第二册 L71 A famous clock 语法深度精讲
课号：第71课（共96课）
标题：A famous clock（一个著名的大钟）
语法重点：虚拟语气（与过去事实相反）+ 定语从句 + 被动语态 + 时间状语从句
核心逻辑功能：说明文逻辑 - 客观事实介绍 + 历史背景穿插
课文原文
When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 词性 | 词义 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parliament | n. (C) | 国会，议会 | 专有名词，机构名称 |
| erect | v. | 建造，竖立 | 谓语动词（被动语态） |
| immense | adj. | 巨大的，庞大的 | 描述尺寸的前置定语 |
| accurate | adj. | 精确的，准确的 | 描述精度的表语 |
| observatory | n. (C) | 天文台 | 机构名称组成部分 |
| microphone | n. (C) | 麦克风，话筒 | 技术设备名词 |
| rarely | adv. | 很少，难得 | 频率副词，否定含义 |
| fail | v. | 失败，未能 | 谓语动词，后接不定式 |
| painter | n. (C) | 油漆工，画家 | 施事者名词 |
| hand | n. (C) | 指针；（本文）钟表的指针 | 具体部件名词 |
1.2 词形变化要点
1.2.1 动词的不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| visit | visited | visited | visiting | 参观，访问 |
| see | saw | seen | seeing | 看见 |
| burn | burned/burnt | burned/burnt | burning | 燃烧，烧毁 |
| erect | erected | erected | erecting | 建造 |
| take | took | taken | taking | 取得（名字） |
| make | made | made | making | 制造 |
| check | checked | checked | checking | 检查 |
| hear | heard | heard | hearing | 听到 |
| strike | struck | struck/stricken | striking | 敲击，报时 |
| hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | hanging | 悬挂 |
| slow | slowed | slowed | slowing | 使变慢 |
| go | went | gone | going | 运转，运行 |
| fail | failed | failed | failing | 失败 |
注意：hang 的过去式/过去分词有两种形式：
- hung (hung, hung) = 悬挂（物体）
- hanged (hanged, hanged) = 绞死，吊死（人）
本课例句：“hung a pot of paint” 使用 hung
1.2.2 形容词与副词派生
| 形容词 | 副词形式 | 名词形式 | 词义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| famous | famously | fame | 著名的 |
| actual | actually | actuality | 实际的 |
| extreme | extremely | extreme/extremity | 极端的 |
| accurate | accurately | accuracy | 精确的 |
| responsible | responsibly | responsibility | 负责的 |
| immense | immensely | immensity | 巨大的 |
| correct | correctly | correctness | 正确的 |
| rare | rarely | rarity | 稀有的 |
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句子类型 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句位置 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 5 | 42% | 句4, 6, 8, 9, 10 |
| 并列句 | 1 | 8% | 句7 |
| 复合句（主从） | 6 | 50% | 句1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 12 |
| 合计 | 12 | 100% | - |
2.2 逐句成分分析
句1：时间状语从句 + 同位语 + 定语从句
原句: “When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.”
句子成分分析:
- 主语: one of the first things you will see
- 核心: one（代词）
- 修饰: of the first things you will see（介词短语+定语从句）
- [表语]: Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.
- 核心: Big Ben（专有名词）
- 同位语: the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.
- 中心词: clock（名词）
- 定语: the famous（限定词+形容词）
- 定语从句: which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.（修饰clock）
- 状语: When you visit London（时间状语从句）
句型判定: 复合句（主从复合句）
- 主句: one…is Big Ben…
- 从句1: When you visit London（时间状语从句）
- 从句2: you will see（省略that的定语从句，修饰things）
- 从句3: which can be heard…（定语从句，修饰clock）
语法要点:
- 被动语态: can be heard（情态动词+被动）
- 同位语: the famous clock 是 Big Ben 的同位语，补充说明
句2：虚拟语气（与过去事实相反）
原句: “If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected.”
句子成分分析:
- [条件状语从句]: If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834
- 主语: the Houses of Parliament
- 谓语: had not been burned down（过去完成时被动语态）
- 时间状语: in 1834
- [主句主语]: the great clock
- [主句谓语]: would never have been erected（虚拟语气结果）
- would + have + been + erected
句型判定: 复合句（条件状语从句 + 主句）
语法要点: 虚拟语气 - 与过去事实相反
- 条件从句: If + 主语 + had done (had not been burned down)
- 主句: 主语 + would have done (would never have been erected)
实际含义: 国会大厦确实在1834年被烧毁了，所以大钟被建造了。
句3：多从句嵌套
原句: “Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.”
句子成分分析:
- 主语: Big Ben
- [宾语]: its name
- 状语: from Sir Benjamin Hall（来源状语）
- 修饰Hall的定语从句: who was responsible for the making of the clock
- 嵌套时间状语从句: when the new Houses of Parliament were being built
- 修饰Hall的定语从句: who was responsible for the making of the clock
句型判定: 复合句（主句 + 定语从句 + 时间状语从句）
语法要点:
- 定语从句: who was responsible…（修饰Sir Benjamin Hall）
- 过去进行时被动: were being built（表示过去某时正在进行的被动动作）
句4：not only…but (also)… 并列结构
原句: “It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well.”
句子成分分析:
- 主语: It（指代Big Ben）
- [表语1]: of immense size（介词短语作表语）
- 连接词: not only…but (also)…（并列连词）
- [表语2]: extremely accurate（形容词短语作表语）
- [附加成分]: as well（副词短语，表示”也”）
句型判定: 简单句（并列表语）
语法要点:
- not only…but (also)… 连接两个并列表语
- of + 抽象名词 = 形容词: of immense size = immensely sized
句5：have sth. done 使役结构
原句: “Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.”
句子成分分析:
句型判定: 简单句（主谓宾宾补）
语法要点: have sth. done 结构
- 含义: 让某事被（别人）做
- 此处: 让钟表被检查（官员请人检查钟表）
句6：时间状语从句 + 原因状语从句
原句: “On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower.”
句子成分分析:
- 状语: On the B.B.C.（地点/媒介状语）
- 谓语: can hear
- [宾语]: the clock
- [时间状语从句]: when it is actually striking
- [原因状语从句]: because microphones are connected to the clock tower
句型判定: 复合句（主句 + 时间状语从句 + 原因状语从句）
语法要点:
- 现在进行时: is striking（表示正在进行的动作）
- 被动语态: are connected（一般现在时被动）
句7：并列句（but 连接）
原句: “Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time.”
句子成分分析:
-
句7a: Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
-
句7b: Once, however, it failed to give the correct time.
- 状语: Once（时间状语）, however（转折副词）
- [宾语]: to give the correct time（不定式作宾语）
句型判定: 并列句（两句由句号分隔，但语义并列对比）
语法要点:
- rarely 含有否定意义，位于实义动词前
- fail to do = 未能做成某事
句8：定语从句 + 并列谓语
原句: “A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!”
句子成分分析:
- 主语: A painter who had been working on the tower
- 核心: A painter
- 定语从句: who had been working on the tower（修饰painter）
- [宾语1]: a pot of paint
- 状语: on one of the hands（地点状语）
句型判定: 简单句（带定语从句，并列谓语）
语法要点:
- 过去完成进行时: had been working（表示过去某时之前一直在进行的动作）
- slow down 动词短语: 使……变慢
2.3 句子成分统计
| 成分类型 | 出现次数 | 典型例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 定语从句 | 4次 | which can be heard… | 修饰名词 |
| 状语从句（时间） | 3次 | When you visit London… | 修饰动词/句子 |
| 状语从句（条件） | 1次 | If the Houses…had not been burned… | 表示假设 |
| 状语从句（原因） | 1次 | because microphones are connected… | 表示原因 |
| 同位语 | 2次 | the famous clock… | 补充说明 |
| 被动语态 | 5次 | had been burned, was erected… | 强调承受者 |
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 5次 | ”you will see”, “takes its name” | 陈述客观事实、常态 |
| 一般过去时 | 4次 | ”hung”, “failed”, “slowed” | 叙述过去具体事件 |
| 现在完成时 | 1次 | ”has rarely gone wrong” | 过去与现在的联系 |
| 过去完成时 | 2次 | ”had not been burned”, “had been working” | 过去的过去 |
| 过去进行时被动 | 1次 | ”were being built” | 过去正在进行的被动动作 |
| 过去完成进行 | 1次 | ”had been working” | 过去某时之前一直在进行 |
3.2 语态分析
| 语态 | 数量 | 例句 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主动语态 | 7句 | ”Big Ben takes its name…” | 强调执行者或自然叙述 |
| 被动语态 | 5句 | ”had not been burned”, “would have been erected” | 强调承受者、客观叙述 |
被动语态详解:
- had not been burned down - 过去完成时被动
- would have been erected - 虚拟语气中的被动
- which can be heard - 情态动词+被动
- were being built - 过去进行时被动
- are connected - 一般现在时被动
3.3 语气分析
| 语气类型 | 例句 | 语法标记 | 语用功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 陈述语气 | ”you will see is Big Ben” | 正常语序/时态 | 陈述事实 |
| 虚拟语气 | ”If…had not been burned…would never have been erected” | If + had done, would have done | 与过去事实相反 |
虚拟语气详解: 本课核心语法点
| 类型 | 条件从句 | 主句 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 与过去事实相反 | If + had done | would have done | If…had not been burned down…, would never have been erected |
3.4 情态动词用法
| 情态动词 | 例句 | 语义功能 |
|---|---|---|
| can | ”which can be heard all over the world” | 能力/可能性（被动） |
| will | ”you will see” | 预测/将来 |
四、本课语法重点总结
4.1 核心语法点
- 虚拟语气（与过去事实相反）: If + had done, … would have done
- 定语从句: 关系代词 which/who 引导的限定性定语从句
- 被动语态: 多种时态的被动形式（过去完成、进行时被动等）
- have sth. done 结构: 使役用法
4.2 难句解析
难句: “If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected.”
结构拆解:
If [the Houses of Parliament] [had not been burned down] [in 1834],
主语 过去完成时被动语态 时间状语
[the great clock] [would never have been erected].
主语 would + have + been + 过去分词（虚拟结果）
语法难点:
- 这是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
- 实际情况: 国会大厦确实在1834年被烧毁
- 虚拟结果: 大钟因此被建造起来（与”would never have been erected”相反）
中文翻译: “如果国会大厦在1834年没有被烧毁，这座大钟就永远不会被建造起来。“
4.3 语法图谱
Lesson 71 语法结构
│
├── 虚拟语气（重点）
│ └── 与过去事实相反
│ ├── 条件从句: If + had done (had not been burned)
│ └── 主句: would have done (would never have been erected)
│
├── 从句系统
│ ├── 定语从句: which/who 引导 (4处)
│ ├── 时间状语从句: when 引导 (3处)
│ ├── 条件状语从句: if 引导 (1处)
│ └── 原因状语从句: because 引导 (1处)
│
├── 被动语态系统
│ ├── 过去完成时被动: had been burned
│ ├── 过去进行时被动: were being built
│ ├── 情态动词+被动: can be heard
│ └── 虚拟语气中的被动: would have been erected
│
└── 特殊结构
├── not only...but (also)... 并列
├── have sth. done 使役
└── fail to do 未能
五、与四级考试的关联
| 语法点 | 四级考点 | 真题示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 虚拟语气（过去） | If + had done, would have done | If I had known, I would have come. |
| 定语从句 | 关系代词 which/who/that | The man who is standing there… |
| 被动语态 | 各种时态的被动形式 | The book has been translated. |
| have sth. done | 使役结构 | I had my hair cut yesterday. |
六、本课涉及的语法术语
- 虚拟语气 - 本课核心语法点，用于与过去事实相反的假设
- 定语从句 - which/who 引导的限定性定语从句
- 被动语态 - 多种时态的被动形式
- 过去完成时 - had done 形式
- 过去进行时 - was/were doing 形式
- 时间状语从句 - when 引导的时间从句
- 条件状语从句 - if 引导的条件从句
- 原因状语从句 - because 引导的原因从句
- 同位语 - 对名词进行补充说明
- 不定式 - to give, to complete
- 分词 - checked（过去分词作宾补）
- 使役动词 - have sth. done 结构
分析完成时间: 2026年4月2日
课号: Lesson 71
文本长度: 约150词/12句