第二册 L72 A car called Bluebird 语法深度精讲
课号：第72课（共96课）
标题：A car called Bluebird（“蓝鸟”汽车）
语法重点：过去完成时 + 过去完成时被动 + 原因状语从句 + 现在完成时
核心逻辑功能：叙事逻辑 - 时间顺序推进 + 父子传承主题
课文原文
The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour. He set up a new world record in September 1935 at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah. Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him. It was over 30 feet in length and had a 2500 horse-power engine. Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run. After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour. However, a few days later, he was told that a mistake had been made. His average speed had been 301 miles per hour. Since that time, racing drivers have reached speeds of over 400 miles an hour. Following his father’s footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolm’s son, Donald, also set up a world record. Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 核心词汇词类标注
| 词汇 | 词性 | 词义 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| racing | n./adj. | 赛车（的） | 定语修饰driver |
| record | n. (C) | 记录 | 宾语中心词 |
| specially | adv. | 专门地，特别地 | 修饰built |
| length | n. (U) | 长度 | 介词宾语 |
| engine | n. (C) | 发动机 | 宾语中心词 |
| although | conj. | 尽管，虽然 | 让步状语从句引导词 |
| burst | v. | 爆裂 | 谓语动词（过去式） |
| disappointed | adj. | 失望的 | 表语形容词 |
| average | adj./n. | 平均的/平均数 | 修饰speed |
| follow | v. | 追随，跟随 | 现在分词作状语 |
1.2 词形变化要点
1.2.1 动词的不规则变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| drive | drove | driven | driving | 驾驶 |
| set | set | set | setting | 创造，设置 |
| build | built | built | building | 建造 |
| burst | burst | burst | bursting | 爆裂 |
| tell | told | told | telling | 告诉 |
| make | made | made | making | 制造，犯（错误） |
| reach | reached | reached | reaching | 达到 |
| learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | learning | 得知，学习 |
注意：burst 的过去式和过去分词与原形同形：burst, burst, burst
1.2.2 复合形容词与派生词
| 原词 | 派生形式 | 词性 | 词义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| horse + power | horse-power | n. | 马力 | 2500 horse-power engine |
| world + record | world record | n. | 世界纪录 | set up a new world record |
| race + ing | racing | adj. | 赛车的 | racing driver |
| average | - | adj./n. | 平均的 | average speed |
1.2.3 形容词与副词派生
| 形容词 | 副词形式 | 名词形式 | 词义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| special | specially | speciality/specialty | 特别的 |
| great | greatly | greatness | 伟大的 |
| disappointed | disappointedly | disappointment | 失望的 |
| actual | actually | actuality | 实际的 |
| long | - | length | 长的/长度 |
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句子类型 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句位置 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 5 | 42% | 句1, 2, 4, 5, 11 |
| 并列句 | 1 | 8% | 句6 |
| 复合句（主从） | 6 | 50% | 句3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 |
| 合计 | 12 | 100% | - |
2.2 逐句成分分析
句1：不定式作后置定语
原句: “The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour.”
句子成分分析:
- 主语: The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell
- 核心: The great racing driver
- 同位语: Sir Malcolm Campbell
- 表语: the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour
- 核心: the first man
- 定语: to drive at over 300 miles per hour（不定式作后置定语）
句型判定: 简单句
语法要点: 不定式作后置定语
- 当名词被序数词（first, second）修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语
- 例: the first man to do sth. = 第一个做某事的人
句2：简单句
原句: “He set up a new world record in September 1935 at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah.”
句子成分分析:
- [谓语]: set up（动词短语）
- [宾语]: a new world record
- [时间状语]: in September 1935
- [地点状语]: at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah
句型判定: 简单句
语法要点: set up = 创造（纪录）、建立
句3：过去完成时被动 + 定语从句
原句: “Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him.”
句子成分分析:
- 主语: Bluebird, the car he was driving
- 核心: Bluebird
- 同位语: the car he was driving
- 其中he was driving是省略that的定语从句，修饰car
- [谓语]: had been specially built
- 过去完成时被动语态
- 状语: for him（目的/对象状语）
句型判定: 简单句（带定语从句）
语法要点:
- 过去完成时被动: had been built（表示”过去的过去”，即在被驾驶之前已经造好）
- 省略关系代词的定语从句: he was driving (省略了that/which)
句4：并列谓语
原句: “It was over 30 feet in length and had a 2500 horse-power engine.”
句子成分分析:
- 表语: over 30 feet in length
- [宾语]: a 2500 horse-power engine
句型判定: 简单句（并列谓语）
语法要点: over = more than（超过）
句5：让步状语从句 + 原因状语从句
原句: “Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run.”
句子成分分析:
- [让步状语从句]: Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour
- 主语: Campbell
- 谓语: reached
- 宾语: a speed of over 304 miles per hour
- [主句宾语]: great difficulty in controlling the car
- [原因状语从句]: because a tyre burst during the first run
- 主语: a tyre
- 谓语: burst
- 时间状语: during the first run
句型判定: 复合句（让步从句 + 主句 + 原因从句）
语法要点:
- although 引导让步状语从句（“尽管”）
- because 引导原因状语从句（“因为”）
- have difficulty (in) doing sth. = 做某事有困难
句6：复杂宾语结构
原句: “After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour.”
句子成分分析:
- 状语: After his attempt（时间状语）
- 状语: to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour（不定式表原因）
- 其中that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour是宾语从句
句型判定: 复合句（主句 + 宾语从句）
语法要点:
- be disappointed to do = 失望地做某事
- 过去完成时: had been（表示在过去动作learn之前的速度情况）
句7：被动语态 + 宾语从句
原句: “However, a few days later, he was told that a mistake had been made.”
句子成分分析:
- 状语: However（转折副词）, a few days later（时间状语）
- [谓语]: was told（一般过去时被动）
- [宾语从句]: that a mistake had been made
- 主语: a mistake
- 谓语: had been made（过去完成时被动）
句型判定: 复合句（主句被动 + 宾语从句）
语法要点:
- be told that… = 被告知……
- 过去完成时被动: had been made（表示在被告诉之前已经犯了错误）
句8：简单句
原句: “His average speed had been 301 miles per hour.”
句子成分分析:
句型判定: 简单句
语法要点: 过去完成时表示过去某个时间点之前的状态
句9：Since引导的时间状语 + 现在完成时
原句: “Since that time, racing drivers have reached speeds of over 400 miles an hour.”
句子成分分析:
- 状语: Since that time（时间状语）
- 主语: racing drivers
- [谓语]: have reached（现在完成时）
- [宾语]: speeds of over 400 miles an hour
句型判定: 简单句
语法要点: Since + 过去时间点, 现在完成时
- Since that time = 从那时起（指1935年之后）
- have reached = 表示从过去持续到现在的动作/状态
句10：现在分词短语作状语
原句: “Following his father’s footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolm’s son, Donald, also set up a world record.”
句子成分分析:
- 状语: Following his father’s footsteps many years later（现在分词短语作伴随/时间状语）
- many years later 是插入的时间状语
- 主语: Sir Malcolm’s son, Donald
- 核心: Sir Malcolm’s son
- 同位语: Donald
- [谓语]: set up
- [宾语]: a world record
句型判定: 简单句
语法要点:
- 现在分词短语作状语: Following… = 在追随……之后
- follow in one’s footsteps = 追随某人的脚步
句11：简单句
原句: “Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.”
句子成分分析:
- 状语: Like his father（介词短语作比较状语）
- [谓语]: was driving（过去进行时）
- [宾语]: a car called Bluebird
- 核心: a car
- 过去分词作定语: called Bluebird
句型判定: 简单句
语法要点:
- 过去进行时: was driving（表示过去某时正在进行的动作）
- 过去分词作定语: called Bluebird（= which was called Bluebird）
2.3 句子成分统计
| 成分类型 | 出现次数 | 典型例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 定语从句 | 2次 | he was driving | 修饰名词 |
| 宾语从句 | 2次 | that his average speed had been | 作宾语 |
| 让步状语从句 | 1次 | Although Campbell reached… | 表示让步 |
| 原因状语从句 | 1次 | because a tyre burst… | 表示原因 |
| 不定式作定语 | 1次 | to drive at over 300 miles | 修饰名词 |
| 现在分词作状语 | 1次 | Following his father’s footsteps | 表示伴随 |
| 被动语态 | 4次 | had been built, was told | 强调承受者 |
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
| 时态 | 出现次数 | 例句 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | 6次 | was, set up, reached, had, burst | 叙述过去事件 |
| 过去完成时 | 4次 | had been built, had been, had made | 过去的过去 |
| 过去进行时 | 2次 | was driving, were being built | 过去正在进行的动作 |
| 现在完成时 | 1次 | have reached | 从过去到现在 |
3.2 语态分析
| 语态 | 数量 | 例句 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主动语态 | 8句 | ”He set up a new world record” | 强调执行者 |
| 被动语态 | 4句 | ”had been specially built”, “was told” | 强调承受者、客观叙述 |
被动语态详解:
- had been specially built - 过去完成时被动（车在被驾驶前已被造好）
- was told - 一般过去时被动（被告知）
- had been made - 过去完成时被动（错误在被发现前已犯）
- had been 299/301 miles - 系表结构的完成时形式
3.3 语气分析
| 语气类型 | 例句 | 语法标记 | 语用功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 陈述语气 | 全文主要语气 | 正常语序/时态 | 陈述事实 |
3.4 情态动词用法
| 情态动词 | 例句 | 语义功能 |
|---|---|---|
| can | （本课无） | - |
四、本课语法重点总结
4.1 核心语法点
- 过去完成时: had done / had been done（表示过去的过去）
- 过去完成时被动语态: had been built / had been made
- 现在完成时: Since that time, … have reached（从过去持续到现在）
- 让步状语从句: Although…（“尽管”引导）
- 原因状语从句: because…（“因为”引导）
- 不定式作后置定语: the first man to drive…（序数词+不定式）
4.2 难句解析
难句1: “Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run.”
结构拆解:
[Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour],
让步状语从句：尽管达到了304英里的时速
[he had great difficulty in controlling the car]
主句：他控制汽车有困难
[because a tyre burst during the first run]
原因状语从句：因为轮胎在第一次行驶时爆裂
语法难点:
- 让步 + 原因的复合逻辑：先让步（虽然速度快），再解释困难原因（轮胎爆裂）
- have difficulty (in) doing sth. 结构
- burst 过去式与原形同形
中文翻译: “尽管坎贝尔达到了每小时304英里以上的速度，但他很难控制这辆汽车，因为在第一次行驶中轮胎爆裂了。”
难句2: “Following his father’s footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolm’s son, Donald, also set up a world record.”
结构拆解:
[Following his father's footsteps many years later],
现在分词短语作状语：许多年后追随父亲的脚步
[Sir Malcolm's son, Donald], also set up a world record.
主语（带同位语）：马尔科姆爵士的儿子唐纳德
谓语：也创造了世界纪录
语法要点:
- 现在分词短语作状语表示伴随或时间先后
- 同位语 Donald 补充说明 Sir Malcolm’s son
4.3 语法图谱
Lesson 72 语法结构
│
├── 时态系统（重点）
│ ├── 一般过去时（叙述主要事件）
│ ├── 过去完成时（过去的过去）
│ │ ├── had been built（车被制造）
│ │ ├── had been 299/301（速度记录）
│ │ └── had been made（错误被犯）
│ ├── 过去进行时（正在驾驶）
│ └── 现在完成时（since that time, have reached）
│
├── 语态系统
│ ├── 过去完成时被动（had been built/made）
│ └── 一般过去时被动（was told）
│
├── 从句系统
│ ├── 定语从句（省略that/which）
│ ├── 让步状语从句（Although...）
│ ├── 原因状语从句（because...）
│ └── 宾语从句（that...）
│
└── 特殊结构
├── 不定式作定语（the first man to drive）
├── 现在分词作状语（Following...）
├── 过去分词作定语（called Bluebird）
└── have difficulty (in) doing
五、与四级考试的关联
| 语法点 | 四级考点 | 真题示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 过去完成时 | 表示过去的过去 | By the time I arrived, the train had left. |
| 现在完成时 | since + 过去时间 | Since 1990, great changes have taken place. |
| 被动语态 | 各种时态的被动 | The house had been built before I came. |
| 让步状语从句 | although/though | Although he is young, he knows a lot. |
| 原因状语从句 | because/since/as | I stayed at home because it rained. |
六、本课涉及的语法术语
- 时态 - 过去完成时、现在完成时、一般过去时
- 过去完成时 - had done / had been done
- 现在完成时 - have/has done
- 过去进行时 - was/were doing
- 被动语态 - had been built, was told, had been made
- 定语从句 - 省略关系代词的限定性定语从句
- 状语从句 - although（让步）、because（原因）
- 宾语从句 - that 引导的宾语从句
- 不定式 - to drive（作定语）
- 现在分词 - Following（作状语）
- 过去分词 - called（作定语）、built（被动）
- 同位语 - Sir Malcolm Campbell, Donald
- 虚拟语气 - （本课无，但与本课虚拟相关概念对比）
分析完成时间: 2026年4月2日
课号: Lesson 72
文本长度: 约180词/12句