第78课 The last one? 最后一枝吗？ — 语法精讲

课文原文

After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times!

**参考译文**：读完一篇题为《吸烟与健康》的文章后，我点燃了一支香烟来镇定神经。我专注而愉快地吸着烟，因为我确信这将是我最后一支烟。整整一周我完全没有吸烟，在这期间，我妻子受尽了折磨。我有所有戒烟者通常的症状：脾气坏和食欲旺盛。我的朋友们不断给我递香烟和雪茄。每当我从口袋里掏出一包糖果时，他们都毫不掩饰他们的开心。这样过了七天，我去参加了一个聚会。周围的每个人都在吸烟，我感到非常不舒服。当我的老朋友布莱恩劝我接受一支烟时，我再也忍不住了。我内疚地拿了一支，点燃它，满足地吸着。我妻子很高兴一切终于恢复了正常。无论如何，正如布莱恩指出的，戒烟是世界上最容易的事情。他自己就戒了很多次！

一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

词汇	词类	词根/词缀分析	搭配/用法
entitled	v. (过去分词)	en- (使) + title (标题) + -ed	be entitled 被命名为/题为
calm	v./adj.	拉丁语 calmus (平静)	calm one’s nerves 镇定神经
nerves	n. (复数)	拉丁语 nervus (筋、神经)	calm one’s nerves 镇定神经
concentration	n.	con- (共同) + centr (中心) + -ation	with concentration 专注地
symptom	n.	希腊语 symptoma (征兆)	symptom of… …的症状
give up	phr. v.	give + up (副词)	give up smoking 戒烟
enormous	adj.	e- (出) + norm (标准) + -ous	enormous appetite 旺盛的食欲
appetite	n.	拉丁语 appetitus (渴望)	have an appetite 有食欲
amusement	n.	a- (表强调) + muse (思考) + -ment	hide one’s amusement 掩饰开心
urge	v.	拉丁语 urgere (催促)	urge sb. to do sth. 催促某人做某事
guiltily	adv.	guilt (内疚) + -i- + -ly	修饰动词，表示”内疚地”
satisfaction	n.	satis (足够) + fac (做) + -tion	with satisfaction 满意地
delighted	adj.	de- (加强) + light (光亮) + -ed	be delighted that… 高兴…

1.2 构词法分析

派生词 (Derivation)

词汇	词根	前缀/后缀	词性变化
concentration	centr (中心)	con- (共同) + -ation (名词后缀)	concentrate (v.) → concentration (n.)
amusement	muse (沉思)	a- (加强) + -ment (名词后缀)	amuse (v.) → amusement (n.)
enormously	norm (标准)	e- (出) + -ous (形容词) + -ly (副词)	enormous (adj.) → enormously (adv.)
satisfaction	fac (做)	satis (足够) + -tion (名词后缀)	satisfy (v.) → satisfaction (n.)
delighted	light (光亮)	de- (加强) + -ed (形容词后缀)	delight (v./n.) → delighted (adj.)

合成词与短语动词 (Compounds & Phrasal Verbs)

短语	构成	含义
give up	动词 + 副词	放弃、戒除
keep on	动词 + 副词	继续、不断
smoking	smoke + -ing	吸烟（动名词）

本句涉及语法术语：词法分析 | 派生法 | 合成法

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

句型类型	数量	占比	例句
简单句	9句	50%	“My wife was delighted…”
并列句	4句	22%	“I smoked… and I felt…”
复合句	5句	28%	“as I was sure that…“

2.2 逐句句法分析

Sentence 1

原句: After reading an article entitled ‘Cigarette Smoking and Your Health’ I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.

句子成分分析:

宾语 O: a cigarette (不定冠词 + 名词)
状语 Adv.1: After reading an article entitled ‘Cigarette Smoking and Your Health’ (时间状语，现在分词短语)
- reading: 现在分词，逻辑主语为 I
- entitled ’…’: 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 article
[状语 Adv.2]: to calm my nerves (目的状语，不定式短语)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vt + O (主谓宾)
句子类型: 简单句

特殊结构:

现在分词短语作时间状语: After reading…
过去分词短语作后置定语: entitled ’…’
不定式短语作目的状语: to calm my nerves

本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 状语 | 现在分词 | 过去分词 | 不定式

Sentence 2

原句: I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette.

句子成分分析:

状语 Adv.: with concentration and pleasure (方式状语，介词短语)
[从句]: as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette (原因状语从句)
- 引导词: as (因为)
- 从句主语: I
- 从句谓语: was sure (系表结构)
- 从句宾语: that this would be my last cigarette (宾语从句)
  - 引导词: that
  - 从句主语: this
  - 从句谓语: would be (过去将来时)
  - 从句表语: my last cigarette

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vi + Adv. (主谓 + 状语)
句子类型: 复合句（主句 + 原因状语从句 + 宾语从句）

本句涉及语法术语：原因状语从句 | 宾语从句 | 过去将来时

Sentence 3

原句: For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly.

句子成分分析:

第一分句:

状语 Adv.: For a whole week (时间状语，介词短语)
谓语 V: did not smoke (一般过去时否定式，did + not + 动词原形)
状语 Adv.: at all (强调否定，“一点也不”)

第二分句:

状语 Adv.: during this time (时间状语，介词短语)
主语 S: my wife

句型判定:

基本句型: 第一分句 S + V；第二分句 S + V + Adv.
句子类型: 并列句

本句涉及语法术语：并列句 | 一般过去时 | 否定句

Sentence 4

原句: I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite.

句子成分分析:

宾语 O: all the usual symptoms (定冠词 + 形容词 + 名词)
- [定语 Att.2]: the usual (定冠词 + 形容词)
- [定语 Att.3]: of someone giving up smoking (介词短语作后置定语)
  - giving up smoking: 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 someone
同位语: a bad temper and an enormous appetite (解释说明 symptoms 的具体内容)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vt + O (主谓宾)
句子类型: 简单句

特殊结构:

现在分词短语作后置定语: giving up smoking
同位语: a bad temper and an enormous appetite

本句涉及语法术语：同位语 | 现在分词 | 后置定语

Sentence 5

原句: My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars.

句子成分分析:

主语 S: My friends
谓语 V: kept on offering (短语动词 keep on doing 结构)
[直接宾语 DO]: cigarettes and cigars (并列名词)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vt + IO + DO (主谓 + 间宾 + 直宾)
句子类型: 简单句

特殊结构:

keep on doing sth. 结构: 表示”持续/不断做某事”

本句涉及语法术语：主谓双宾 | 短语动词

Sentence 6

原句: They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.

句子成分分析:

宾语 O: no effort (否定词 + 名词)
[定语 Att.]: to hide their amusement (不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 effort)
[从句]: whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket (时间状语从句)
- 引导词: whenever (每当…时)
- 从句主语: I
- 从句谓语: produced (一般过去时)
- 从句宾语: a packet of sweets
- 从句状语: from my pocket (地点/来源状语)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vt + O (主谓宾)
句子类型: 复合句

特殊结构:

make no effort to do sth.: 毫不费力做某事/不做努力做某事
whenever 引导的时间状语从句: 表示”每当…时候”

本句涉及语法术语：时间状语从句 | 不定式 | 后置定语

Sentence 7

原句: After seven days of this I went to a party.

句子成分分析:

状语 Adv.: After seven days of this (时间状语，介词短语)
状语 Adv.: to a party (地点状语，介词短语)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vi + Adv. (主谓 + 状语)
句子类型: 简单句

本句涉及语法术语：状语 | 一般过去时

Sentence 8

原句: Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable.

句子成分分析:

第一分句:

[定语 Att.]: around me (介词短语作后置定语，修饰 Everybody)
谓语 V: was smoking (过去进行时)

第二分句:

[表语 P]: extremely uncomfortable (副词 + 形容词)

句型判定:

基本句型: 第一分句 S + V；第二分句 S + V + P
句子类型: 并列句

本句涉及语法术语：过去进行时 | 主系表 | 后置定语

Sentence 9

原句: When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear.

句子成分分析:

[从句]: When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette (时间状语从句)
- 引导词: when
- 从句主语: my old friend Brian (Brian 是 friend 的同位语)
- 从句谓语: urged (一般过去时)
- 从句宾语: me
- 从句宾补: to accept a cigarette (不定式短语作宾语补足语)
[主句表语 P]: more than I could bear (形容词短语 + 定语从句)
- I could bear: 省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 more

句型判定:

基本句型: S + V + P (主系表)
句子类型: 复合句

特殊结构:

urge sb. to do sth.: 催促/力劝某人做某事
more than I could bear: 我难以忍受的（more than 结构）
同位语: Brian 补充说明 friend 的身份

本句涉及语法术语：时间状语从句 | 定语从句 | [同位语] | 不定式 | 主谓宾补

Sentence 10

原句: I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction.

句子成分分析:

[状语 Adv.2]: with satisfaction (方式状语，介词短语)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vt + O (三个并列谓语)
句子类型: 简单句（并列谓语）

本句涉及语法术语：并列谓语 | 一般过去时

Sentence 11

原句: My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more.

句子成分分析:

主语 S: My wife
谓语 V: was delighted (一般过去时，系表结构)
[从句]: that things had returned to normal once more (宾语从句/原因状语从句)
- 引导词: that
- 从句主语: things
- 从句谓语: had returned (过去完成时)
- 从句状语: to normal (方向/结果状语)；once more (时间状语，“再次”)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + V + P (主系表) + 从句
句子类型: 复合句

特殊结构:

be delighted that…: 高兴…
return to normal: 恢复正常
once more: 再一次

本句涉及语法术语：过去完成时 | 宾语从句 | 形容词

Sentence 12

原句: Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking.

句子成分分析:

[插入语]: as Brian pointed out (非限制性定语从句/插入语)
- as: 关系代词，指代整个主句内容
- Brian: 从句主语
- pointed out: 从句谓语
[表语 P]: the easiest thing (形容词最高级 + 名词)
[定语 Att.]: in the world (介词短语作后置定语，修饰 thing)
[真正主语]: to give up smoking (不定式短语)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + V + P (主系表)
句子类型: 复合句

特殊结构:

it is + adj. + to do 句型: it 作形式主语，不定式短语作真正主语
as 引导的非限制性定语从句: 可置于句首，指代整个主句
the easiest: 形容词 easy 的最高级形式

本句涉及语法术语：不定式 | 非限制性定语从句 | 形容词最高级 | 形式主语

Sentence 13

原句: He himself has done it lots of times!

句子成分分析:

谓语 V: has done (现在完成时)
状语 Adv.: lots of times (频率状语，“很多次”)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vt + O (主谓宾)
句子类型: 简单句

特殊结构:

反身代词作同位语: himself 强调主语 He
lots of: 大量，许多（口语化表达）

本句涉及语法术语：现在完成时 | 反身代词 | [同位语]

2.3 句子成分统计

成分类型	出现次数	典型例句	语法功能
时间状语从句	3次	”whenever I produced…”, “When my old friend…”	修饰谓语动词，说明时间
原因状语从句	1次	”as I was sure that…”	说明动作原因
宾语从句	3次	”that this would be…”, “that things had returned…”	作主句宾语
定语从句	1次	”as Brian pointed out”	修饰先行词/整个句子
不定式短语	5次	”to calm my nerves”, “to hide their amusement”	目的状语、定语、宾补
现在分词短语	2次	”After reading…”, “giving up smoking”	时间状语、后置定语
过去分词短语	1次	”entitled ‘Cigarette Smoking…‘”	后置定语
同位语	3次	”a bad temper and an enormous appetite”, “Brian”, “himself”	补充说明

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

时态	出现次数	例句	语法功能
一般过去时	16次	”I lit a cigarette”, “my wife suffered”	叙述过去发生的动作和状态
过去进行时	2次	”I was smoking”, “was smoking”	描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
过去将来时	1次	”this would be my last cigarette”	从过去视角看将来
过去完成时	1次	”things had returned to normal”	表示过去某一时间之前已完成的动作
现在完成时	1次	”He himself has done it”	表示过去动作对现在的影响
一般现在时	1次	”it is the easiest thing”	陈述客观事实、普遍真理

时态运用特点：本课以一般过去时为主，构成叙事主体。通过过去进行时营造场景氛围，用过去完成时体现动作的先后顺序，最后以现在完成时收尾，暗示戒烟这件事的持续性和反复性。

本句涉及语法术语：一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成时 | 现在完成时

3.2 语态分析

语态	数量	例句	使用场景
主动语态	18句	”I lit a cigarette”, “My friends kept on offering”	强调执行者，叙事为主
被动语态	0句	-	本课无被动语态使用

语态运用特点：全文采用主动语态，第一人称叙述，增强故事的真实感和代入感。

3.3 语气分析

语气类型	例句	语法标记	语用功能
陈述语气	全文主要语气	正常语序/时态	陈述过去发生的戒烟经历
感叹语气	”He himself has done it lots of times!”	感叹号	表达幽默、讽刺的语气

3.4 情态动词与特殊结构

结构	例句	语义功能
would (过去将来)	“this would be my last cigarette”	从过去看将来
could (过去能力)	“more than I could bear”	表示过去的能力

四、本课核心语法点

4.1 现在分词作时间状语

结构: After/When/While + doing…, 主句

本课例句:

“After reading an article entitled ‘Cigarette Smoking and Your Health’ I lit a cigarette…”

语法要点:

现在分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致
分词动作与主句动作有明确的时间先后关系
相当于时间状语从句的简化: After I read…

四级考点: 现在分词与过去分词的区别、分词作状语时的逻辑主语一致原则

4.2 as 引导的原因状语从句

结构: 主句 + as + 从句（因为…）

本课例句:

“I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette.”

语法要点:

as 表示”因为”时语气较弱，侧重说明 obvious 的原因
as 引导的原因从句可置于主句前或后
与 because 的区别: because 语气最强，as 次之，since 再次

四级考点: as 的多功能性（时间、原因、方式、让步、定语从句）

4.3 同位语的使用

结构: 名词 + 同位语（对前者进行解释说明）

本课例句:

“I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite.”
“When my old friend Brian urged me…”
“He himself has done it lots of times!”

语法要点:

同位语与被修饰词在语法上地位平等
可用冒号、逗号或破折号引出
反身代词也可作同位语，强调主语本身

四级考点: 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

4.4 whenever 引导的时间状语从句

结构: whenever + 从句, 主句（每当…时）

本课例句:

“They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.”

语法要点:

whenever = every time that，表示”每当…时候”
强调动作的重复性和习惯性
主从句时态通常保持一致（都用过去时或都用现在时）

四级考点: whenever 与 no matter when 的区别

4.5 it is + adj. + to do 结构

结构: It is + 形容词 + (for sb.) to do sth.

本课例句:

“Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking.”

语法要点:

it 作形式主语，避免句子头重脚轻
真正主语是后面的不定式短语 to give up smoking
形容词可以是表示性质、特征、情感的各类形容词
可扩展为: It is + adj. + for/of sb. + to do sth.

四级考点: it 作形式主语/形式宾语的各类句型

4.6 keep on doing 结构

结构: keep on + doing sth.

本课例句:

“My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars.”

语法要点:

keep on doing = continue doing，表示”持续/继续做某事”
强调动作的反复性和持续性
可与 keep doing 互换，但 keep on 更强调反复性

四级考点: keep 的短语搭配（keep up, keep off, keep away from 等）

4.7 urge sb. to do sth. 结构

结构: urge + 宾语 + to do sth.

本课例句:

“When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette…”

语法要点:

urge 表示”力劝、催促”，语气较强
后接带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语
类似动词: ask, tell, persuade, encourage, warn 等

四级考点: 接不定式作宾补的动词汇总

五、与四级考试的关联

5.1 核心语法考点对应表

本课语法点	四级考点	考查形式	真题示例
现在分词作状语	非谓语动词	语法选择、改错	”______ (see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful.” (Seeing)
as 引导原因状语从句	状语从句	语法选择、完形填空	___ it was raining, we stayed at home. (As)
it is + adj. + to do	形式主语	翻译、写作	It is important ______ (learn) English well. (to learn)
whenever 引导从句	时间状语从句	语法选择	___ you come, you are welcome. (Whenever)
过去完成时	时态	语法选择、改错	By the end of last year, I ______ (work) here for 5 years. (had worked)
urge sb. to do	动词短语	词汇选择	The teacher urged his students ______ (study) hard. (to study)
keep on doing	动词短语	词汇选择	He kept on ______ (try) though he failed many times. (trying)
同位语	句子成分	阅读理解长难句分析	识别同位语成分，理解句子结构

5.2 四级词汇关联

本课词汇	词性	四级考频	常见搭配
calm	v./adj.	高频	calm down, keep calm
enormous	adj.	中频	enormous amount/number/size
appetite	n.	中频	have an appetite for
amusement	n.	中频	to one’s amusement
urge	v./n.	中频	urge sb. to do, a strong urge
satisfaction	n.	高频	with satisfaction, to one’s satisfaction
delighted	adj.	高频	be delighted with/to do/that

5.3 四级写作句型迁移

本课可用写作句型:

After doing…, 主句 (完成某事后…)
- 写作应用: After reading the book, I realized the importance of…
as 引导原因从句 (因为…)
- 写作应用: As the weather was bad, we decided to stay at home.
it is + adj. + to do (做某事是…的)
- 写作应用: It is essential to develop good habits.
whenever 引导从句 (每当…)
- 写作应用: Whenever I feel stressed, I will listen to music.
keep on doing (持续做…)
- 写作应用: We should keep on trying even if we face difficulties.

本课涉及的语法术语

从句类型

非谓语动词

非谓语动词 | 现在分词 | 过去分词 | 不定式 | 后置定语

时态语态

特殊结构

形式主语 | 否定句 | 形容词最高级 | 反身代词

本课涉及的语法术语

现在分词 | 原因状语从句 | [同位语]
时间状语从句 | it is adj to do | keep on doing
一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | 现在完成时
非谓语动词 | 不定式 | 过去分词
宾语从句 | 定语从句 | 形式主语
过去完成时 | 过去将来时 | 状语从句

分析完成时间: 2026-04-02 课号: Lesson 78 文本长度: 约220词/13句

探索

第78课_The_last_one_语法精讲

第78课 The last one? 最后一枝吗？ — 语法精讲

课文原文

一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

1.2 构词法分析

派生词 (Derivation)

合成词与短语动词 (Compounds & Phrasal Verbs)

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

2.2 逐句句法分析

Sentence 1

Sentence 2

Sentence 3

Sentence 4

Sentence 5

Sentence 6

Sentence 7

Sentence 8

Sentence 9

Sentence 10

Sentence 11

Sentence 12

Sentence 13

2.3 句子成分统计

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

3.2 语态分析

3.3 语气分析

3.4 情态动词与特殊结构

四、本课核心语法点

4.1 现在分词作时间状语

4.2 as 引导的原因状语从句

4.3 同位语的使用

4.4 whenever 引导的时间状语从句

4.5 it is + adj. + to do 结构

4.6 keep on doing 结构

4.7 urge sb. to do sth. 结构

五、与四级考试的关联

5.1 核心语法考点对应表

5.2 四级词汇关联

5.3 四级写作句型迁移

本课涉及的语法术语

词法层面

句法层面

句型结构

从句类型

非谓语动词

时态语态

特殊结构

本课涉及的语法术语

关系图谱

目录

反向链接