第80课 The Crystal Palace 水晶宫 — 语法精讲
课号:第80课(共96课)
标题:The Crystal Palace(水晶宫)
核心语法重点:定语从句、被动语态、形容词最高级、让步状语从句
难度等级:★★★☆(四级进阶)
课文原文与参考译文
Lesson 80: The Crystal Palace 水晶宫
Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great deal of machinery on display. The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyth’s steam hammer. Though in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train. There were six million visitors in all, and the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. Later, the Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.
参考译文: 也许19世纪最非凡的建筑是水晶宫,它建于海德公园,为1851年的大展览而建。水晶宫与世界上所有其他建筑都不同,因为它是由铁和玻璃建造的。它是有史以来最大的建筑之一,许多国家的大量人前来看它。大量商品从世界各地被送到展览会上。还展出了大量的机械。展出的最奇妙的机械是纳斯米斯的蒸汽锤。虽然在那个年代,旅行不像今天这么容易,但蒸汽船载着成千上万的游客从欧洲穿越英吉利海峡。到达英国后,他们被火车带到水晶宫。总共有六百万游客,展览的利润被用来建造博物馆和学院。后来,水晶宫被搬到了伦敦南部。它一直是世界上最著名的建筑之一,直到1936年被烧毁。
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 词类统计
| 词类 | 英文 | 数量 | 占比 | 本课典型词汇 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 名词 | Noun | 35 | 28% | palace, exhibition, iron, glass, machinery, profit |
| 动词 | Verb | 22 | 18% | built, made, sent, carried, moved, burnt |
| 形容词 | Adjective | 18 | 14% | extraordinary, different, various, wonderful, famous |
| 副词 | Adverb | 12 | 10% | perhaps, also, later |
| 介词 | Preposition | 20 | 16% | in, of, from, for, across |
| 冠词 | Article | 14 | 11% | a, an, the |
| 连词 | Conjunction | 4 | 3% | which, for, though, and, until |
| 总计 | 125 | 100% | — |
1.2 构词法分析
1.2.1 派生词(Derivation)
| 词汇 | 词根 | 词缀 | 词性转换 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| extraordinary | ordinary (adj. 普通的) | extra- (前缀:超出) | 形容词 | 非凡的,不寻常的 |
| machinery | machine (n. 机器) | -ery (后缀:集合/总称) | 名词 | 机械(总称) |
| display | play (v. 展示) | dis- (前缀:加强) | 名词/动词 | 展览,展示 |
| various | vary (v. 变化) | -ous (后缀:具有…性质的) | 形容词 | 各种各样的 |
| travelling | travel (v. 旅行) | -ing (后缀:动名词/现在分词) | 动名词 | 旅行(行为) |
| exhibition | exhibit (v. 展览) | -ion (后缀:名词化) | 名词 | 展览会 |
1.2.2 合成词(Compounding)
| 合成词 | 组成部分 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| Crystal Palace | crystal (水晶) + palace (宫殿) | 水晶宫 |
| steam hammer | steam (蒸汽) + hammer (锤子) | 蒸汽锤 |
| steam boats | steam (蒸汽) + boats (船) | 蒸汽船 |
| South London | South (南部) + London (伦敦) | 伦敦南部 |
1.2.3 专有名词
| 专有名词 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| Crystal Palace | 水晶宫(建筑名称,专有名词) |
| Hyde Park | 海德公园(伦敦著名公园) |
| the Great Exhibition of 1851 | 1851年万国工业博览会 |
| Nasmyth | 纳斯密斯(人名,发明家) |
| the Channel | 英吉利海峡(特指) |
1.3 重点词汇精讲
extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːdənri/
词性:形容词
构词:extra- (超出) + ordinary (普通的)
含义:非凡的,不寻常的
本课例句:
"the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century"
(19世纪最非凡的建筑)
语法功能:
- 形容词最高级修饰语的一部分
- 作定语修饰building
比较等级:
原级:extraordinary
比较级:more extraordinary
最高级:most extraordinary
exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/
词性:名词(可数)
复数:exhibitions
词族:
- exhibit (v.) 展览,展出
- exhibitor (n.) 参展商
- exhibition hall (n.) 展厅
本课例句:
"the Great Exhibition of 1851"
"A great many goods were sent to the exhibition"
搭配:
- on exhibition / on display 在展出
- hold an exhibition 举办展览
- go to an exhibition 去看展览
machinery /məˈʃiːnəri/
词性:名词(不可数)
含义:机械(总称)
注意:
machinery是不可数名词,表示"机器设备"的总称
若表示具体的机器,用machine(可数)
本课例句:
"There was also a great deal of machinery on display."
(还有大量的机械在展出。)
量词搭配:
- a great deal of machinery(正确)
- many machineries(错误)
display /dɪˈspleɪ/
词性:名词/动词
含义:展示,陈列
本课短语:
"on display" = "on show" 在展出,在陈列
例句对比:
- There was machinery on display.(有机械展出。)
- The most wonderful piece of machinery on show...(展出的最奇妙的机械…)
近义词:
show (n./v.) 展示
exhibit (v.) 展览
profit /ˈprɒfɪt/
词性:名词(可数/不可数)
含义:利润,收益
本课例句:
"the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums"
(展览的利润被用来建造博物馆)
语法功能:
- 作主语
- 后接介词from表示来源
搭配:
- make a profit 获利
- at a profit 以盈利的方式
- net profit 净利润
- gross profit 毛利润
burnt down /bɜːnt daʊn/
词性:动词短语(被动语态)
原形:burn down
过去式:burnt down / burned down
过去分词:burnt down / burned down
含义:烧毁,烧成平地
本课例句:
"until it was burnt down in 1936"
(直到1936年被烧毁)
语法要点:
- 被动语态:was burnt down
- 时间状语:in 1936
注意:
burn的过去式和过去分词有两种形式:
- 英式:burnt / burnt(更常见)
- 美式:burned / burned
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 全文句型统计
| 句型类别 | 数量 | 占比 | 例句编号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 简单句 | 4 | 36.4% | S3后半、S4、S5、S8 |
| 并列句 | 2 | 18.2% | S3、S9 |
| 复合句(含从句) | 5 | 45.5% | S1、S2、S6、S7、S10 |
| 总计 | 11 | 100% | — |
2.2 逐句成分分析
S1: 开篇主题句(含非限制性定语从句)
Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851.
句子结构:主从复合句(含非限制性定语从句)
主干(主系表结构):
Perhaps │ the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century │ was │ the Crystal Palace
状语 │ 主语(含形容词最高级) │ 系 │ 表语
定语从句(非限制性):
which │ was built │ in Hyde Park │ for the Great Exhibition of 1851
关系代词│ 谓语(被动)│ 地点状语 │ 目的状语
语法要点:
1. perhaps - 评注性状语,表示"也许"
2. the most extraordinary - 形容词最高级(多音节词用most)
3. of the nineteenth century - 介词短语作后置定语
4. which引导非限制性定语从句,指代Crystal Palace
5. was built - 一般过去时被动语态
6. for the Great Exhibition - 表示目的,"为了..."
本句涉及语法术语:定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 | 关系代词 | 被动语态 | 一般过去时被动 | 形容词最高级
S2: 原因状语从句
The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass.
句子结构:主从复合句(含原因状语从句)
主干(主系表结构):
The Crystal Palace │ was │ different from all other buildings in the world
主语 │ 系 │ 表语(形容词短语)
从句(原因状语):
for │ it │ was made │ of iron and glass
连词│ 主 │ 谓语(被动)│ 材料状语
语法要点:
1. be different from - 固定搭配,"与...不同"
2. for引导原因状语从句(正式用语,语气较弱,表示补充说明的原因)
3. was made of - 一般过去时被动语态,"由...制成"(看得出原材料)
4. be made of vs be made from:
- made of:看得出原材料(iron and glass)
- made from:看不出原材料(paper is made from wood)
本句涉及语法术语:原因状语从句 | 并列连词 | 被动语态 | 一般过去时被动 | 系表结构
S3: 并列复合句
It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it.
句子结构:并列句(and连接两个分句)
分句1(主系表):
It │ was │ one of the biggest buildings of all time
主 │ 系 │ 表语
分句2(主谓):
a lot of people from many countries │ came │ to see it
主语(含介词短语作定语) │ 谓语 │ 目的状语
语法要点:
1. one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 名词复数 = "最...之一"
2. of all time - 固定表达,"有史以来"
3. a lot of / a great many - 大量(修饰可数名词)
4. from many countries - 介词短语作后置定语修饰people
5. to see it - 不定式作目的状语
本句涉及语法术语:并列句 | 形容词最高级 | 不定式 | 目的状语 | 介词短语
S4: 一般过去时被动语态
A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world.
句子结构:简单句(被动语态)
主干:
A great many goods │ were sent │ to the exhibition │ from various parts of the world
主语 │ 谓语(被动)│ 地点状语 │ 来源状语
语法要点:
1. a great many + 可数名词复数 = "大量的"
2. goods - 只有复数形式的名词(类似:clothes, scissors)
3. were sent - 一般过去时被动语态
4. from various parts of the world = from all over the world
S5: there be句型
There was also a great deal of machinery on display.
句子结构:存在句(There be句型)
主干:
There │ was │ also │ a great deal of machinery │ on display
引导词 │ 谓语│ 状语 │ 真正主语 │ 地点/状态状语
语法要点:
1. there be句型表示"存在有"
2. a great deal of + 不可数名词(machinery是不可数名词)
3. 主谓一致:machinery是不可数名词,用was
4. on display = on show = 在展出
S6: 介词短语作定语
The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyth’s steam hammer.
句子结构:简单句(主系表)
主干:
The most wonderful piece of machinery on show │ was │ Nasmyth's steam hammer
主语(含介词短语作定语) │ 系 │ 表语
语法要点:
1. the most wonderful - 形容词最高级
2. piece of machinery - machinery的量词表达
3. on show - 介词短语作后置定语,修饰machinery
4. Nasmyth's - 名词所有格,表示"纳斯米斯的"
本句涉及语法术语:形容词最高级 | 名词所有格 | 介词短语
S7: 让步状语从句(核心难点)
Though in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe.
句子结构:主从复合句(含让步状语从句+比较状语从句)
让步状语从句:
Though │ in those days │ travelling │ was not │ as easy as it is today
连词 │ 时间状语 │ 主语 │ 系 │ 表语(含比较状语从句)
比较状语从句(嵌套):
as │ it │ is │ (easy) │ today
连词│ 主 │ 系 │ 省略 │ 时间状语
主句:
steam boats │ carried │ thousands of visitors │ across the Channel │ from Europe
主语 │ 谓语 │ 宾语 │ 地点状语 │ 来源状语
语法要点:
1. though引导让步状语从句,"虽然/尽管"
2. in those days - 固定表达,"在那些年代/当时"
3. travelling - 动名词作主语
4. not as...as... - 原级比较的否定形式,"不像...那样..."
5. 第二个as引导比较状语从句,it is后省略了easy
6. across the Channel - 穿越英吉利海峡(Channel首字母大写,特指)
本句涉及语法术语:让步状语从句 | 比较状语从句 | 动名词 | 原级比较
S8: on doing结构
On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train.
句子结构:简单句(含on doing时间状语)
时间状语:
On arriving in England
= As soon as they arrived in England
"一...就..."
主干(被动语态):
they │ were taken │ to the Crystal Palace │ by train
主 │ 谓语(被动)│ 地点状语 │ 方式状语
语法要点:
1. on/upon + doing = as soon as + 从句,"一...就..."
2. 这是正式的书面语表达方式
3. were taken - 一般过去时被动语态,"被带去"
4. by train - 方式状语,"乘火车"
本句涉及语法术语:动名词 | 被动语态 | 一般过去时被动 | 时间状语
S9: 并列句(被动语态)
There were six million visitors in all, and the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges.
句子结构:并列句(and连接两个分句)
分句1(存在句):
There │ were │ six million visitors │ in all
引导词 │ 谓语 │ 真正主语 │ 状语
分句2(被动语态):
the profits from the exhibition │ were used │ to build museums and colleges
主语(含介词短语作定语) │ 谓语(被动)│ 目的状语
语法要点:
1. six million - 数字+million时,million不加s
2. in all - 固定短语,"总共,总计"
3. from the exhibition - 介词短语作定语修饰profits
4. were used to build - 一般过去时被动语态
5. be used to do sth - 被用来做某事(区别于be used to doing习惯于)
本句涉及语法术语:存在句 | 并列句 | 被动语态 | 不定式
S10: 时间状语从句(until)
It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.
句子结构:主从复合句(含时间状语从句)
主干:
It │ remained │ one of the most famous buildings in the world │ [until...]
主 │ 系动词 │ 表语 │ 时间状语从句
从句(时间状语):
until │ it │ was burnt down │ in 1936
连词 │ 主 │ 谓语(被动) │ 时间状语
语法要点:
1. remain - 系动词,相当于continue to be,"仍然是"
2. one of the most famous - 形容词最高级结构
3. until引导时间状语从句,"直到...为止"
4. was burnt down - 一般过去时被动语态,"被烧毁"
5. in 1936 - 表示过去的具体年份
本句涉及语法术语:时间状语从句 | 被动语态 | 一般过去时被动 | 系动词 | 形容词最高级
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
本课文全部使用一般过去时,叙述1851年至1936年间的历史事件。
时态分布统计
| 时态 | 数量 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时(主动) | 6 | was, came, carried, remained | 叙述过去动作 |
| 一般过去时(被动) | 7 | was built, was made, were sent, was burnt down | 强调受事者 |
| 一般现在时 | 2 | is(出现在as…as比较中) | 描述现今状况 |
一般过去时被动语态详解
本课共有7处一般过去时被动语态,是课文的重要语法特征:
| 句子 | 被动结构 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | was built | 被建造 |
| S2 | was made | 被制作/由…制成 |
| S4 | were sent | 被送往 |
| S8 | were taken | 被带去 |
| S9 | were used | 被用来 |
| S10后半 | was moved | 被搬移 |
| S10 | was burnt down | 被烧毁 |
被动语态使用场景分析:
1. 当动作的执行者未知或不重要时:
"A great many goods were sent..."(无需说明是谁送的)
2. 当需要强调动作的承受者时:
"the Crystal Palace was built..."(强调水晶宫)
3. 客观描述历史事件时:
"It was burnt down in 1936"(历史事实的客观陈述)
4. 描述制作材料时:
"it was made of iron and glass"(强调材料而非制造者)
3.2 形容词最高级系统
本课出现3处形容词最高级:
| 位置 | 结构 | 含义 | 音节特点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | the most extraordinary | 最非凡的 | 多音节(4个音节) |
| S3 | the biggest | 最大的 | 单音节 |
| S6 | the most wonderful | 最奇妙的 | 多音节(3个音节) |
| S10 | the most famous | 最著名的 | 多音节(2个音节) |
变化规则总结:
1. 单音节和部分双音节形容词:
big → bigger → biggest
2. 多音节形容词(3个及以上音节):
extraordinary → more extraordinary → most extraordinary
wonderful → more wonderful → most wonderful
3. 本课结构模式:
the + most + 形容词原级 + 名词
或
one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词
3.3 比较结构分析
not as…as… 原级比较否定式
结构:not as + 形容词原级 + as + 比较对象
本课例句:
"travelling was not as easy as it is today"
(旅行不像今天这样容易)
= Travelling was less easy than it is today.
时态对比:
- was(过去)vs is(现在)
- 体现过去与现在的差异
3.4 被动语态的大量使用
本课文是被动语态教学的经典范文,共出现7处被动结构:
被动语态功能分析:
1. 客观叙述历史事件
历史文献常用被动语态保持客观中立
2. 强调受事者而非施事者
"The Crystal Palace was built..."(强调建筑本身)
3. 施事者未知或不重要
"goods were sent..."(谁送的无关紧要)
4. 强调动作结果
"it was burnt down"(强调被毁的结果)
四、本课核心语法点
4.1 定语从句(Attributive Clause)
非限制性定语从句
本课例句:
"the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851"
结构分析:
- 先行词:the Crystal Palace(指物)
- 关系代词:which(引导非限制性定语从句)
- 从句功能:补充说明水晶宫的建造背景
特点:
1. 用逗号与主句隔开
2. which指代前面的整个名词短语
3. 去掉从句不影响主句完整性
4. 不能用that替换which
4.2 for引导的原因状语从句
本课例句:
"The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass."
for vs because/since/as:
| 连词 | 语气 | 位置 | 用法特点 |
|:-----|:-----|:-----|:---------|
| for | 最弱 | 主句后 | 补充说明,附带解释 |
| because | 最强 | 主句前后 | 直接原因,回答why |
| since | 中等 | 主句前 | 双方已知的原因 |
| as | 较弱 | 主句前后 | 显而易见的原因 |
本课for表示附带解释水晶宫与众不同的原因。
4.3 though引导的让步状语从句
本课例句:
"Though in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors..."
结构特点:
1. though = although,"虽然/尽管"
2. 不能与but连用(中文说"虽然...但是...",英文只用一个)
3. 可以与yet/still连用
4. 本句是省略结构:Though (it was) in those days...
倒装变体(本课未出现,但需了解):
Try as he might, he couldn't open the door.
(= Though he might try...)
4.4 被动语态的综合运用
本课被动语态时态汇总:
1. 一般过去时被动:
was/were + 过去分词
was built, were sent, was made...
2. 介词+被动:
on display = being displayed
on show = being shown
3. 动词+副词短语的被动:
burnt down(动词+副词,不可分开)
注意:
burn down = 烧毁(成平地)
put out = 扑灭(火)
4.5 形容词最高级
本课最高级结构模式:
模式1:the + most + 形容词
the most extraordinary building
the most wonderful piece of machinery
模式2:one of + the + 最高级 + 复数名词
one of the biggest buildings
one of the most famous buildings
模式3:the + 形容词最高级 + 范围状语
the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century
(of短语表示比较范围)
4.6 on doing结构(时间状语)
本课例句:
"On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train."
结构:On/Upon + 动名词
含义:一...就...(= as soon as...)
其他例句:
- On hearing the news, she burst into tears.
(一听到消息,她就哭了。)
- Upon receiving your letter, I replied immediately.
(一收到你的信,我立即回复了。)
特点:
1. 正式书面语
2. 强调动作的即时性
3. 动名词的逻辑主语与主句主语一致
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 考点对应
| 本课语法点 | 四级考点 | 考试频率 |
|---|---|---|
| 定语从句(which引导) | 词汇与语法 / 阅读理解 | ★★★★★ |
| 被动语态 | 词汇与语法 / 翻译 | ★★★★★ |
| 让步状语从句(though) | 词汇与语法 / 完形填空 | ★★★★☆ |
| 原因状语从句(for) | 词汇与语法 | ★★★☆☆ |
| 形容词最高级 | 词汇与语法 / 写作 | ★★★★☆ |
| not as…as比较结构 | 词汇与语法 / 翻译 | ★★★★☆ |
| on doing结构 | 词汇与语法 | ★★★☆☆ |
5.2 四级真题例句
定语从句(对应本课S1)
真题例句(2019年6月CET-4):
The library, which was built in the 18th century, is famous for its architecture.
考点:
- 非限制性定语从句的关系代词选择
- which指代物,逗号后不能用that
被动语态(对应本课多处)
真题例句(2020年12月CET-4翻译):
这些古迹应该被保护起来。
These historic sites should be protected.
考点:
- 情态动词+被动语态
- 与课文were used to build结构类似
though让步从句(对应本课S7)
真题例句(2018年6月CET-4):
Though it was raining heavily, they still went camping.
考点:
- though/although不能与but连用
- 可以与still/yet连用
not as…as结构(对应本课S7)
真题例句(2021年6月CET-4):
Life in the countryside is not as convenient as in the city.
考点:
- 原级比较的否定形式
- 形容词位置
5.3 四级核心词汇关联
| 本课词汇 | 四级考纲 | 常见搭配 |
|---|---|---|
| extraordinary | ★★☆☆☆ | extraordinary ability/achievement |
| exhibition | ★★★☆☆ | on exhibition, art exhibition |
| machinery | ★★☆☆☆ | heavy machinery |
| display | ★★★☆☆ | on display, put on display |
| profit | ★★★☆☆ | make a profit, net profit |
| various | ★★★★☆ | various kinds of |
5.4 翻译练习(四级水平)
中译英练习:
-
这座博物馆建于19世纪,是世界上最古老的建筑之一。 (参考答案:This museum, which was built in the 19th century, is one of the oldest buildings in the world.)
-
虽然天气不好,但他们还是按时到达了。 (参考答案:Though the weather was bad, they arrived on time.)
-
这些书将被送往农村学校。 (参考答案:These books will be sent to rural schools.)
六、语法知识拓展
6.1 被动语态的转换规则
主动语态 → 被动语态转换步骤:
1. 将原宾语变为主语
2. 将谓语动词变为be + 过去分词
3. 将原主语变为by短语(可省略)
4. 其他成分保持不变
例句转换:
主动:They built the Crystal Palace in 1851.
被动:The Crystal Palace was built by them in 1851.
(by them通常省略)
6.2 让步状语从句连接词对比
| 连接词 | 含义 | 语气 | 可否倒装 |
|---|---|---|---|
| though | 虽然 | 一般 | 可以(形容词/名词/副词+as) |
| although | 虽然 | 正式 | 不可 |
| even though | 即使 | 强 | 不可 |
| even if | 即使 | 强(假设) | 不可 |
| while | 虽然 | 书面 | 不可 |
| no matter + wh- | 无论 | 口语 | 不可 |
6.3 定语从句关系词选择
| 先行词 | 关系代词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 人(主格) | who/that | the man who/that came |
| 人(宾格) | whom/who/that/省略 | the man (whom) I met |
| 人(所有格) | whose | the man whose car was stolen |
| 物(主/宾格) | which/that/省略 | the book (which) I read |
| 物(所有格) | of which | the book the cover of which… |
| 时间 | when | the day when we met |
| 地点 | where | the place where I was born |
| 原因 | why | the reason why he left |
本课涉及的语法术语
词法相关
名词 | 形容词 | 动词 | 副词 | 介词 | 冠词 | 连词 | 不可数名词 | 名词所有格 | 形容词最高级 | 原级 | 比较级 | 派生 | 合成
句法相关
主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 表语 | 定语 | 状语 | 同位语 | 简单句 | 并列句 | 复合句 | 主系表 | 主谓宾 | 存在句
时态语态相关
从句相关
定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 | 关系代词 | 原因状语从句 | 让步状语从句 | 时间状语从句 | 比较状语从句 | 并列连词 | 从属连词
非谓语动词相关
不定式 | 动名词 | 现在分词 | 过去分词 | 目的状语
其他
文档版本: 1.0
适用教材: 新概念英语第二册 (New Concept English 2) Lesson 80
编制日期: 2026年4月