第70课 Red for danger 危险的红色 — 语法精讲
课文原文与参考译文
课文原文：
During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger. The bull was busy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap. Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd broke into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.
参考译文：
在一次斗牛表演中，一个醉汉突然踉跄着进入了斗牛场中央。观众开始大喊大叫，但醉汉没有意识到危险。当时公牛正忙于对付斗牛士，但它突然看见了那个醉汉——醉汉正在喊着粗鲁的话，挥舞着一顶红帽子。显然对批评很敏感，公牛把斗牛士完全抛在脑后，向醉汉冲去。观众突然安静下来。然而，醉汉似乎很自信。当公牛靠近他时，他笨拙地闪到一边让它过去。观众爆发出欢呼声，醉汉鞠了一躬。然而到这时，三个人已经进入了场内，迅速把醉汉拖到安全地带。就连公牛似乎也为他感到难过，因为它同情地看着醉汉，直到他离开才再次把注意力转向斗牛士。
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 词类统计
| 词类 | 数量 | 占比 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 名词 | 28 | 24.3% | bullfight, drunk, crowd, ring, danger, bull, matador, criticism, cap, cheers, safety, attention |
| 动词 | 22 | 19.1% | wandered, began, shout, was, caught, shouting, waving, forgot, charged, grew, seemed, stepped, broke, bowed, dragged, looked |
| 形容词 | 12 | 10.4% | unaware, busy, rude, sensitive, close, clumsy, quiet, sure, safe, sympathetic |
| 副词 | 10 | 8.7% | suddenly, apparently, however, quite, closely, sympathetically |
| 代词 | 14 | 12.2% | a, the, he, him, himself, it, its, who, they |
| 介词 | 12 | 10.4% | into, of, with, at, to, for, by, on, before |
| 连词 | 8 | 7.0% | but, and, when, until, before |
| 限定词 | 9 | 7.8% | a, the, this, all, three |
总计词汇量：约115个（不含重复）
1.2 构词法分析
派生法 (Derivation)
| 单词 | 词根 | 前缀/后缀 | 词性变化 |
|---|---|---|---|
| bullfight | bull + fight | 合成词 | n. 斗牛（bull+fight） |
| unaware | aware (adj.) | un- (否定前缀) | adj. 未意识到的 |
| matador | matar (西语”杀死”) | -or (施动者后缀) | n. 斗牛士 |
| criticism | criticize (v.) | -ism (名词后缀) | n. 批评 |
| clumsily | clumsy (adj.) | -ly (副词后缀) | adv. 笨拙地 |
| sympathetically | sympathy (n.) | -etic (形容词后缀) + -ally (副词后缀) | adv. 同情地 |
合成法 (Compounding)
| 单词 | 构成成分 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| bullfight | bull + fight | 斗牛 |
| middle | mid + -dle | 中间 |
转化法 (Conversion)
| 单词 | 词性1 | 词性2 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| drunk | n. 醉汉 | adj. 喝醉的 | a drunk (n.) / He was drunk (adj.) |
| bow | v. 鞠躬 | n. 弓 | The drunk bowed (v.) |
1.3 重点词汇解析
1. bullfight /ˈbʊlfaɪt/ n. 斗牛
- 构词：bull（公牛）+ fight（战斗）→ 合成名词
- 词族：bullfighter n. 斗牛士；bullfighting n. 斗牛运动
2. wander /ˈwɒndə/ v. 漫步；徘徊；迷路
- 词形变化：wanders - wandered - wandered - wandering
- 本课义：踉跄地走；闲逛（带有无目的、迷路的意味）
- 四级常考搭配：wander about/around 四处游荡；wander off 偏离；wander from 离开
3. unaware /ˌʌnəˈweə/ adj. 未意识到的；不知道的
- 构词：un-（否定）+ aware（意识到的）
- 固定搭配：be unaware of 未意识到…（本课核心结构）
- 反义词：aware adj. 意识到的；awareness n. 意识
4. matador /ˈmætədɔː/ n. 斗牛士
- 词源：源自西班牙语 matar（杀死）+ -or（施动者后缀）
- 文化注释：西班牙语国家传统职业，指手持红布（muleta）与公牛搏斗的表演者
5. criticism /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm/ n. 批评；评论
- 词根：critic（批评家）+ -ism（名词后缀）
- 词族：criticize v. 批评；critical adj. 批评的；批判性的
- 四级考点：criticism of… 对…的批评；under criticism 受到批评
6. charge /tʃɑːdʒ/ v. 冲锋；收费；指控 n. 费用；指控
- 本课义：冲锋；猛冲（charge at 向…冲去）
- 四级常考义：charge sb. with sth. 指控某人某事；free of charge 免费
- 多义辨析：
- charge at 冲向（本课）
- charge for 收费
- charge with 指控
- in charge of 负责
- take charge of 接管
7. clumsily /ˈklʌmzɪli/ adv. 笨拙地
- 词根：clumsy（adj. 笨拙的）+ -ly → 副词
- 词族：clumsy adj. 笨拙的；clumsiness n. 笨拙
- 四级写作应用：描述动作不够灵巧、略显笨拙的场景
8. sympathetically /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪkli/ adv. 同情地
- 词根分析：sym-（共同）+ path（感受）+ -etic（形容词后缀）+ -ally（副词后缀）
- 词族：sympathy n. 同情；sympathetic adj. 同情的
- 四级常考搭配：be sympathetic to/towards 对…同情
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
逐句成分标注
句1：During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring.
[During a bullfight], ← 介词短语作时间状语 (Temporal Adverbial)
│
├── During 介词 (prep.)
└── a bullfight 名词短语作介词宾语 (n. 斗牛)
a drunk ← 主语 (Subject) - 名词短语，drunk此处为名词"醉汉"
│
└── a 冠词 (art.)
└── drunk 名词 (n. 醉汉)
suddenly ← 副词作状语 (Adverbial) - 修饰动词wandered
wandered ← 谓语动词 (Predicate) - 一般过去时，不及物动词
│
└── into the middle of the ring ← 介词短语作地点状语/方向状语
│
├── into 介词
└── the middle of the ring 名词短语
句子结构：简单句 (Simple Sentence) - 主谓结构 (S + Vi + Adv.)
本句涉及语法术语：介词短语 | 时间状语 | 一般过去时 | 副词
句2：The crowd began to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger.
分句1: The crowd began to shout
│
├── The crowd ← 主语 (S) - 集体名词
│
├── began ← 谓语动词 (V) - 及物动词，一般过去时
│
└── to shout ← 不定式短语作宾语 (Object)
│
├── to 不定式标记
└── shout 动词原形
并列连词: but ← 转折连词 (Coordinating Conjunction)
分句2: the drunk was unaware of the danger
│
├── the drunk ← 主语 (S)
│
├── was ← 系动词 (Linking Verb) - be的过去式
│
└── unaware of the danger ← 形容词短语作表语 (Predicative)
│
├── unaware 形容词 - 过去分词作形容词用
└── of the danger 介词短语（形容词补足语/状语）
│
├── of 介词
└── the danger 名词短语作介词宾语
句子结构：并列句 (Compound Sentence) - 由but连接两个简单句
本句涉及语法术语：并列句 | 不定式作宾语 | 系动词 | 表语 | 形容词短语 | 过去分词
句3：The bull was busy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap.
分句1: The bull was busy with the matador at the time
│
├── The bull ← 主语 (S)
│
├── was ← 系动词
│
├── busy ← 表语 (Predicative) - 形容词
│
├── with the matador ← 介词短语（形容词补足语）
│
└── at the time ← 介词短语作时间状语
并列连词: but
分句2: it suddenly caught sight of the drunk [定语从句]
│
├── it ← 主语 (S) - 指代the bull
│
├── suddenly ← 副词作状语
│
├── caught sight of ← 谓语动词短语 (Phrasal Verb)
│ │
│ ├── caught 动词过去式
│ └── sight of 名词短语构成固定搭配
│
├── the drunk ← 宾语 (O) - 同时是后面定语从句的先行词
│
└── who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap
│
├── who ← 关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中作主语
├── was shouting ← 谓语（过去进行时）
│ └── rude remarks 宾语（粗鲁的话语）
├── and ← 并列连词
└── waving a red cap 谓语（过去进行时，省略was）
定语从句分析：
- 先行词：the drunk（指人）
- 关系词：who（作主语，不可省略）
- 时态：过去进行时（was shouting… and waving），表示当时正在进行的动作
- 结构：限制性定语从句（无逗号，对先行词必不可少）
句子结构：并列复合句 (Compound-Complex Sentence)
本句涉及语法术语：系动词 | 形容词补足语 | 定语从句 | 关系代词 | 限制性定语从句 | 过去进行时 | 并列连词
句4：Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.
Apparently sensitive to criticism ← 形容词短语作原因状语/让步状语
│ (Absolute Construction/Adverbial)
├── Apparently 副词 - 评注性状语
└── sensitive to criticism
│
├── sensitive 形容词 - 敏感的
└── to criticism 介词短语（形容词补足语）
the bull ← 主语 (S)
forgot all about the matador ← 谓语部分1
│
├── forgot 谓语动词（及物）- 一般过去时
└── all about the matador 宾语
│
├── all 代词/限定词
└── about the matador 介词短语
and ← 并列连词
charged at the drunk ← 谓语部分2
│
├── charged 谓语动词 - 一般过去时
└── at the drunk 介词短语作方向状语
特殊结构说明：
- Apparently sensitive to criticism 是形容词短语前置作状语，相当于一个省略的原因状语从句：“Because the bull was apparently sensitive to criticism”
- 这种结构被称为”形容词短语作原因状语”或”悬垂分词/形容词结构”
句子结构：简单句 (Simple Sentence) - 带前置形容词短语状语
本句涉及语法术语：形容词短语 | 原因状语 | 一般过去时 | 并列谓语
句5：The crowd suddenly grew quiet.
The crowd ← 主语 (S)
suddenly ← 副词作状语
grew ← 系动词 (Linking Verb) - 半系动词，表示"变得"
quiet ← 表语 (Predicative) - 形容词
句子结构：简单句 (Simple Sentence) - 主系表结构 (S + V + C)
句6：The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself.
The drunk ← 主语 (S)
, however, ← 插入语/连接性状语 (Parenthetical/Conjunctive Adverbial)
表示转折关系
seemed ← 系动词 (Linking Verb) - 表示"似乎，好像"
quite sure of himself ← 形容词短语作表语
│
├── quite 副词 - 修饰sure
├── sure 形容词 - 确信的
└── of himself 介词短语（形容词补足语）
│
├── of 介词
└── himself 反身代词作介词宾语
句子结构：简单句 (Simple Sentence) - 主系表结构
句7：When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass.
When the bull got close to him ← 时间状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Time)
│
├── When 从属连词
├── the bull 从句主语
├── got 系动词/不及物动词 - 变得/到达
└── close to him 形容词短语作表语/状语
│
├── close 形容词
└── to him 介词短语
he ← 主语 (S)
clumsily ← 副词作方式状语
stepped aside ← 谓语动词短语
│
├── stepped 动词过去式
└── aside 副词 - 表示方向
to let it pass ← 不定式短语作目的状语 (Adverbial of Purpose)
│
├── to 不定式标记
├── let 使役动词
├── it 宾语（指代the bull）
└── pass 省略to的不定式作宾补 (bare infinitive)
特殊结构说明：
- let it pass 中，let是使役动词，后接宾语+省略to的不定式（bare infinitive）作宾补
- 类似结构：make/let/have + sb. + do sth.
句子结构：复合句 (Complex Sentence) - 主句 + 时间状语从句
本句涉及语法术语：时间状语从句 | 不定式作目的状语 | 使役动词 | 省略to的不定式
句8：The crowd broke into cheers and the drunk bowed.
分句1: The crowd broke into cheers
│
├── The crowd 主语
├── broke 谓语动词
└── into cheers 介词短语
│
└── cheers 名词（欢呼声）
and 并列连词
分句2: the drunk bowed
│
├── the drunk 主语
└── bowed 谓语动词（不及物）
固定搭配：break into cheers = 爆发出欢呼声
句子结构：并列句 (Compound Sentence)
句9：By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk to safety.
By this time ← 介词短语作时间状语
│
├── By 介词（表示"到...为止"）
└── this time 名词短语
, however, ← 插入语 - 转折
three men ← 主语 (S)
had come ← 谓语动词 - 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
│
├── had 助动词have的过去式
└── come 过去分词 (come-come-come 不规则变化)
into the ring ← 介词短语作地点状语
and ← 并列连词
they ← 主语（第二分句）
quickly ← 副词作状语
dragged the drunk to safety ← 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语
│
├── dragged 谓语动词 - 一般过去时
├── the drunk 宾语
└── to safety ← 介词短语作方向/结果状语
│
├── to 介词
└── safety 名词（抽象名词作介词宾语）
时态说明：
- had come（过去完成时）：表示”在(过去的)某个时间点之前已经完成的动作”
- By this time 指”到这时为止”，即公牛冲过来、醉汉鞠躬的时刻
- “三个人进入场内”发生在”醉汉鞠躬”之前，所以用过去完成时
句子结构：并列句 (Compound Sentence) - 两个分句时态不同
本句涉及语法术语：过去完成时 | 介词短语 | 时间状语 | 并列句
句10：Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.
主句: Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him
│
├── Even 副词 - 强调（甚至）
├── the bull 主语
├── seemed 系动词
└── to feel sorry for him ← 不定式短语作表语
│
├── to feel 不定式
├── sorry 形容词作表语
└── for him 介词短语
for ← 并列连词（古旧用法，表"因为"）
原因分句: it looked on sympathetically [时间状语从句] [before短语]
│
├── it 主语
├── looked on 动词短语 - 旁观，看着
└── sympathetically 副词作方式状语
└── until the drunk was out of the way ← 时间状语从句
│
├── until 从属连词
├── the drunk 从句主语
├── was 系动词
└── out of the way 介词短语作表语（固定表达：让开，不挡路）
└── before once more turning its attention to the matador
│
├── before 介词
├── once more 副词短语（再次）
└── turning its attention to the matador ← 动名词短语作介词宾语
│
├── turning 动名词
├── its attention 动名词的宾语
└── to the matador 介词短语
复杂结构说明：
- for 在此作并列连词，表示”因为”，相当于 because，但语气较弱，常用于书面语
- until 引导时间状语从句，表示”直到…为止”
- before + 动名词 结构，表示”在…之前”，turning是动名词作介词before的宾语
句子结构：并列复合句 (Compound-Complex Sentence)
本句涉及语法术语：不定式 | 时间状语从句 | 并列连词 | 动名词 | 介词+动名词
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
本课共使用4种时态：
| 时态 | 英文 | 结构 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | Simple Past | did | wandered, began, forgot, charged | 叙述过去发生的动作 |
| 过去进行时 | Past Continuous | was/were doing | was shouting, was waving | 描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 |
| 过去完成时 | Past Perfect | had done | had come | 表示”过去的过去” |
| 系动词+形容词 | Linking Verb+Adj. | was/were/seemed + adj. | was unaware, seemed sure | 描述过去的状态 |
时态分布统计
| 时态类型 | 出现次数 | 占比 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | 18 | 72% |
| 过去进行时 | 2 | 8% |
| 过去完成时 | 1 | 4% |
| 系表结构 | 4 | 16% |
| 总计 | 25 | 100% |
过去完成时深度分析
By this time, three men had come into the ring.
时间轴分析：
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────►
│ │ │
过去某时 过去完成时 一般过去时
(更早) (had come) (dragged/bowed)
"三个人进来" 发生在 "醉汉鞠躬" 之前
用过去完成时表示"过去的过去"
过去完成时的逻辑功能：
- 表示在过去某一时间点或动作之前已经完成的动作
- 常与 by, before, when 等时间状语连用
- 本课中”By this time”明确了参照时间点
3.2 过去分词作形容词
本课出现多处”be + 过去分词/形容词 + 介词”结构：
| 结构 | 分析 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| was unaware of | be + 过去分词形容词 + of | 未意识到… |
| was busy with | be + 形容词 + with | 忙于… |
| was out of the way | be + 介词短语 | 不挡路；让开 |
| felt sorry for | 系动词 + 形容词 + for | 为…感到难过 |
| be sure of | be + 形容词 + of | 确信… |
| be sensitive to | be + 形容词 + to | 对…敏感 |
语法要点：
- unaware 原为过去分词，现已形容词化
- busy 本身是形容词
- 这些结构中的介词是固定搭配，需要记忆
3.3 定语从句的使用
本课出现1个定语从句：
...the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap.
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ 谓语1 连词 谓语2
│ │ └── 定语从句（限制性）
│ └── 关系代词who（作主语，不可省略）
└── 先行词（指人）
定语从句的功能分析：
- 逻辑功能：对先行词”the drunk”进行限定说明，指出是”哪个醉汉”
- 修辞功能：丰富叙事细节，描绘醉汉当时的具体行为
- 语法特点：
- 限制性定语从句（无逗号）
- 关系代词 who 在从句中作主语，不可省略
- 从句内部使用过去进行时（was shouting and waving），表示当时正在进行的动作
3.4 形容词短语作状语
本课经典结构：
Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador...
│ │
│ └── 形容词sensitive + 补足语to criticism
└── 副词apparently修饰整个形容词短语
功能分析：
1. 语法功能：前置状语（相当于原因状语从句的省略）
2. 逻辑功能：说明公牛冲向醉汉的原因
3. 完整形式：Because the bull was apparently sensitive to criticism, ...
4. 修辞效果：简洁有力，突出因果关系
类似的形容词短语作状语：
- Angry at the delay, we complained to the manager.
- Tired of waiting, I left.
- Confident of success, he started the project.
3.5 不定式作目的状语
本课出现2处不定式作目的状语：
| 例句 | 不定式结构 | 含义 | 逻辑功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| …stepped aside to let it pass | to let | 为了让它过去 | 表示动作的目的 |
| …dragged the drunk to safety | to safety | 拖到安全地带 | to + 抽象名词 = 表示方向/目的 |
注意：
- “to let it pass” 中，let是使役动词，后接省略to的不定式
- “to safety” 中，to是介词，safety是抽象名词
3.6 时间状语从句
本课出现多个时间状语表达：
| 表达 | 类型 | 含义 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| During a bullfight | 介词短语 | 在斗牛期间 | 交代背景时间 |
| at the time | 介词短语 | 当时 | 指代过去某时刻 |
| When the bull got close to him | 时间状语从句 | 当公牛靠近时 | 引出关键情节 |
| By this time | 介词短语 | 到这时为止 | 表示时间界限（与过去完成时连用） |
| until the drunk was out of the way | 时间状语从句 | 直到醉汉离开 | 表示动作持续到某时点 |
| before once more turning… | 介词+动名词 | 在再次转向之前 | 表示先后顺序 |
时间状语从句时态规则：
- 主句用一般过去时，从句用一般过去时（When the bull got close… he stepped…）
- 主句用过去完成时，时间状语用 by + 时间（By this time, three men had come…）
四、本课核心语法点
4.1 过去完成时 (Past Perfect Tense)
4.1.1 结构
had + 过去分词 (P.P.)
4.1.2 本课例句
By this time, however, three men had come into the ring.
时态逻辑：
过去时间轴：
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━►
│ │ │
三人进场 醉汉鞠躬 叙述时刻
(更早) (参照点) (现在)
│
└── 用过去完成时表示"过去的过去"
4.1.3 过去完成时的使用场景
| 场景 | 例句 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| by + 过去时间 | By 2020, he had finished his degree. | 到过去某时为止 |
| before + 过去动作 | She had left before I arrived. | 在过去动作之前 |
| when + 过去动作 | When I got there, the film had started. | 当我到的时候，电影已经开始了 |
| 间接引语 | He said he had seen the film. | 转述过去完成的事 |
4.1.4 与一般过去时的区别
| 时态 | 参照点 | 时间位置 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | 现在 | 过去某个时间点 |
| 过去完成时 | 过去某时 | ”过去的过去” |
4.2 定语从句 (Attributive Clauses)
4.2.1 本课例句分析
...the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap.
成分分析：
- 先行词：the drunk（人）
- 关系代词：who（作主语，不可省略）
- 从句谓语1：was shouting（过去进行时）
- 从句谓语2：(was) waving（过去进行时，省略was）
- 从句宾语1：rude remarks
- 从句宾语2：a red cap
4.2.2 限制性定语从句 vs 非限制性定语从句
| 类型 | 标点 | 功能 | 关系词可否省略 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 限制性 | 无逗号 | 限定先行词 | 宾格可省略 | The man who came yesterday is my uncle. |
| 非限制性 | 有逗号 | 补充说明 | 不可省略 | Mr. Smith, who is 60, retired. |
本课：限制性定语从句（限定是”哪个醉汉”）
4.3 形容词短语作原因状语
4.3.1 本课经典例句
Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.
4.3.2 结构公式
(副词) + 形容词 + (介词短语), + 主句
↓ ↓
修饰形容词 形容词补足语
4.3.3 完整形式对比
| 省略形式（形容词短语） | 完整形式（原因状语从句） |
|---|---|
| Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull charged… | Because the bull was apparently sensitive to criticism, it charged… |
| Tired of waiting, I left. | Because I was tired of waiting, I left. |
| Confident of success, he tried again. | Because he was confident of success, he tried again. |
4.3.4 四级写作应用
这种结构可使句子更简洁、更有力，适合四级作文：
- Eager to learn, he spent all his time in the library.
- Worried about the result, she couldn’t sleep well.
- Proud of his achievements, he showed us his awards.
4.4 时间状语从句
4.4.1 本课时间状语表达汇总
| 类型 | 例句 | 连词/介词 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间状语从句 | When the bull got close to him… | when |
| 时间状语从句 | …until the drunk was out of the way | until |
| 介词短语 | During a bullfight… | during |
| 介词短语 | By this time… | by |
| 介词+动名词 | before once more turning… | before |
4.4.2 when/while/as 的区别
| 连词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| when | 时间点/时间段，从句动词可延续或瞬间 | When he came, I was reading. |
| while | 时间段，从句动词必须可延续 | While I was reading, he came. |
| as | 强调”一边…一边”或”随着” | As I walked, I sang. |
本课用 when：When the bull got close…（got是瞬间动词）
4.4.3 until 的用法
肯定句：主句动词为延续性动词
I waited until he came. （我等，直到他来）
否定句（not...until）：主句动词为瞬间动词
I didn't leave until he came. （直到他来，我才离开）
本课：肯定句 + 延续性动词 (looked on)
...it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way
4.5 不定式作目的状语
4.5.1 本课例句
He clumsily stepped aside to let it pass.
4.5.2 结构分析
主句 + to + 动词原形 + ...
│
└── 表示目的："为了..."
对比：
- He came to see me. （不定式表目的 = in order to see me）
- He came and saw me. （and连接并列谓语）
4.5.3 不定式作目的状语 vs 介词短语
| 形式 | 例句 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| to + 动词 | He went to the library to study. | 不定式表目的 |
| for + 名词 | He went to the library for study. | 介词短语表目的 |
| 本课：to safety | dragged the drunk to safety | to + 抽象名词表方向/目的 |
4.6 be unaware of / be busy with 结构
4.6.1 结构公式
be + 形容词 + 介词
│ │
│ └── 固定搭配介词
└── 部分为过去分词形容词化
4.6.2 本课例句
| 结构 | 例句 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| be unaware of | the drunk was unaware of the danger | 未意识到危险 |
| be busy with | The bull was busy with the matador | 忙于对付斗牛士 |
| be sure of | seemed quite sure of himself | 对自己很自信 |
| be sensitive to | sensitive to criticism | 对批评敏感 |
| be sorry for | feel sorry for him | 为他感到难过 |
4.6.3 四级常考”be + adj. + 介词”搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| be aware of | 意识到 | Are you aware of the risk? |
| be fond of | 喜欢 | She is fond of music. |
| be afraid of | 害怕 | Don’t be afraid of difficulties. |
| be good at | 擅长 | He is good at English. |
| be interested in | 对…感兴趣 | I am interested in science. |
| be satisfied with | 对…满意 | Are you satisfied with the result? |
| be responsible for | 对…负责 | Who is responsible for this? |
4.7 forget all about 短语
4.7.1 结构分析
forget all about + 名词/代词
│ │
│ └── 介词，表示"关于"
└── 副词，强调"完全、全部"
= 把...完全忘记 / 把...抛在脑后
4.7.2 本课例句
…the bull forgot all about the matador…
含义：公牛把斗牛士完全抛在脑后
4.7.3 相关短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| forget about | 忘记关于… | Don’t forget about the meeting. |
| forget all about | 完全忘记 | I forgot all about my promise. |
| forget to do | 忘记去做某事 | I forgot to lock the door. |
| forget doing | 忘记做过某事 | I forgot meeting him before. |
4.8 break into cheers 短语
4.8.1 结构分析
break into + 名词
│
└── 突然开始...
break into cheers = 突然爆发出欢呼声
4.8.2 本课例句
The crowd broke into cheers…
4.8.3 break into 的其他搭配
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| break into tears | 突然哭起来 | She broke into tears. |
| break into laughter | 突然笑起来 | They broke into laughter. |
| break into song | 突然唱起歌来 | The audience broke into song. |
| break into a run | 突然跑起来 | He broke into a run. |
| break into a house | 闯入房屋（入室盗窃） | Thieves broke into his house. |
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 本课语法点在四级中的考查频率
| 语法点 | 四级考查频率 | 常考题型 | 难度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 过去完成时 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 语法选择、完形填空 | 中等 |
| 定语从句 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 语法选择、翻译、写作 | 较难 |
| 不定式作目的状语 | ⭐⭐⭐ | 翻译、写作 | 简单 |
| 形容词短语作状语 | ⭐⭐⭐ | 翻译、写作 | 中等 |
| be + adj. + 介词 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 完形填空、词汇选择 | 中等 |
| 时间状语从句 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | 语法选择、完形填空 | 简单 |
5.2 四级真题链接
【仿真题1】过去完成时（根据四级考点原创模拟）
By the time I arrived at the station, the train ______.
A. left B. has left C. had left D. was leaving
答案：C
解析：By the time + 过去时间/动作，主句用过去完成时，表示”到…时候为止，已经…”。这与课文”By this time, three men had come into the ring”结构相同。
【仿真题2】定语从句（根据四级考点原创模拟）
The man ______ is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
答案：A
解析：定语从句修饰先行词the man（指人），关系词在从句中作主语，用who。课文中的”the drunk who was shouting…”是同样结构。注意：whom作宾语，which指物，whose表所属。
【真题】2019年6月 大学英语四级考试（公开来源：教育部教育考试院公开样题）
I didn’t know ______ about the accident because I was focused on my research then.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
答案：B
解析：词汇辨析题。anything用于否定句，表示”任何事情”。本题与课文语法点”be unaware of”（未意识到/不知道）语义相关，都表达”不知道/不了解”的含义。
来源说明：本题选自教育部教育考试院公开样题
5.3 四级写作应用
句型模板：形容词短语作状语
课文原句：Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.
四级写作应用：
| 场景 | 改写句子 |
|---|---|
| 描述学生学习 | Eager to improve his English, he spent three hours practicing every day. |
| 描述环保态度 | Concerned about environmental protection, the company reduced plastic usage. |
| 描述考试心态 | Anxious about the exam results, she couldn’t sleep well the night before. |
| 描述志愿服务 | Willing to help others, she joined the volunteer organization. |
句型模板：be + adj. + 介词
课文原句：The drunk was unaware of the danger.
四级写作应用：
| 表达 | 应用句 |
|---|---|
| be aware of | We should be aware of the importance of environmental protection. |
| be satisfied with | Most students are satisfied with the teaching quality. |
| be responsible for | Everyone should be responsible for their own actions. |
| be interested in | Young people are increasingly interested in traditional culture. |
5.4 四级翻译预测
本课涉及的文化主题”bullfighting（斗牛）“与四级翻译常考的”中国文化/传统”话题相关。可能考类似句式：
当表演开始时，观众爆发出热烈的掌声。
参考译文：When the performance began, the crowd broke into warm applause.
到演出结束时，所有观众都已离开。
参考译文：By the time the performance ended, all the audience had left.
六、本课涉及的语法术语
| 术语 | 英文 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | Simple Past Tense | 表示过去发生的动作或状态 |
| 过去进行时 | Past Continuous Tense | 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 |
| 过去完成时 | Past Perfect Tense | 表示”过去的过去” |
| 定语从句 | Attributive Clause | 修饰名词或代词的从句 |
| 关系代词 | Relative Pronoun | 引导定语从句的代词（who, which, that等） |
| 限制性定语从句 | Restrictive Clause | 无逗号，对先行词必不可少 |
| 并列句 | Compound Sentence | 由并列连词连接两个或多个简单句 |
| 复合句 | Complex Sentence | 包含主句和从句的句子 |
| 时间状语从句 | Time Clause | 由when, while, until等引导的从句 |
| 不定式 | Infinitive | to + 动词原形 |
| 不定式作目的状语 | Infinitive as Adverbial of Purpose | 表示动作的目的 |
| 使役动词 | Causative Verb | make, let, have等，后接省略to的不定式 |
| 省略to的不定式 | Bare Infinitive | 不带to的动词原形 |
| 形容词短语 | Adjective Phrase | 形容词及其修饰成分、补足语构成的短语 |
| 原因状语 | Adverbial of Cause | 表示原因的状语 |
| 介词短语 | Prepositional Phrase | 介词+宾语构成的短语 |
| 时间状语 | Temporal Adverbial | 表示时间的状语 |
| 方式状语 | Adverbial of Manner | 表示动作方式的状语 |
| 副词 | Adverb | 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 |
| 动名词 | Gerund | 动词-ing形式，具有名词性质 |
| 主语 | Subject | 句子中执行动作或被描述的主体 |
| 谓语 | Predicate | 说明主语的动作或状态 |
| 宾语 | Object | 动作的承受者 |
| 表语 | Predicative | 系动词后的成分，说明主语特征 |
| 定语 | Attributive | 修饰名词的成分 |
| 状语 | Adverbial | 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分 |
| 补语 | Complement | 补充说明主语或宾语的成分 |
| 系动词 | Linking Verb | be, seem, become等连接主语和表语的动词 |
| 半系动词 | Semi-copular Verb | grow, get, become等表示变化的系动词 |
| 插入语 | Parenthesis | 句子中独立存在的成分，用逗号隔开 |
| 并列连词 | Coordinating Conjunction | and, but, or等连接并列成分的连词 |
| 从属连词 | Subordinating Conjunction | 引导从句的连词（when, if, because等） |
| 反身代词 | Reflexive Pronoun | myself, yourself, himself等 |
| 固定搭配 | Collocation | 固定的词组搭配 |
| 合成词 | Compound Word | 由两个或多个词合成的词 |
| 派生法 | Derivation | 通过添加词缀构成新词 |
| 过去分词 | Past Participle | 动词的过去分词形式，可作形容词用 |
本课涉及的语法术语
- 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成时
- 定语从句 | 限制性定语从句 | 关系代词
- 时间状语从句 | 原因状语从句 | 目的状语
- 形容词短语 | 原因状语 | 伴随状语
- 不定式 | 不定式作目的状语 | 省略to的不定式
- 现在分词 | 动名词 | 过去分词
- 并列句 | 复合句 | 并列连词 | 从属连词
- 系动词 | 半系动词 | 表语 | 使役动词
- 介词短语 | 时间状语 | 方式状语
- 主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 定语 | 状语 | 补语
- 插入语 | 反身代词 | 固定搭配
- 合成词 | 派生法
文档生成时间：2026年4月 适用教材：新概念英语第二册 (New Concept English 2) 课号：第70课 总词汇量：约115个 核心语法点：过去完成时、定语从句、形容词短语作状语、不定式作目的状语