第79课 By air 乘飞机 — 语法精讲
课号：第79课（共96课）
标题：By air（乘飞机）
核心语法重点：used to/would/be used to 辨析、过去完成时、过去进行时、部分倒装
难度等级：★★★☆（四级进阶）
课文原文与参考译文
Lesson 79: By air 乘飞机
I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy. My parents used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays. An airhostess would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience. I am used to travelling by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened. After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, an air-hostess told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down. Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find out what had happened. Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board. The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane. After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. Fortunately, nothing was found and five hours later we were able to take off again.
参考译文：
我小时候经常乘飞机旅行。我的父母过去住在南美洲，我过去常在假期从欧洲飞往那里。空姐会照顾我，我从未有过不愉快的经历。我习惯于乘飞机旅行，只有一次我感到害怕。起飞后，我们在城市上空低飞并慢慢爬升，这时飞机突然掉头飞回机场。在我们等待降落时，空姐告诉我们要保持冷静，飞机一着陆就悄悄下飞机。机上每个人都很担心，我们好奇地想查明发生了什么。后来我们得知机上有一位非常重要的人物。警方被告知飞机上被放置了一枚炸弹。我们着陆后，飞机被彻底搜查。幸运的是，什么也没找到，五小时后我们又起飞了。
一、核心语法点详解
1.1 used to / would / be used to 辨析
本课集中出现三个易混淆结构，是核心考点：
used to do — 过去常常（现在已不再）
结构：used to + 动词原形
含义：表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，现在已不再如此
本课例句：
1. "I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy."
（我小时候常常乘飞机旅行。）→ 现在不再如此频繁
2. "My parents used to live in South America"
（我父母过去住在南美洲）→ 现在不住在那里了
3. "I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays."
（我过去常在假期从欧洲飞往那里。）
used to 的否定和疑问形式：
- 否定：didn’t use to / used not to
- 疑问：Did…use to…? / Used…to…?
would do — 过去习惯（带有感情色彩）
结构：would + 动词原形
含义：表示过去反复发生的动作，常带有回忆的感情色彩
本课例句：
"An airhostess would take charge of me"
（空姐会照顾我）
would vs used to 区别：
- would：只表示过去的动作，不表示过去的状态
- used to：既可表示动作，也可表示状态
例：
- I used to be a teacher. （状态，可用used to）✓
- I would be a teacher. （状态，不可用would）✗
- I would get up early. （动作，两者都可用）✓
be used to doing — 习惯于
结构：be used to + 名词/动名词
含义：表示"习惯于..."，to是介词
本课例句：
"I am used to travelling by air"
（我习惯于乘飞机旅行）
对比：
- be used to doing = 习惯于做某事（to是介词）
- used to do = 过去常常做某事（to是不定式符号）
- be used to do = 被用来做某事（被动语态）
例句对比：
1. I used to get up early. （我过去常常早起。）
2. I am used to getting up early. （我习惯于早起。）
3. The knife is used to cut bread. （这把刀被用来切面包。）
1.2 过去完成时 (Past Perfect Tense)
本课出现多处过去完成时，表示”过去的过去”。
结构：had + 过去分词
本课例句：
1. "as soon as it had touched down"
（飞机一着陆）
→ touch down发生在told之前（过去的过去）
2. "we were curious to find out what had happened"
（我们好奇地想查明发生了什么）
→ happen发生在were curious之前
3. "The police had been told that a bomb had been planted"
（警方被告知一枚炸弹被放置）
→ tell和plant都发生在learnt之前
4. "After we had landed, the plane was searched"
（我们着陆后，飞机被搜查）
→ land发生在was searched之前
过去完成时的时间关系图
现在
│
│ had told / had planted
│ ↓
│ learnt (过去)
│ ↓
│ was searched
│
过去──────────────────────────────
过去完成时的被动语态
结构：had been + 过去分词
本课例句：
1. "The police had been told" （警方被告知）
2. "a bomb had been planted" （一枚炸弹被放置）
1.3 过去进行时 (Past Continuous Tense)
结构：was/were + 现在分词
本课例句：
1. "we were flying low over the city"
（我们在城市上空低飞）
→ 描述过去某时刻正在进行的动作
2. "slowly gaining height"
（慢慢爬升）
→ 伴随状态，与were flying并列
3. "While we were waiting to land"
（在我们等待降落时）
→ while引导的时间状语从句，用进行时
过去进行时的功能
| 功能 | 说明 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 描述背景 | 为故事设置场景 | we were flying low over the city |
| 表示同时进行 | 两个动作同时发生 | were flying… when… |
| 表示短暂动作 | 强调动作的持续性 | were waiting to land |
1.4 部分倒装 (Partial Inversion)
本课出现经典的部分倒装句：
"only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened"
（只有一次我感到害怕）
正常语序：
I have ever felt frightened only on one occasion.
倒装结构：
Only + 状语 + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语
语法要点：
1. only + 状语（副词/介词短语/状语从句）位于句首时，句子需部分倒装
2. 部分倒装：将助动词/情态动词/be动词提到主语前
3. 本句将have提到主语I之前
部分倒装的其他情况
否定词位于句首时：
- Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.
- Hardly had I arrived when it began to rain.
So/Neither/Nor位于句首时：
- So do I. （我也是）
- Neither/Nor do I. （我也不）
1.5 时间状语从句
本课出现多种时间状语从句：
when — 当…时（突然）
"we were flying low over the city... when the plane suddenly turned round"
（我们正在城市上空低飞...这时飞机突然掉头）
语法要点：
- be doing... when... 结构：正在做...这时（突然）...
- when表示"就在这时"，带有意外之意
while — 当…期间（同时进行）
"While we were waiting to land"
（在我们等待降落期间）
语法要点：
- while强调两个动作同时进行
- 从句常用进行时态
as soon as — 一…就…
"as soon as it had touched down"
（飞机一着陆）
语法要点：
- 表示两个动作紧密相连
- 主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时（先发生的动作）
after — 在…之后
"After we had landed, the plane was searched"
（我们着陆后，飞机被搜查）
语法要点：
- after引导的时间从句，动作有先后之分
- 先发生的动作可用过去完成时
1.6 被动语态 (Passive Voice)
本课多处使用被动语态：
一般过去时被动：
1. "the plane was searched thoroughly" （飞机被彻底搜查）
过去完成时被动：
2. "The police had been told" （警方被告知）
3. "a bomb had been planted" （炸弹被放置）
1.7 宾语从句 (Object Clause)
1. "we were curious to find out what had happened"
→ what引导宾语从句，作find out的宾语
2. "Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board"
→ that引导宾语从句，作learnt的宾语
3. "The police had been told that a bomb had been planted"
→ that引导宾语从句，作had been told的宾语
1.8 现在分词 (Present Participle)
1. "After taking off" （起飞后）
→ taking off是动名词，作介词after的宾语
2. "slowly gaining height" （慢慢爬升）
→ gaining是现在分词，与were flying并列，表示伴随动作
二、逐句语法分析
S1: I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy.
结构：主句 + when引导的时间状语从句
主句：
I │ used to travel │ by air │ a great deal
主 │ 谓语(used to) │ 方式状语 │ 程度状语
从句：
when │ I │ was │ a boy
连词 │ 主 │ 系 │ 表语
语法要点：
1. used to travel — 过去常常旅行（现在不再如此频繁）
2. by air — 介词短语，表示交通方式
3. a great deal — 副词短语，表示程度（= very much）
本句涉及语法术语：used to | 时间状语从句 | 介词短语
S2: My parents used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays.
结构：并列句（and连接两个分句）
分句1：
My parents │ used to live │ in South America
主语 │ 谓语(used to)│ 地点状语
分句2：
I │ used to fly │ there │ from Europe │ in the holidays
主│ 谓语(used to)│ 地点状│ 来源状语 │ 时间状语
语法要点：
1. used to live — 过去住在（表示过去的状态）
2. used to fly — 过去常常飞往（表示过去的动作）
3. there — 副词，指南美洲
4. from Europe — 介词短语，表示出发地
5. in the holidays — 介词短语，表示时间
S3: An airhostess would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience.
结构：并列句
分句1：
An airhostess │ would take charge of │ me
主语 │ 谓语(would) │ 宾语
分句2：
I │ never had │ an unpleasant experience
主│ 谓语 │ 宾语
语法要点：
1. would take charge of — would表示过去的习惯
→ 与used to不同，would带有回忆的感情色彩
2. take charge of — 固定短语，"照顾、负责"
3. never — 否定副词
4. unpleasant — 形容词，un-否定前缀
S4: I am used to travelling by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened.
结构：并列句（第二个分句含部分倒装）
分句1：
I │ am used to │ travelling by air
主│ 系表结构 │ 介词to的宾语
分句2（倒装）：
only on one occasion │ have │ I │ ever felt │ frightened
状语（only+状语） │ 助动词│ 主│ 状语 │ 表语
正常语序：
I have ever felt frightened only on one occasion.
语法要点：
1. am used to travelling — be used to doing = 习惯于做某事
⚠️ 注意：to是介词，后接动名词
2. only on one occasion — "only+状语"位于句首，引起部分倒装
3. have I ever felt — 部分倒装结构（助动词have提到主语I前）
4. frightened — 形容词，表示"感到害怕的"
本句涉及语法术语：be used to | 部分倒装 | 动名词 | 形容词
S5: After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport.
结构：主句 + when引导的时间状语从句
时间状语：
After taking off — 介词+动名词
主句：
we │ were flying │ low │ over the city
主 │ 谓语(过去进行)│ 状语│ 地点状语
伴随状语：
and slowly gaining height — 现在分词短语，与were flying并列
时间从句：
when │ the plane │ suddenly turned round │ and │ flew back to the airport
连词 │ 主语 │ 谓语1 │ 连词│ 谓语2
语法要点：
1. After taking off — 动名词作介词宾语
2. were flying — 过去进行时，描述背景动作
3. were flying... when... — 经典句型：正在...这时突然...
4. gaining height — 现在分词作伴随状语
5. turned round — 短语动词，"掉头"
6. flew back to — 飞回某地
本句涉及语法术语：过去进行时 | 时间状语从句 | 现在分词 | 动名词 | 短语动词
S6: While we were waiting to land, an air-hostess told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down.
结构：While时间状语从句 + 主句
从句：
While │ we │ were waiting │ to land
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语(过去进行)│ 不定式作目的状语
主句：
an air-hostess │ told │ us │ to keep calm │ and │ to get off...as soon as...
主语 │ 谓语 │ 间宾│ 宾补1 │ 连词│ 宾补2（含时间从句）
时间从句（嵌套在宾补中）：
as soon as │ it │ had touched down
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语(过去完成时)
语法要点：
1. While we were waiting — while引导时间状语从句，常用进行时
2. told us to keep calm — tell sb. to do sth. 结构
3. to keep calm — 不定式作宾语补足语
4. as soon as it had touched down — as soon as引导时间状语从句
→ 用过去完成时表示"过去的过去"（着陆发生在告诉之前）
5. get off — 短语动词，"下（飞机/车）"
本句涉及语法术语：时间状语从句 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成时 | 不定式 | 宾语补足语
S7: Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find out what had happened.
结构：并列句
分句1：
Everybody │ on board │ was │ worried
主语 │ 定语 │ 系 │ 表语
分句2：
we │ were curious │ to find out │ what had happened
主 │ 系表结构 │ 不定式 │ 宾语从句
语法要点：
1. on board — 介词短语作定语，"在飞机上的"
2. worried — 形容词，"感到担心的"
3. curious to find out — be curious to do，"好奇地想查明"
4. what had happened — what引导的宾语从句
→ 用过去完成时表示"过去的过去"
本句涉及语法术语：宾语从句 | 过去完成时 | 介词短语 | 不定式
S8: Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board.
结构：主句 + that引导的宾语从句
主句：
Later │ we │ learnt │ that...
状语 │ 主 │ 谓语 │ 宾语从句
宾语从句：
there was │ a very important person │ on board
存在句 │ 真正主语 │ 地点状语
语法要点：
1. learnt — learn的过去式（英式拼写）
2. that there was... — that引导宾语从句
3. there be句型 — 存在句，表示"有"
4. a very important person — 名词短语
S9: The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane.
结构：主句（被动）+ that引导的宾语从句（也是被动）
主句：
The police │ had been told │ that...
主语 │ 谓语(过去完成被动)│ 宾语从句
宾语从句：
a bomb │ had been planted │ on the plane
主语 │ 谓语(过去完成被动)│ 地点状语
语法要点：
1. The police — 集合名词，复数概念
2. had been told — 过去完成时被动语态
→ 发生在learnt之前（过去的过去）
3. had been planted — 过去完成时被动语态
→ 发生在had been told之前
4. on the plane — 介词短语
S10: After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly.
结构：After时间状语从句 + 主句
从句：
After │ we │ had landed
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语(过去完成时)
主句：
the plane │ was searched │ thoroughly
主语 │ 谓语(一般过去被动)│ 状语
语法要点：
1. After we had landed — after引导时间状语从句
→ 从句用过去完成时，表示先于主句动作
2. was searched — 一般过去时被动语态
3. thoroughly — 副词，"彻底地"
本句涉及语法术语：时间状语从句 | 过去完成时 | 被动语态 | 副词
三、时态语态总结
3.1 时态分布
| 时态 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | I used to travel… | 叙述过去习惯性动作 |
| 过去进行时 | we were flying… | 描述背景场景 |
| 过去完成时 | had touched down | 表示”过去的过去” |
| 一般现在时 | I am used to travelling | 表示现在的习惯状态 |
| 现在完成时 | have I ever felt | 倒装结构中的时态 |
3.2 语态分布
| 语态 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 主动语态 | used to travel | 主语是动作执行者 |
| 一般过去被动 | was searched | 强调受事者 |
| 过去完成被动 | had been told / had been planted | 强调”过去的过去”的被动 |
四、与四级考试的关联
4.1 考点对应
| 本课语法点 | 四级考点 | 考试频率 |
|---|---|---|
| used to / would / be used to | 词汇与语法 | ★★★★★ |
| 过去完成时 | 词汇与语法 / 完形填空 | ★★★★★ |
| 过去进行时 | 词汇与语法 | ★★★★☆ |
| 部分倒装 | 词汇与语法 / 翻译 | ★★★★☆ |
| 时间状语从句 | 词汇与语法 / 阅读理解 | ★★★★★ |
| 被动语态 | 词汇与语法 / 翻译 | ★★★★★ |
| 宾语从句 | 词汇与语法 | ★★★★★ |
4.2 四级真题例句
used to / would（对应本课多处）
真题例句（2020年12月CET-4）：
I used to believe that education was the most important thing in life.
考点：
- used to + 动词原形 = 过去常常
- 注意与be used to doing的区别
过去完成时（对应本课S6, S9, S10）
真题例句（2019年6月CET-4）：
By the time we arrived, the meeting had already started.
考点：
- by the time + 过去时，主句用过去完成时
- 表示"过去的过去"
部分倒装（对应本课S4）
真题例句（2021年6月CET-4翻译）：
只有在这种情况下，我们才能解决这个问题。
参考答案：Only in this case can we solve this problem.
考点：
- only + 状语位于句首，句子部分倒装
- 将情态动词/助动词提到主语前
五、本课涉及的语法术语
时态语态相关
used to | would | be used to | 过去完成时 | 过去进行时 | 一般过去时 | 现在完成时 | 被动语态
句法相关
时间状语从句 | 宾语从句 | 并列句 | 部分倒装 | 存在句
非谓语动词相关
其他
宾语补足语 | 形容词 | 副词 | 名词短语 | 短语动词 | 否定句
文档版本: 1.0
适用教材: 新概念英语第二册 (New Concept English 2) Lesson 79
编制日期: 2026年4月