第83课 After the elections 大选之后 — 语法精讲
课文原文
The former Prime Minister, Mr Wentworth Lane, was defeated in the recent elections. He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad. My friend, Crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of Mr Lane's Radical Progressive Party. After the elections, Crawley went to the former Prime Minister's house. When he asked if Mr Lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad. On the following day, Crawley went to the house again. The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when Crawley asked the same question. Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. The day after, Crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question. This time, the policeman lost his temper. 'I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday,' he shouted, 'Mr Lane was defeated in the elections. He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad!' 'I know,' answered Crawley, 'but I love to hear you say it!'
## 参考译文
前首相温特沃思·莱恩先生在最近的选举中被击败。他现在正从政界退休，并已出国。我的朋友克劳利一直是莱恩先生激进进步党的狂热反对者。选举后，克劳利去了前首相的家。当他询问莱恩先生是否住在那里时，值班警察告诉他，自从被击败后，这位前首相已经出国了。第二天，克劳利又去了那座房子。同一个警察正慢慢地走过入口，这时克劳利问了同样的问题。虽然这次有点怀疑，警察还是给了他同样的答案。第三天，克劳利又去了那座房子，问了完全相同的问题。这一次，警察发了脾气。“我昨天和前天都告诉过你了，“他喊道，“莱恩先生在选举中被击败了。他已经从政界退休，出国生活了！""我知道，“克劳利回答，“但我喜欢听你说这个！“
一、词法分析 (Morphology)
1.1 词类统计
| 词类 | 数量 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词 | 约35个 | Prime Minister, elections, life, opponent, party, house, policeman, temper |
| 动词 | 约20个 | defeated, retire, gone, asked, told, walking, lost, shouted |
| 形容词 | 约12个 | former, recent, political, fanatical, radical, progressive, suspicious |
| 副词 | 约10个 | now, always, abroad, again, slowly, exactly, yesterday |
| 代词 | 约15个 | he, him, his, my, you, it |
| 介词 | 约12个 | from, in, to, on, after, since, before |
| 连词 | 约8个 | and, when, if, that, though, but |
1.2 重点词汇构词法分析
1.2.1 派生词分析
| 词汇 | 词根/词缀 | 构词分析 | 词性 |
|---|---|---|---|
| former | form (形状) + -er | 原指”形成者”，引申为”以前的” | 形容词 |
| political | polit- (城市/公民) + -ical | 与政治相关的 | 形容词 |
| fanatical | fanatic (狂热者) + -al | 狂热的、极端的 | 形容词 |
| opponent | op- (对抗) + pon (放置) + -ent | 对立放置者 → 反对者 | 名词 |
| radical | radic- (根) + -al | 根本的、激进的 | 形容词 |
| progressive | pro- (向前) + gress (走) + -ive | 向前走的 → 进步的 | 形容词 |
| suspicious | sus- (下面) + pic (看) + -ious | 从下往上看 → 怀疑的 | 形容词 |
| defeat | de- (向下) + feat (做) | 使倒下 → 击败 | 动词/名词 |
| election | e- (出) + lect (选) + -ion | 选出来 → 选举 | 名词 |
| retire | re- (回) + tire (拉) | 拉回 → 退休 | 动词 |
1.2.2 复合词分析
| 复合词 | 组成部分 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| Prime Minister | Prime (首要的) + Minister (部长) | 首相、总理 |
| policeman | police (警察) + man (人) | 男警察 |
| ex-Prime Minister | ex- (前任) + Prime Minister | 前首相 |
1.3 词形变化
动词变形表
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 第三人称单数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| defeat | defeated | defeated | defeating | defeats |
| elect | elected | elected | electing | elects |
| retire | retired | retired | retiring | retires |
| ask | asked | asked | asking | asks |
| tell | told | told | telling | tells |
| go | went | gone | going | goes |
| walk | walked | walked | walking | walks |
| lose | lost | lost | losing | loses |
| shout | shouted | shouted | shouting | shouts |
| answer | answered | answered | answering | answers |
二、句法分析 (Syntax)
2.1 逐句成分标注
句1: The former Prime Minister, Mr Wentworth Lane, was defeated in the recent elections.
[The former Prime Minister], [Mr Wentworth Lane], [was defeated] [in the recent elections].
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ └─ 名词（elections的定语）
│ │ │ │ │ └─ 形容词（recent修饰elections）
│ │ │ │ └─ 谓语动词（被动语态，一般过去时）
│ │ │ └─ 同位语（Prime Minister的具体姓名）
│ │ └─ 称呼语（姓名）
│ └─ 名词（中心词）
└─ 定冠词
句子成分分析:
- 主语: The former Prime Minister, Mr Wentworth Lane（带有同位语）
- 谓语: was defeated（一般过去时的被动语态）
- 状语: in the recent elections（地点/时间状语）
本句涉及语法术语：一般过去时 | 被动语态 | 同位语 | 定冠词
句2: He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad.
[He] [is now retiring] [from political life] [and] [has gone] [abroad].
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ └─ 副词（地点状语）
│ │ │ │ │ └─ 过去分词（完成时态组成部分）
│ │ │ │ └─ 助动词（现在完成时）
│ │ │ └─ 名词（life的定语）
│ │ └─ 形容词（修饰life）
│ └─ 谓语动词（现在进行时）
└─ 主语代词
句子成分分析:
- 主语: He
- 谓语1: is now retiring（现在进行时，表示现阶段正在进行的动作）
- 状语1: from political life（介词短语作状语）
- 连接词: and（并列连词）
- 谓语2: has gone（现在完成时，表示已完成的动作对现在的影响）
- 状语2: abroad（副词作地点状语）
本句涉及语法术语：现在进行时 | 现在完成时 | 并列句 | 副词 | 介词短语
句3: My friend, Crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of Mr Lane’s Radical Progressive Party.
[My friend], [Crawley], [has always been] [a fanatical opponent] [of Mr Lane's Radical Progressive Party].
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ └─ 介词短语（后置定语）
│ │ │ │ └─ 名词短语（表语）
│ │ │ └─ 谓语动词（现在完成时）
│ │ └─ 同位语（friend的具体姓名）
│ └─ 名词（中心词）
└─ 形容词性物主代词
句子成分分析:
- 主语: My friend, Crawley（带有同位语）
- 谓语: has always been（现在完成时，频度副词always位于助动词与实义动词之间）
- 表语: a fanatical opponent
- 定语: of Mr Lane’s Radical Progressive Party（介词短语作后置定语）
注意: 名词所有格 Mr Lane’s 修饰后面的复合名词短语 Radical Progressive Party
本句涉及语法术语：现在完成时 | 同位语 | 介词短语 | 名词所有格 | 频度副词
句4: After the elections, Crawley went to the former Prime Minister’s house.
[After the elections], [Crawley] [went] [to the former Prime Minister's house].
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ └─ 介词短语（地点状语）
│ │ └─ 谓语动词（一般过去时）
│ └─ 主语
└─ 介词短语（时间状语）
句子成分分析:
- 状语: After the elections（介词短语作时间状语，前置）
- 主语: Crawley
- 谓语: went
- 状语: to the former Prime Minister’s house（介词短语作地点状语）
本句涉及语法术语：一般过去时 | 介词短语 | 名词所有格 | 时间状语
句5: When he asked if Mr Lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad.
[When he asked if Mr Lane lived there], [the policeman] [on duty] [told] [him]
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └─ 间接宾语
│ │ │ └─ 谓语动词
│ │ └─ 介词短语（后置定语）
│ └─ 主语
└─ 时间状语从句（含宾语从句）
[that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad].
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ └─ 谓语动词（过去完成时）
│ │ └─ 主语
│ └─ 介词短语（时间状语）
└─ 宾语从句引导词
句子成分分析:
- 时间状语从句: When he asked if Mr Lane lived there
- 主句: he asked
- 宾语从句: if Mr Lane lived there（if = whether，是否）
- 主句主语: the policeman on duty（on duty 作后置定语）
- 主句谓语: told
- 间接宾语: him
- 直接宾语（宾语从句）: that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad
- 时间状语: since his defeat
- 从句主语: the ex-Prime Minister
- 从句谓语: had gone abroad（过去完成时）
本句涉及语法术语：时间状语从句 | 宾语从句 | 过去完成时 | 间接引语 | since的用法 | 后置定语
句6: On the following day, Crawley went to the house again.
[On the following day], [Crawley] [went] [to the house] [again].
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └─ 副词（状语）
│ │ │ └─ 介词短语（地点状语）
│ │ └─ 谓语动词（一般过去时）
│ └─ 主语
└─ 介词短语（时间状语）
句子成分分析:
- 状语: On the following day（时间状语，前置）
- 主语: Crawley
- 谓语: went
- 状语: to the house（地点状语）
- 状语: again（频度副词）
本句涉及语法术语：一般过去时 | 介词短语 | 时间状语 | 副词
句7: The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when Crawley asked the same question.
[The same policeman] [was just walking] [slowly] [past the entrance],
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ └─ 介词短语（地点状语）
│ │ └─ 副词（方式状语）
│ └─ 谓语动词（过去进行时）
└─ 主语
[when Crawley asked the same question].
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ └─ 宾语
│ │ └─ 谓语动词
│ └─ 主语
└─ 并列连词/时间状语从句引导词
句子成分分析:
- 主语: The same policeman
- 谓语: was just walking（过去进行时，just 强调”正在”）
- 状语: slowly（方式副词）
- 状语: past the entrance（介词短语作地点状语）
- 时间状语从句: when Crawley asked the same question
- 注意: 此处 when 表示”正在这时”，连接两个同时发生的动作
本句涉及语法术语：过去进行时 | when的用法 | 副词 | 介词短语
句8: Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer.
[Though a little suspicious this time], [the policeman] [gave] [him] [the same answer].
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └─ 直接宾语
│ │ │ └─ 间接宾语
│ │ └─ 谓语动词（一般过去时）
│ └─ 主语
└─ 让步状语从句（省略形式）
句子成分分析:
- 让步状语从句: Though a little suspicious this time
- 省略形式: 完整形式为 Though he was a little suspicious this time
- 省略条件: 从句主语与主句主语一致（the policeman），且从句谓语含 be 动词
- 主语: the policeman
- 谓语: gave
- 间接宾语: him
- 直接宾语: the same answer
本句涉及语法术语：让步状语从句 | 省略句 | 双宾语 | 一般过去时
句9: The day after, Crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question.
[The day after], [Crawley] [went] [to the house] [once more] [and] [asked] [exactly the same question].
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─ 宾语
│ │ │ │ │ │ └─ 谓语动词
│ │ │ │ │ └─ 并列连词
│ │ │ │ └─ 副词短语（状语）
│ │ │ └─ 介词短语（地点状语）
│ │ └─ 谓语动词（一般过去时）
│ └─ 主语
└─ 时间状语（省略结构 = the day after that）
句子成分分析:
- 状语: The day after（= the day after that / the next day，时间状语）
- 主语: Crawley
- 谓语1: went
- 状语: to the house（地点状语）
- 状语: once more（副词短语）
- 连接词: and
- 谓语2: asked
- 状语: exactly（程度副词）
- 宾语: the same question
本句涉及语法术语：一般过去时 | 并列句 | 省略句 | 副词
句10: This time, the policeman lost his temper.
[This time], [the policeman] [lost] [his temper].
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ └─ 宾语
│ │ └─ 谓语动词（一般过去时）
│ └─ 主语
└─ 时间状语
句子成分分析:
- 状语: This time（时间状语）
- 主语: the policeman
- 谓语: lost
- 宾语: his temper（固定搭配 lose one’s temper = 发脾气）
句11: ‘I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday,’ he shouted, ‘Mr Lane was defeated in the elections.’
直接引语部分1: 'I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday'
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ └─ 介词短语（时间状语）
│ │ │ │ │ └─ 定冠词
│ │ │ │ └─ 名词
│ │ │ └─ 时间状语
│ │ └─ 间接宾语
│ └─ 谓语动词（一般过去时）
└─ 主语
直接引语部分2: 'Mr Lane was defeated in the elections'
│ │ │
│ │ └─ 介词短语（地点状语）
│ └─ 谓语动词（一般过去时被动语态）
└─ 主语
句子成分分析:
- 主句: he shouted（一般过去时）
- 直接引语1: ‘I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday’
- 主语: I
- 谓语: told
- 间接宾语: you
- 时间状语: yesterday and the day before yesterday
- 直接引语2: ‘Mr Lane was defeated in the elections’
- 主语: Mr Lane
- 谓语: was defeated（被动语态）
- 状语: in the elections
本句涉及语法术语：直接引语 | 一般过去时 | 被动语态 | 间接宾语
句12: ‘He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad!’
直接引语: 'He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad'
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └─ 副词（地点状语）
│ │ │ └─ 不定式（目的状语）
│ │ └─ 介词短语（来源状语）
│ └─ 过去分词（现在完成时）
└─ 主语
句子成分分析:
- 主语: He
- 谓语1: has retired（现在完成时）
- 状语: from political life
- 连接词: and（连接两个并列的完成时动作，第二个 has 省略）
- 谓语2: (has) gone（现在完成时，省略 has）
- 状语: to live abroad（不定式表目的）
注意: gone to live 中，to live 是不定式作目的状语，abroad 是 live 的地点状语。
本句涉及语法术语：现在完成时 | 省略句 | 不定式 | 目的状语
句13: ‘I know,’ answered Crawley, ‘but I love to hear you say it!’
直接引语1: 'I know'
│ │
│ └─ 谓语动词
└─ 主语
主句: answered Crawley
│ │
│ └─ 主语（倒装）
└─ 谓语动词
直接引语2: 'but I love to hear you say it'
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ └─ 宾语
│ │ │ │ └─ 省略to的不定式（宾补）
│ │ │ └─ 宾语
│ │ └─ 不定式（宾语）
│ └─ 谓语动词
└─ 主语
句子成分分析:
- 直接引语1: ‘I know’
- 主句: answered Crawley（主谓倒装，常见于直接引语后）
- 直接引语2: ‘but I love to hear you say it’
- 连接词: but（转折）
- 主语: I
- 谓语: love
- 宾语: to hear you say it（不定式短语）
- 注意: hear you say it 中，say 是省略 to 的不定式作宾语补足语（hear sb do sth）
本句涉及语法术语：直接引语 | 倒装句 | 不定式 | 宾语补足语 | 感官动词
2.2 从句类型汇总
| 从句类型 | 出现次数 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间状语从句 | 2 | When he asked…; when Crawley asked… |
| 宾语从句 | 3 | …told him that…; …asked if…; I know (that)… |
| 让步状语从句 | 1 | Though a little suspicious this time |
三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)
3.1 时态系统分析
3.1.1 时态分布统计
| 时态 | 例句 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | was defeated, went, asked, told, gave, lost, shouted, answered | 叙述过去发生的具体动作或状态 |
| 现在完成时 | has gone, has always been, has retired | 表示过去动作对现在的影响或持续状态 |
| 过去完成时 | had gone | 表示”过去的过去”，先于过去某个时间点的动作 |
| 过去进行时 | was walking | 描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 |
| 现在进行时 | is retiring | 表示现阶段正在进行的动作 |
3.1.2 时态对比分析
现在完成时 vs 现在进行时（句2）
He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad.
│ │ │
└────────────┴────────────────────────┘
现阶段持续 已完成的结果
- is retiring: 现在进行时，表示现阶段正在进行的动作（从政界逐步退出）
- has gone: 现在完成时，表示已完成的动作对现在的影响（人已出国，现在不在国内）
过去完成时（句5）
...the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad.
│
└─ "过去的过去"
told（过去） ─┘
asked（过去） ────────┘
- had gone: 过去完成时，表示在 told 之前就已经完成的动作
- 时间关系: 先”被击败”→ 后”出国”→ 再”被告知”
过去进行时（句7）
The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance...
│
└─ 描述背景场景
- was walking: 过去进行时，描述过去某一时刻正在进行的背景动作
- 功能: 营造画面感，为后续动作（asked）设置场景
3.2 被动语态分析
被动语态结构
| 例句 | 结构 | 时态 |
|---|---|---|
| was defeated | be + 过去分词 | 一般过去时被动语态 |
| has been defeated（隐含） | have/has + been + 过去分词 | 现在完成时被动语态 |
被动语态的功能
Mr Lane was defeated in the elections.
│ │
└─ 动作承受者作主语 └─ 动作执行者（可省略）
- 语用功能: 强调受事者（Mr Lane）而非施事者
- 政治语境: 选举中强调”被击败”这一结果，淡化击败者
3.3 直接引语与间接引语
直接引语 → 间接引语转换
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 转换要点 |
|---|---|---|
| ”Mr Lane was defeated…” | (the policeman) told him that Mr Lane had been defeated… | 时态后移（过去时→过去完成时），人称转换 |
| ”He has retired…” | (the policeman told him that) he had retired… | 现在完成时→过去完成时 |
| ”I told you…” | (he said that) he had told him… | 第一人称→第三人称 |
直接引语的特征
'I told you yesterday,' he shouted, 'Mr Lane was defeated...'
│ │ │
└─ 引号标示 └─ 引述分句 └─ 引号继续
- 标点特征: 引号、逗号、感叹号
- 引述分句: he shouted / answered Crawley
- 语体特征: 保留原话的情感色彩（shouted 体现愤怒）
3.4 since 引导的时间状语
since 的用法分析（句5）
...that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad.
│ │ │
│ │ └─ 过去完成时（从句动作先于主句）
│ └─ 时间点（名词短语）
└─ 连词
语法规则:
- since + 时间点 → 主句通常用完成时态
- 时态选择:
- 现在完成时: since his defeat, he has gone abroad（从过去持续到现在）
- 过去完成时: since his defeat, he had gone abroad（过去的某个时间点之前已完成）
本课用法: 由于主句 told 是过去时，从句用过去完成时 had gone
四、本课核心语法点
4.1 现在完成时与现在进行时的对比
4.1.1 核心区别
| 时态 | 结构 | 功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are + doing | 现阶段正在进行的动作 | is retiring |
| 现在完成时 | have/has + done | 已完成动作对现在的影响 | has gone |
4.1.2 课文例句深度分析
He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad.
逻辑关系:
- is retiring: 强调”退休”这一转变过程正在进行中
- has gone: 强调”出国”这一结果（人已在国外）
为什么不能都用进行时？
- × He is going abroad（表示”正在去”，不符合”已定居国外”的语境）
- √ He has gone abroad（表示”已经去了并还在那里”）
为什么不能都用完成时？
- × He has retired（语法正确，但缺少”现阶段正在过渡”的动态感）
- √ He is retiring（更生动地表现”正在逐步退出政坛”）
4.2 过去完成时的用法
4.2.1 定义
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即”过去的过去”。
4.2.2 课文中的过去完成时
时间轴:
─────────────────────────────────────────────────►
│ │ │
选举 被击败 出国 警察告诉Crawley
│ │ │ │
└───────────┴───────────────┘ │
│ │
过去完成时区 过去时
例句分析:
When he asked if Mr Lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him
│ │ │
│ │ └─ 过去时（told）
│ └─ 宾语从句（lived，过去时）
└─ 时间状语从句（asked，过去时）
that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad.
│
└─ 过去完成时
逻辑链条:
- 选举中 was defeated（过去时）
- 之后 had gone abroad（过去完成时，在 told 之前）
- Crawley asked（过去时）
- 警察 told him（过去时）
4.2.3 使用条件
| 条件 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 有明确的过去时间参照点 | told him（过去时） |
| 动作发生在参照点之前 | had gone（过去的过去） |
| 常用时间状语 | since, after, before, when 等 |
4.3 过去进行时的情景描述
4.3.1 结构
was/were + 现在分词
4.3.2 课文例句
The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance,
│
└─ 描述背景画面
when Crawley asked the same question.
│
└─ 打断/插入的动作
4.3.3 功能分析
营造场景: 过去进行时描绘一个持续进行的背景动作 时间点定位: when 引导的从句表示在这个背景中突然发生的动作
对比:
- 一般过去时: The policeman walked past…（简单陈述事实）
- 过去进行时: The policeman was walking past…（营造画面感，强调”正在这时”）
4.4 since + 时间点与完成时的搭配
4.4.1 基本结构
since + 时间点/从句 → 主句用完成时态
4.4.2 课文中的两种时态配合
| 语境 | 时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在为参照点 | 现在完成时 | Since his defeat, he has gone abroad. |
| 过去为参照点 | 过去完成时 | …told him that since his defeat, he had gone abroad. |
4.4.3 注意要点
since his defeat
│ │
│ └─ 名词（表示时间点）
└─ 形容词性物主代词
- since + 名词短语: 表示”自从…以来”
- since 从句: since he was defeated（since 作为连词）
4.5 让步状语从句的省略
4.5.1 完整形式 vs 省略形式
| 形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 完整形式 | Though he was a little suspicious this time… |
| 省略形式 | Though a little suspicious this time… |
4.5.2 省略条件
Though (he was) a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer.
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ └─ 主句主语
│ │ └─ 表语
│ └─ be动词（可省略）
└─ 从句主语（与主句主语一致，可省略）
省略条件（必须同时满足）:
- 从句主语与主句主语一致
- 从句谓语含有 be 动词
4.5.3 其他可省略的从句
Though (he was) tired, he continued working.
Though (it is) possible, it is not probable.
When (he was) in trouble, he always asked for help.
五、与四级考试的关联
5.1 四级核心考点对应
| 语法点 | 四级考点 | 课文例句 | 考查频率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | 时态辨析 | has gone, has retired | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| 过去完成时 | ”过去的过去” | had gone abroad | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| 过去进行时 | 场景描述 | was walking | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| 被动语态 | 语态转换 | was defeated | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| 让步状语从句省略 | 状语从句简化 | Though a little suspicious | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| since + 完成时 | 连词用法 | since his defeat | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| 直接/间接引语 | 引语转换 | told him that… | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
5.2 四级真题例句对比
现在完成时（高频考点）
课文: He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad!
四级: I have finished my homework. (强调完成对现在的影响)
考点: 现在完成时 vs 一般过去时的区别
- 一般过去时: 陈述过去事实（与现在无关）
- 现在完成时: 过去动作对现在的影响（结果/经验/持续）
过去完成时（必考点）
课文: ...the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad.
四级: By the time we got there, the film had already started.
考点: by the time, before, after, when 等引导的时间状语从句中，主从句时态配合
让步状语从句省略（难点）
课文: Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman...
四级: Though tired, he kept on working.
考点: 省略条件（主语一致 + be动词），常在改错题或语法填空题中出现
5.3 四级词汇关联
| 课文词汇 | 四级词频 | 相关词汇 | 常见搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|
| defeat | 高频 | victory, beat, overcome | suffer a defeat, admit defeat |
| election | 高频 | vote, campaign, candidate | general election, win an election |
| retire | 高频 | resignation, pension, withdraw | retire from, retire at 60 |
| political | 高频 | politics, politician, policy | political life, political party |
| suspicious | 中频 | suspect, doubt, skeptical | be suspicious of |
| opponent | 中频 | oppose, opposition, enemy | political opponent, opponent of |
| temper | 中频 | mood, anger, emotion | lose one’s temper, bad temper |
| former | 中频 | previous, past, prior | former president, the former |
5.4 四级写作/翻译应用
句型模仿
原句: He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad.
仿写: 她正在从教育行业转型，并已经移居海外。
She is now transitioning from the education sector and has moved overseas.
原句: Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer.
仿写: 虽然有点累，他还是坚持完成了工作。
Though a little tired, he persisted in finishing the work.
六、本课语法术语汇总
时态类
一般过去时 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | 过去进行时 | 现在进行时 | 被动语态
从句类
时间状语从句 | 宾语从句 | 让步状语从句 | 直接引语 | 间接引语
句子成分类
同位语 | 定冠词 | 介词短语 | 名词所有格 | 频度副词 | 时间状语 | 后置定语 | 双宾语 | 间接宾语 | 直接宾语 | 宾语补足语 | 目的状语
句法结构类
词法类
功能词类
文档生成完成 | 第83课 After the elections 语法精讲