.: 固定句型
- it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式 to react
- 含义: “做某事花费某人多少时间”
- could be heard: 情态动词 can 的过去式 could + 被动语态
- 表示”能够被听到”
- Though: 让步状语从句引导词，不能与 but 连用
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 间接宾语 | 直接宾语 | 真正主语 | 形式主语 | 让步状语从句 | 情态动词 | 被动语态
Sentence 10
原句: I suddenly pressed the brake pedal hard and we were both thrown forward.
句子成分分析:
[I] ← 主语① (Subject)
[suddenly] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 时间/方式状语
[pressed] ← 谓语① (Predicate): 一般过去时
[the brake pedal] ← 宾语 (Object): 定冠词+名词短语
[hard] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 方式状语
[and] ← 并列连词
[we] ← 主语② (Subject)
[were both thrown] ← 谓语② (Predicate): 一般过去时被动语态，both 是同位语
[forward] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 方向状语
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + O + Adv. and S + V + Adv.
- 句子类型: 并列句
语法要点:
- both 作主语 we 的同位语，表示”两者都”
- were thrown: 一般过去时被动语态，表示被抛出/被抛向前
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 状语 | 同位语 | 一般过去时被动语态 | 并列句
Sentence 11
原句: The examiner looked at me sadly.
句子成分分析:
[The examiner] ← 主语 (Subject)
[looked at] ← 谓语 (Predicate): 短语动词
[me] ← 宾语 (Object): 代词宾格
[sadly] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 方式状语
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + O
- 句子类型: 简单句
语法要点:
- look at: 短语动词 (phrasal verb)
- sadly: 副词修饰动词短语 look at，表示方式
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 状语 | 短语动词
Sentence 12
原句: ‘Mr Eames,’ he said, in a mournful voice, ‘you have just killed that child!’
句子成分分析:
['Mr Eames,'] ← 呼语 (Vocative): 称呼语
[he] ← 主语 (Subject)
[said] ← 谓语 (Predicate): 一般过去时
[in a mournful voice] ← 状语 (Adverbial): 方式状语
['you have just killed that child!'] ← 直接引语 (Direct Speech)
[you] ← 引语中主语
[have just killed] ← 引语中谓语: 现在完成时
[that child] ← 引语中宾语
句型判定:
- 基本句型: S + V + O (直接引语作宾语)
- 句子类型: 简单句
语法要点:
- 呼语 (Vocative): Mr Eames 是称呼语，用逗号与主句隔开
- 现在完成时 (have just killed):
- just 表示”刚刚”
- 强调动作对现在的影响 (孩子已死)
- in a mournful voice: 介词短语作方式状语
本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 状语 | 呼语 | 直接引语 | 现在完成时
2.3 句子成分统计
| 成分类型 | 出现次数 | 典型例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 15次 | ”I was being tested…” | 动作执行者/状态主体 |
| 谓语 | 15次 | ”had been asked”, “began” | 表示动作或状态 |
| 宾语 | 7次 | ”to acquire confidence” | 动作承受者 |
| 状语 | 28次 | ”for the third time”, “successfully” | 修饰动词/句子 |
| 宾语补足语 | 3次 | ”to be stopped immediately” | 补充说明宾语 |
| 主语补足语 | 1次 | ”to drive in heavy traffic” | 被动句中补充主语 |
| 同位语 | 1次 | ”we were both thrown” | 补充说明主语 |
| 呼语 | 1次 | ”Mr Eames” | 称呼对象 |
2.4 从句类型统计
| 从句类型 | 数量 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 宾语从句 | 2个 | ”Sure that I had passed…”, “suppose that a child…” |
| 时间状语从句 | 1个 | ”As soon as I tap on the window…” |
| 让步状语从句 | 1个 | ”Though the sound could be heard clearly…” |
本句涉及语法术语：简单句 | 并列句 | 复合句 | 宾语从句 | 时间状语从句 | 让步状语从句
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 过去进行时 | 2次 | ”was being tested”, “was almost beginning” | 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 |
| 过去完成时 | 4次 | ”had been asked”, “had done”, “had passed” | 表示过去某一时间之前已完成的动作 |
| 一般过去时 | 7次 | ”began”, “smiled”, “said”, “continued” | 叙述过去发生的事件 |
| 现在完成时 | 1次 | ”have just killed” | 强调动作对现在的影响 |
| 一般现在时 | 2次 | ”crosses”, “tap” | 时间状语从句中表将来 |
3.1.1 时态配合分析
时间轴分析:
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────►
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
被指示 开始考试 被测试 讲述故事
(过去之前) (过去进行时) (过去进行) (过去)
had been was being was being told the
instructed tested tested story
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────►
3.2 语态分析
| 语态类型 | 数量 | 例句 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主动语态 | 10句 | ”I began to acquire confidence” | 主语是动作执行者 |
| 被动语态 | 5句 | ”was being tested”, “had been asked” | 主语是动作承受者，强调客观叙述 |
3.2.1 被动语态详细分析
| 结构 | 时态 | 例句 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| was being tested | 过去进行时被动 | ”I was being tested” | 过去正在被测试 |
| had been asked | 过去完成时被动 | ”I had been asked to drive” | 过去已被要求 |
| had been instructed | 过去完成时被动 | ”After having been instructed” | 过去已被指示 |
| could be heard | 情态动词+被动 | ”the sound could be heard” | 能够被听到 |
| to be stopped | 不定式被动 | ”the car to be stopped” | 被要求停止 |
| were thrown | 一般过去时被动 | ”we were both thrown forward” | 被抛向前 |
3.3 情态动词用法
| 情态动词结构 | 例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|
| must have been pleased | ”The examiner must have been pleased” | 对过去情况的肯定推测，“一定已经…“ |
| could be heard | ”the sound could be heard clearly” | 表示能力/可能性，“能够被…“ |
3.3.1 情态动词 + 完成式详解
must have been pleased:
- 结构: must + have + been + 过去分词
- 时态: 对过去的肯定推测
- 语态: 被动语态
- 含义: “一定已经感到满意”
- 使用场景: 根据考官微笑这一事实，推测他之前的心理状态
3.4 非谓语动词分析
| 非谓语形式 | 功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 不定式 (to do) | 宾语 | ”to acquire confidence” |
| 不定式 (to do) | 主语补足语 | ”to drive in heavy traffic” |
| 不定式被动式 | 宾语补足语 | ”to be stopped immediately” |
| 动名词 (doing) | 宾语 | ”continued driving” |
| 动名词完成被动式 | 介词宾语 | ”After having been instructed” |
3.4.1 having been done 结构详解
After having been instructed to drive out of town:
- 结构: After + having been + 过去分词
- 语法功能: 介词 after 的宾语
- 时态意义: 动名词的完成被动式，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前且为被动
- 逻辑主语: 句子的主语 I
- 含义: “在被指示驶出城外之后”
3.5 状语类型分析
| 状语类型 | 例句 | 标记词/结构 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间状语 | ”for the third time”, “After having been instructed” | for, after |
| 原因状语 | ”Sure that I had passed”, “for he smiled” | sure that, for |
| 地点状语 | ”in heavy traffic”, “out of town”, “in front of you” | in, out of, in front of |
| 方式状语 | ”successfully”, “suddenly”, “loudly”, “in a mournful voice” | 副词/-ly, in…voice |
| 让步状语 | ”Though the sound could be heard clearly” | though |
| 目的状语 | ”for a driving licence” | for |
3.6 特殊句式分析
3.6.1 It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.
原句: “it took me a long time to react”
- 结构: It + take/took + 人 + 时间 + to do sth.
- 语法功能: it 作形式主语，真正主语是不定式 to react
- 含义: “做某事花费某人多少时间”
- 变体:
- It takes me two hours to finish the work. (一般现在时)
- It will take us three days to get there. (一般将来时)
3.6.2 形容词短语作原因状语
原句: “Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test.”
- 结构: 形容词 + that 从句，放在句首作状语
- 完整形式: Because I was sure that I had passed…
- 语法功能: 表示原因，说明主句动作发生的背景
- 特点: 形容词短语的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致
本句涉及语法术语：时态 | 语态 | 情态动词 | 非谓语动词 | 状语 | 形式主语
四、本课核心语法点
4.1 过去进行时被动语态
结构: was/were + being + 过去分词
例句:
- “I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time.”
用法说明:
- 表示过去某一时刻正在被进行的动作
- 强调动作承受者而非执行者
- 常用于叙述故事背景或描述场景
四级考点:
- 被动语态的各种时态形式是四级常考点
- 注意区分: was tested (一般过去时被动) vs. was being tested (过去进行时被动)
4.2 过去完成时被动语态
结构: had + been + 过去分词
例句:
- “I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic…”
- “After having been instructed to drive out of town…”
用法说明:
- 表示在过去某个时间点之前已经被完成的动作
- “过去的过去”概念在被动语态中的体现
4.3 having been done 结构
结构: having been + 过去分词
例句:
- “After having been instructed to drive out of town…”
用法说明:
- 动名词的完成被动式
- 表示动作发生在谓语动词之前且为被动
- 常用于介词后作宾语
4.4 情态动词 + 完成时表推测
结构: must/may/might/can’t + have + 过去分词
例句:
- “The examiner must have been pleased with my performance…”
用法说明:
| 结构 | 含义 | 确定性 |
|---|---|---|
| must have done | 一定已经做了 | 肯定 (90%+) |
| may/might have done | 可能已经做了 | 不确定 (50%) |
| can’t have done | 不可能已经做了 | 否定推测 |
4.5 for 引导的原因状语从句
例句:
- “The examiner must have been pleased… for he smiled and said…”
用法说明:
- for 是并列连词，不是从属连词
- 表示补充说明的原因，语气比 because 弱
- 不能放在句首
- for 引导的分句前有逗号
4.6 As soon as 引导的时间状语从句
例句:
- “As soon as I tap on the window, I want the car to be stopped immediately.”
用法说明:
- 表示”一…就…”
- 主句用一般将来时/祈使句，从句用一般现在时 (主将从现)
- 类似结构: the moment, immediately, directly
4.7 让步状语从句
例句:
- “Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react.”
用法说明:
- though/although 引导让步状语从句
- 不能与 but 连用 (但可与 yet/still 连用)
- 可倒装: Child though/as he is, he knows a lot.
4.8 It takes/took sb. time to do sth. 句型
例句:
- “it took me a long time to react”
用法说明:
- it 是形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式
- 表示”做某事花费某人多少时间”
- 变体: It takes/took/will take sb. some time to do sth.
4.9 不定式作宾语补足语
例句:
- “I want the car to be stopped immediately.”
用法说明:
- 结构: 动词 + 宾语 + to do / to be done
- 被动含义时用 to be done 形式
- 常见动词: want, ask, tell, order, expect 等
4.10 本课语法图谱
第69课核心语法结构
│
├── 时态系统
│ ├── 过去进行时被动 (was being tested)
│ ├── 过去完成时被动 (had been asked)
│ ├── 过去完成进行被动 (having been instructed)
│ └── 情态动词+完成式 (must have been)
│
├── 语态系统
│ ├── 被动语态的各种时态
│ └── 主动语态叙述
│
├── 从句类型
│ ├── 时间状语从句 (As soon as...)
│ ├── 原因状语从句 (for...)
│ ├── 让步状语从句 (Though...)
│ └── 宾语从句 (that...)
│
├── 非谓语动词
│ ├── 不定式 (to acquire, to be stopped)
│ └── 动名词完成被动式 (having been instructed)
│
└── 特殊句式
├── It takes sb. time to do sth.
├── let sb. do sth.
└── 形容词短语作状语 (Sure that...)
本句涉及语法术语：过去进行时被动语态 | 过去完成时被动语态 | 动名词完成被动式 | 情态动词完成式 | 时间状语从句 | 原因状语从句 | 让步状语从句 | 形式主语
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 四级考点对应表
| 本课语法点 | 四级考点 | 真题示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 过去进行时被动语态 | 时态语态综合运用 | (2023-6) The new bridge ______ (build) when we got there. (was being built) |
| 情态动词+完成式 | 对过去的推测 | (2022-12) You ______ (must have seen) him yesterday. He was in the office all day. |
| It takes sb. time to do | 固定句型 | (2023-3) It ______ me two hours to finish the task. (took) |
| 让步状语从句 | 连词辨析 | (2022-6) ______ he is young, he knows a lot. (Though/Although) |
| 非谓语动词 | 动名词vs不定式 | (2023-6) After ______ (finish) the work, he went home. (finishing/having finished) |
| 被动语态不定式 | 非谓语被动 | (2022-12) I want this letter ______ (send) immediately. (to be sent) |
5.2 四级重点语法详解
5.2.1 时态语态综合 (Tense & Voice)
考点分析:
- 四级考试中，被动语态常与时态结合考查
- 需掌握各种时态的被动形式
时态对应表:
| 时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | do/does | am/is/are done |
| 一般过去时 | did | was/were done |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are doing | am/is/are being done |
| 过去进行时 | was/were doing | was/were being done |
| 现在完成时 | have/has done | have/has been done |
| 过去完成时 | had done | had been done |
5.2.2 情态动词+完成式 (Modal + Perfect)
四级高频考点:
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| must have done | 一定已经… (肯定推测) | He must have forgotten the meeting. |
| can’t have done | 不可能已经… (否定推测) | She can’t have seen us. |
| should have done | 本应该… (责备/遗憾) | You should have told me earlier. |
| needn’t have done | 本不必… (做了多余的事) | You needn’t have bought it. |
5.2.3 让步状语从句 (Concessive Clause)
连词辨析:
| 连词 | 含义 | 能否与but连用 | 位置 |
|---|---|---|---|
| though/although | 虽然 | ❌ 不能 | 句首/句中 |
| even though | 即使 | ❌ 不能 | 句首/句中 |
| while | 虽然 (对比) | ❌ 不能 | 句首 |
| as (倒装) | 尽管 | ❌ 不能 | 必须倒装 |
| for | 因为 | — | 句中 |
5.3 四级真题练习
练习1: 选择正确答案
I ______ for a driving licence when you called me yesterday. A. am being tested B. was being tested C. had been tested D. would be tested
答案: B (was being tested) 解析: 句中有 when you called me yesterday 表示过去某一时刻，应用过去进行时被动语态。
练习2: 用适当形式填空
You ______ (一定已经累了) after such a long journey.
答案: must have been tired 解析: 对过去情况的肯定推测，用 must have + 过去分词。
练习3: 改写句子
Although he was young, he knew a lot. (用 though 改写，保持原意)
答案: Though he was young, he knew a lot. / Young though he was, he knew a lot. (倒装)
本句涉及语法术语：四级考点 | 时态语态综合 | 情态动词完成式 | 让步状语从句
六、难句解析
难句1
原句: After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
结构拆解:
[After having been instructed to drive out of town] ← 时间状语 (介词+动名词完成被动式)
After ← 介词
having been instructed ← 动名词完成被动式
to drive out of town ← 不定式作主语补足语
[I] ← 主语
[began] ← 谓语 (一般过去时)
[to acquire confidence] ← 宾语 (不定式)
语法难点:
- having been instructed 是动名词的完成被动式，表示在 began 之前发生的被动动作
- to drive out of town 是不定式，在被动结构中作主语补足语
- 整个状语部分相当于: After I had been instructed to drive out of town
中文翻译: 在被指示驶出城外后，我开始获得信心。
难句2
原句: Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test.
结构拆解:
[Sure that I had passed] ← 原因状语 (形容词短语)
Sure ← 形容词
that I had passed ← 宾语从句 (that 引导)
[I] ← 主语
[was almost beginning] ← 谓语 (过去进行时)
[to enjoy my test] ← 宾语 (不定式)
语法难点:
- Sure that… 是形容词短语作原因状语，相当于 Because I was sure that…
- 这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致
- 从句中使用过去完成时 (had passed)，表示在 was beginning 之前已经完成的动作
中文翻译: 确信自己已经通过了考试，我几乎开始享受我的测试。
难句3
原句: Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react.
结构拆解:
[Though the sound could be heard clearly] ← 让步状语从句
Though ← 从属连词
the sound ← 从句主语
could be heard ← 从句谓语 (情态动词+被动语态)
clearly ← 状语 (副词)
[it] ← 形式主语
[took] ← 谓语
[me] ← 间接宾语
[a long time] ← 直接宾语
[to react] ← 真正主语 (不定式)
语法难点:
- it 是形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式 to react
- 这是 It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. 固定句型
- though 引导让步状语从句，表示”虽然…但是…”，注意不能与 but 连用
中文翻译: 尽管声音可以清楚地听到，但我花了很长时间才做出反应。
七、本课涉及的语法术语
7.1 词法相关
名词 | 动词 | 形容词 | 副词 | 代词 | 冠词 | 介词 | 连词 | 派生 | 合成 | 词形变化 | 序数词
7.2 句法相关
主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 直接宾语 | 间接宾语 | 状语 | 定语 | 补语 | 主语补足语 | 宾语补足语 | 同位语 | 呼语 | 简单句 | 并列句 | 复合句
7.3 时态语态
时态 | 语态 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成时 | 一般过去时 | 现在完成时 | 一般现在时 | 过去进行时被动语态 | 过去完成时被动语态 | 一般过去时被动语态
7.4 从句类型
宾语从句 | 时间状语从句 | 原因状语从句 | 让步状语从句 | 直接引语
7.5 非谓语动词
非谓语动词 | 不定式 | 不定式被动式 | 动名词 | 动名词完成被动式 | 不带to的不定式
7.6 情态动词与特殊句式
情态动词 | 情态动词完成式 | 形式主语 | 真正主语 | 替代词 | 并列连词 | 从属连词 | 使役动词 | 短语动词
7.7 四级相关
八、本课涉及的语法术语
- 过去进行时 | 被动语态 | 过去完成时
- 过去进行时被动语态 | 过去完成时被动语态 | 动名词完成被动式
- 情态动词 | 情态动词完成式 | 原因状语从句 | 时间状语从句
- 让步状语从句 | It takes句型 | 不定式 | 动名词
- 形容词短语 | 宾语补足语 | 主语补足语 | 形式主语
- 并列连词 | 从属连词 | 宾语从句 | 使役动词
- 非谓语动词 | 不定式被动式 | 替代词 | 短语动词
分析完成时间: 2026年4月2日
课号: Lesson 69
文本长度: 约210词 / 15句
核心语法: 过去进行时被动语态、过去完成时被动语态、情态动词+完成式、非谓语动词综合