第78课 The last one? 最后一枝吗？ — 词汇精讲
课文原文
After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times!
## 参考译文
读完一篇题为《吸烟与健康》的文章后，我点燃了一支香烟来镇定神经。我专注而愉快地吸着烟，因为我确信这将是我最后一支烟。整整一周我完全没有吸烟，在这期间，我妻子受尽了折磨。我有所有戒烟者通常的症状：脾气坏和食欲旺盛。我的朋友们不断给我递香烟和雪茄。每当我从口袋里掏出一包糖果时，他们都毫不掩饰他们的 amusement。这样过了七天，我去参加了一个聚会。周围的每个人都在吸烟，我感到非常不舒服。当我的老朋友布莱恩劝我接受一支烟时，我再也忍不住了。我内疚地拿了一支，点燃它，满足地吸着。我妻子很高兴一切终于恢复了正常。无论如何，正如布莱恩指出的，戒烟是世界上最容易的事情。他自己就戒了很多次！
一、基础统计
1.1 词数与词汇统计
| 统计指标 | 数值 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 总词数 | 198 | 含标点约215个token |
| 类符数 (Types) | 112 | 不同单词形式数 |
| 形符数 (Tokens) | 198 | 总单词出现次数 |
| TTR (类符/形符比) | 56.6% | 词汇丰富度指标 |
| 词汇密度 | 58.2% | 实词占总词数比例 |
| 平均词长 | 4.3 | 字母数/单词数 |
| 句子数 | 10 | 平均句长19.8词 |
1.2 词汇分级分布
| 难度等级 | 词数 | 占比 | 示例词汇 |
|---|---|---|---|
| K1 (基础词) | 78 | 69.6% | I, the, a, and, my, to, was, had, not |
| K2 (常用词) | 22 | 19.6% | article, cigarette, health, pleasure, symptoms, appetite |
| K3 (学术词) | 8 | 7.1% | entitled, concentration, enormous, amusement, satisfaction |
| K4+ (低频词) | 4 | 3.6% | guiltily, urged, cigar, packet |
词汇难度评估: 本课整体难度适中 (CEFR B1-B2)，以日常生活词汇为主，K3及以上学术词汇占比约10%，适合中级学习者。
二、核心词汇精讲 (12个)
1. entitled /ɪnˈtaɪtld/ ★★★☆☆
词性与用法
- vt. 给…命名；给予…权利
- 本课义：给(书、文章等)题名
- 常见搭配：be entitled to sth/do sth (有权做某事)
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★☆☆ (中频)
- 考研考频：★★★☆☆
- 常考用法：entitle 的被动语态和形容词用法
一词多义
| 义项 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 命名 | 给(书、文章)加标题 | an article entitled ’…’ 一篇题为…的文章 |
| ② 授权 | 给予…权利 | This ticket entitles you to a free drink. |
| ③ 有资格 | 使有权利 | Employees are entitled to 20 days’ holiday. |
派生词族
- title (n.) 标题；头衔
- entitlement (n.) 权利；津贴
真题例句
“A book entitled The Secret became a best-seller.” (2015 CET-4) “All employees are entitled to annual leave.” (2020 CET-6)
易混淆词
- entitled vs titled: entitled 强调”被赋予权利/名称”，titled 仅指”有头衔的”
- 错误：❌ an article titled (口语可用，书面语用 entitled 更正式)
记忆技巧
en- (使) + title (标题) → 使有标题 → 命名
2. calm /kɑːm/ ★★★★☆
词性与用法
- v. 使平静；使镇定
- adj. 平静的；镇静的
- n. 平静；宁静
- 本课义：v. 使镇定，calm one’s nerves 镇定神经
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★★☆ (高频)
- 完形填空高频搭配词
一词多义
| 词性 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| v. | 使平静 | calm one’s nerves/fears 镇定神经/消除恐惧 |
| adj. | 平静的 | The sea was calm. 海面平静。 |
| n. | 宁静 | in the calm of the evening 在宁静的傍晚 |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| calm down | 冷静下来 | Calm down, it’s not serious. |
| calm one’s nerves | 镇定神经 | Tea helps calm my nerves. |
| keep/stay calm | 保持冷静 | Keep calm and carry on. |
| a calm voice | 平静的声音 | She spoke in a calm voice. |
同义词辨析
| 词汇 | 侧重 | 语境 |
|---|---|---|
| calm | 由动到静的过程 | calm down 冷静 |
| quiet | 没有声音 | a quiet room |
| still | 静止不动 | stand still |
| peaceful | 和平宁静 | peaceful life |
真题例句
“Deep breathing can help you calm down before an exam.” (2019 CET-4)
3. nerve /nɜːv/ ★★★★☆
词性与用法
- n. 神经；胆量；紧张不安
- 本课义：神经 (复数 nerves 表”神经紧张”)
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★★☆
- 口语高频：get on one’s nerves
一词多义
| 义项 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 神经 | 生理学概念 | the optic nerve 视神经 |
| ② 紧张 | 焦虑不安 | I have nerves before exams. |
| ③ 胆量 | 勇气 | You’ve got a lot of nerve! |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| calm one’s nerves | 镇定神经 | I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. |
| get on one’s nerves | 惹恼某人 | His noise really gets on my nerves. |
| lose one’s nerve | 失去勇气 | I lost my nerve at the last minute. |
| nerves of steel | 钢铁般的神经 | She has nerves of steel. |
| a bundle of nerves | 紧张不安 | I was a bundle of nerves. |
易混淆词
- nerve (神经/勇气) vs nervous (adj. 紧张的)
- nerve vs neuron: nerve 是”神经”，neuron 是”神经元”(学术)
派生词
- nervous (adj.) 紧张的
- nervously (adv.) 紧张地
- nervousness (n.) 紧张
4. concentration /ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn/ ★★★★☆
词性与用法
- n. 专注；集中；浓度
- 本课义：专注，全神贯注
- with concentration = 专注地
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★★☆
- 考研高频词
- 学术英语常见词
一词多义
| 义项 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 专注 | 注意力集中 | This task requires great concentration. |
| ② 集中 | 聚集 | the concentration of population |
| ③ 浓度 | 化学概念 | high concentration of acid |
派生词族
| 词性 | 单词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| v. | concentrate | 集中；浓缩 |
| n. | concentration | 专注；浓度 |
| adj. | concentrated | 集中的；浓缩的 |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| with concentration | 专注地 | He read with concentration. |
| lose concentration | 走神 | Don’t lose your concentration. |
| concentration on | 专注于 | concentration on work |
同义词
- focus (n./v.) 焦点/聚焦
- attention (n.) 注意力
真题例句
“Lack of sleep affects concentration and memory.” (2018 CET-4)
5. symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/ ★★★★☆
词性与用法
- n. 症状；征兆
- 本课义：症状 (医学/戒烟症状)
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★★☆
- 健康话题核心词汇
一词多义
| 义项 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 症状 | 疾病表现 | flu symptoms 流感症状 |
| ② 征兆 | 问题的信号 | a symptom of poverty |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| symptoms of… | …的症状 | symptoms of giving up smoking |
| show/display symptoms | 出现症状 | The patient shows no symptoms. |
| early symptom | 早期症状 | early symptoms of cancer |
易混淆词
| 词汇 | 含义 | 区别 |
|---|---|---|
| symptom | 症状 | 疾病表现 |
| symbol | 象征 | 代表意义 |
| syndrome | 综合征 | 一组症状 |
派生词
- symptomatic (adj.) 有症状的；作为症状的
6. enormous /ɪˈnɔːməs/ ★★★★☆
词性与用法
- adj. 巨大的；庞大的
- 本课义：巨大的，修饰 appetite
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★★☆
- 写作高分替换词 (替代 big/large)
同义词辨析
| 词汇 | 程度 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| enormous | 极其巨大 | enormous appetite/size |
| huge | 非常大 | huge building |
| immense | 无边无际 | immense space |
| tremendous | 惊人的 | tremendous effort |
| vast | 广阔 | vast area |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| enormous appetite | 旺盛的食欲 | an enormous appetite for food |
| enormous amount/number | 巨大的数量 | an enormous amount of money |
| enormous pressure | 巨大压力 | under enormous pressure |
| enormous popularity | 极受欢迎 | enjoy enormous popularity |
派生词
- enormously (adv.) 极大地；非常地 = very much
写作提示
enormous 是 big/large 的高级替换词，可用于写作提升词汇档次。
例：The project was enormously successful. (非常成功)
7. appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ ★★★☆☆
词性与用法
- n. 食欲；欲望；胃口
- 本课义：食欲，enormous appetite 旺盛的食欲
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★☆☆
- 雅思口语高频话题词
一词多义
| 义项 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 食欲 | 想吃食物的欲望 | a healthy appetite |
| ② 欲望 | 对…的渴望 | an appetite for knowledge |
| ③ 胃口 | 能吃多少 | small appetite 胃口小 |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| appetite for | 对…的渴望 | an appetite for success |
| lose one’s appetite | 食欲不振 | I’ve lost my appetite. |
| good/healthy appetite | 好胃口 | She has a healthy appetite. |
| enormous appetite | 旺盛的食欲 | an enormous appetite |
| work up an appetite | 增强食欲 | Walk to work up an appetite. |
习语
whet one’s appetite = 吊胃口；激起欲望
The trailer whetted my appetite for the movie.
派生词
- appetizing (adj.) 开胃的；诱人的
8. amusement /əˈmjuːzmənt/ ★★★☆☆
词性与用法
- n. 娱乐；消遣；好笑
- 本课义：好笑，觉得有趣
- hide their amusement 掩饰他们的 amusement
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★☆☆
- 情感描述词汇
一词多义
| 义项 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 好笑 | 觉得有趣 | to one’s amusement |
| ② 娱乐 | 娱乐活动 | places of amusement |
| ③ 消遣 | 打发时间 | do sth for amusement |
派生词族
| 词性 | 单词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| v. | amuse | 使开心；逗乐 |
| n. | amusement | 娱乐；好笑 |
| adj. | amused | 感到好笑的 |
| adj. | amusing | 好笑的，有趣的 |
| adv. | amusingly | 好笑地 |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| to one’s amusement | 令某人觉得好笑 | Much to my amusement, he fell over. |
| hide one’s amusement | 掩饰好笑 | They made no effort to hide their amusement. |
| amusement park | 游乐园 | Disneyland is an amusement park. |
| look amused | 看起来觉得好笑 | She looked amused by the joke. |
易混淆词 (amused vs amusing)
| 词汇 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| amused | 感到好笑的 (人) | I was amused by the story. |
| amusing | 令人发笑的 (物) | an amusing story |
真题例句
“To my amusement, the dog tried to catch its own tail.” (2017 CET-4)
9. urge /ɜːdʒ/ ★★★★☆
词性与用法
- v. 催促；力劝；强烈主张
- n. 强烈欲望；冲动
- 本课义：v. 力劝，催促，urge me to accept
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★★☆
- 考研高频词
- 常考结构：urge sb to do / urge that (should) do
一词多义
| 词性 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| v. | 力劝 | He urged me to accept. |
| v. | 强烈主张 | I urge caution. |
| n. | 冲动 | the urge to smoke |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| urge sb to do | 力劝某人做 | Brian urged me to accept. |
| urge that… | 强烈主张 | I urge that he (should) go. |
| urge caution/patience | 主张谨慎/耐心 | The police urged caution. |
| resist the urge | 抵制冲动 | resist the urge to eat |
| a sudden urge | 突然的冲动 | a sudden urge to laugh |
虚拟语气考点
urge 后的 宾语从句 需用 (should) + 动词原形 的虚拟语气
例：I urge that he (should) reconsider his decision.
派生词
- urgent (adj.) 紧急的
- urgency (n.) 紧迫性
10. guiltily /ˈɡɪltɪli/ ★★☆☆☆
词性与用法
- adv. 内疚地；有罪地
- 本课义：内疚地，修饰 took one (cigarette)
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★☆☆☆
- 派生副词，理解 guilt 的副词形式即可
词族解析
| 词性 | 单词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| n. | guilt | 内疚；罪行 |
| adj. | guilty | 内疚的；有罪的 |
| adv. | guiltily | 内疚地 |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| feel guilty | 感到内疚 | I felt guilty about lying. |
| guilty pleasure | 罪恶快感 | Chocolate is my guilty pleasure. |
| plead guilty | 认罪 | He pleaded guilty to theft. |
| guilty conscience | 良心不安 | have a guilty conscience |
易混淆词
| 词汇 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| guiltily | 内疚地 (副词) | He smiled guiltily. |
| guilty | 内疚的 (形容词) | He felt guilty. |
真题例句
“She looked at me guiltily when I caught her.” (2016 CET-4)
11. satisfaction /ˌsætɪsˈfækʃn/ ★★★★★
词性与用法
- n. 满足；满意；赔偿
- 本课义：满足，with satisfaction 满意地
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★★★ (极高频)
- 写作、口语必备词汇
- 反义词：dissatisfaction
一词多义
| 义项 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 满意 | 满足感 | a sense of satisfaction |
| ② 满足 | 需求被满足 | the satisfaction of one’s needs |
| ③ 赔偿 | 法律用语 | demand satisfaction |
派生词族
| 词性 | 单词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| v. | satisfy | 使满意；满足 |
| n. | satisfaction | 满意 |
| adj. | satisfied | 感到满意的 |
| adj. | satisfying/satisfactory | 令人满意的 |
| adv. | satisfactorily | 令人满意地 |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| with satisfaction | 满意地 | smoked with satisfaction |
| a sense of satisfaction | 满足感 | a sense of achievement |
| to one’s satisfaction | 令某人满意 | To my satisfaction, he agreed. |
| job satisfaction | 工作满意度 | low job satisfaction |
| customer satisfaction | 客户满意度 | improve customer satisfaction |
易混淆词 (satisfied vs satisfying)
| 词汇 | 含义 | 主语 |
|---|---|---|
| satisfied | 感到满意的 | 人 |
| satisfying | 令人满意的 | 物/事 |
| satisfactory | 令人满意的 | 结果/表现 |
真题例句
“Helping others gives me a sense of satisfaction.” (2020 CET-4)
12. delighted /dɪˈlaɪtɪd/ ★★★★★
词性与用法
- adj. 高兴的；愉快的
- 本课义：高兴的，My wife was delighted
考频与重要性
- 四级考频：★★★★★
- 写作高分词汇 (替代 happy/glad)
- 情感描述核心词
词族解析
| 词性 | 单词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| n. | delight | 高兴；乐事 |
| v. | delight | 使高兴 |
| adj. | delighted | 感到高兴的 |
| adj. | delightful | 令人愉快的 |
高频搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| be delighted to do | 很高兴做 | I’m delighted to meet you. |
| be delighted that… | 很高兴… | She was delighted that he came. |
| be delighted with/by | 对…满意 | delighted with the result |
| take delight in | 以…为乐 | take delight in helping others |
同义词辨析 (高兴程度)
| 词汇 | 程度 | 正式程度 |
|---|---|---|
| delighted | 非常高兴 | 正式/书面 |
| pleased | 满意 | 中性 |
| glad | 高兴 | 口语 |
| thrilled | 激动 | 口语 |
| overjoyed | 欣喜若狂 | 强烈 |
| ecstatic | 狂喜 | 最强烈 |
易混淆词 (delighted vs delightful)
| 词汇 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| delighted | 感到高兴的 (人) | I was delighted. |
| delightful | 令人愉快的 (物) | a delightful evening |
写作提示
delighted 是 glad/happy 的高级替换词，用于正式场合和书面语。
例：I would be delighted to attend your wedding. (我很乐意参加)
真题例句
“We are delighted to announce the winner.” (2019 CET-4)
三、搭配与语块
3.1 高频搭配表
| 搭配 | 含义 | 语法功能 | 例句来源 |
|---|---|---|---|
| calm one’s nerves | 镇定神经 | 动词短语 | 本课原文 |
| give up smoking | 戒烟 | 动词短语 | 本课原文 |
| bad temper | 坏脾气 | 名词短语 | 本课原文 |
| enormous appetite | 旺盛的食欲 | 名词短语 | 本课原文 |
| keep on doing | 继续做 | 短语动词 | 本课原文 |
| make no effort | 不努力；毫不 | 动词短语 | 本课原文 |
| hide one’s amusement | 掩饰 amusement | 动词短语 | 本课原文 |
| return to normal | 恢复正常 | 动词短语 | 本课原文 |
| with concentration | 专注地 | 介词短语 | 本课原文 |
| with satisfaction | 满意地 | 介词短语 | 本课原文 |
| more than I could bear | 无法忍受 | 比较结构 | 本课原文 |
| lit a cigarette | 点烟 | 动词短语 | 本课原文 |
| suffer terribly | 受折磨 | 动词短语 | 本课原文 |
| point out | 指出 | 短语动词 | 本课原文 |
3.2 短语动词详解
give up
- 含义: 放弃；戒除；投降
- 用法: give up + n./doing
- 例句:
- give up smoking 戒烟
- Never give up! 永不放弃！
- I gave up trying. 我放弃了尝试。
keep on
- 含义: 继续；持续
- 用法: keep on + doing
- 例句:
- keep on offering 不断提供
- Keep on trying! 继续努力！
- 近义: continue / go on
point out
- 含义: 指出；指明
- 用法: point out + that 从句 / point out + sth
- 例句:
- as Brian pointed out 正如布莱恩指出的
- He pointed out my mistake. 他指出了我的错误。
3.3 习语与固定表达
it is the easiest thing in the world
- 字面: 世界上最容易的事
- 含义: 极容易的事
- 用法: 常用于反讽
- 例句: “It’s the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times!”
- 分析: 表面说”容易”，实则讽刺戒烟很难 (戒了很多次都没成功)
once more
- 含义: 再一次；重新
- 例句: things had returned to normal once more
- 同义: again / once again
more than I could bear
- 含义: 无法忍受
- 结构: more than + 从句 (否定含义)
- 例句: it was more than I could bear
- 同义: I couldn’t stand it any longer
四、语义分析
4.1 主题词汇场
本课主题为 “健康/戒烟/生活习惯”，相关词汇构成以下语义场：
健康与吸烟
| 类别 | 词汇 |
|---|---|
| 吸烟相关 | cigarette, smoke, smoking, cigar, lit |
| 健康相关 | health, symptom, nerves, appetite, calm |
| 戒烟相关 | give up, suffer, uncomfortable |
情感与反应
| 类别 | 词汇 |
|---|---|
| 正面情感 | pleasure, satisfaction, delighted, calm |
| 负面情感 | suffer, uncomfortable, guiltily, bad temper |
| 社交反应 | amusement, urge, accept |
程度描述
| 类别 | 词汇 |
|---|---|
| 程度副词 | extremely, terribly, enormously, completely |
| 数量 | whole, all, lots of |
4.2 同义词辨析
吸烟相关动词
| 词汇 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| smoke | 吸烟 (一般) | I don’t smoke. |
| light/lit | 点燃 | lit a cigarette |
| puff | 一口一口吸 | puff on a pipe |
放弃
| 词汇 | 含义 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| give up | 戒除；放弃 | give up smoking/doing |
| quit | 戒掉 (美式) | quit smoking |
| abandon | 抛弃 | abandon the plan |
高兴/满意
| 词汇 | 程度 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| delighted | 非常高兴 | be delighted that/to |
| pleased | 满意 | be pleased with |
| satisfied | 满足 | be satisfied with |
| glad | 高兴 | be glad to |
| content | 满足 | be content with |
五、词汇教学建议
5.1 教学重点
| 优先级 | 词汇/搭配 | 教学建议 |
|---|---|---|
| ★★★★★ | give up, delighted, satisfaction, enormous | 重点讲解一词多义和搭配 |
| ★★★★★ | calm one’s nerves, urge sb to do | 强调动词短语用法 |
| ★★★★☆ | entitled, concentration, amusement | 注意派生词族 |
| ★★★☆☆ | guiltily, symptom, appetite | 理解词义即可 |
5.2 易错点提示
- entitled 的用法: 学生容易忘记它还可以表示”授权”
- urge 的虚拟语气: urge that sb (should) do
- amused vs amusing: -ed 形容人，-ing 形容物
- delighted vs delightful: 同上
- give up 后接 doing: give up smoking (不是 to smoke)
5.3 拓展练习建议
- 造句练习: 用 12 个核心词各造一个句子
- 搭配填空: 练习高频搭配
- 同义替换: 用高级词替换简单词 (如 big → enormous)
- 语篇填空: 用本课词汇完成戒烟主题短文
5.4 词汇记忆策略
| 词汇 | 记忆方法 |
|---|---|
| entitled | en- (使) + title → 使有标题 |
| concentration | con- (一起) + centr (中心) + -ation → 集中到中心 |
| enormous | e- (出) + norm (标准) + -ous → 超出标准的 |
| amusement | a- (加强) + muse (娱乐) → 娱乐 |
六、本课涉及的语法术语
- 现在分词 | 原因状语从句 | 同位语
- 时间状语从句 | it is adj to do | keep on doing
- 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | 现在完成时
- 非谓语动词 | 不定式 | 过去分词
- 宾语从句 | 短语动词 | 状语从句
- 形容词 | 副词 | 比较结构
文档生成信息
- 课号：第78课
- 标题：The last one? (最后一枝吗？)
- 词汇总数：112
- 核心词汇：12个
- 难度等级：CEFR B1-B2
本词汇精讲文档基于《新概念英语》第二册第78课内容编写