第86课_Out_of_control_语法精讲

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第86课 Out of control 失控 — 语法精讲

课号：第86课（共96课）
标题：Out of control（失控）
核心语法重点：过去完成时、过去完成进行时、时间状语从句、hardly…when…
难度等级：★★★☆（四级进阶）

课文原文

**Lesson 86 Out of control 失控**

As the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes. Both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violently into the sea. The speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. Both men had just begun to swim towards the shore, when they noticed with dismay that the speed-boat was moving in a circle. It now came straight towards them at tremendous speed. In less than a minute, it roared past them only a few feet away. After it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could because they knew that the boat would soon return. They had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle. On this occasion, however, it had slowed down considerably. The petrol had nearly all been used up. Before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift gently across the water.

**参考译文**： 当那人试图让快艇转弯时，方向盘从他手中脱落了。他拼命地向他的同伴挥手，他的同伴在过去十五分钟里一直在滑水。两个人还没来得及意识到发生了什么事，就被猛烈地抛进了海里。快艇撞到了一个浮标，但它继续在水面上快速移动。两个人刚开始向岸边游去，就惊恐地发现快艇正在转圈。现在它以惊人的速度径直朝他们驶来。不到一分钟，它就在几英尺外呼啸而过。在它过去后，他们尽可能快地继续游，因为他们知道船很快就会回来。他们刚游出危险区，快艇就完成了另一圈。然而，这一次它明显慢了下来。汽油几乎用完了。不久，噪音完全消失了，船开始在水面上轻轻漂流。

一、时态分析

1.1 过去完成时 (Past Perfect Tense)

形式：had + 过去分词

课文例句：

  • “Both men had hardly had time to realize…”（两人还没来得及意识到）
  • “The speed-boat had struck a buoy”（快艇撞到了浮标）
  • “After it had passed…”（在它过去之后）
  • “it had slowed down considerably”（它明显慢了下来）

用法总结：

用法说明例句
过去的过去表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作The boat had struck a buoy before it stopped.
时间参照为过去动作提供时间参照点They were thrown into the sea before they had realized what was happening.

1.2 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)

形式：had been + 现在分词

课文例句：

  • “…his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes.” （他的同伴在过去十五分钟里一直在滑水）

功能：

  • 表示过去某一时刻之前一直在进行的动作
  • 强调动作的持续性和进行性
  • 常与 for/since 时间状语连用

1.3 一般过去时的被动语态

形式：was/were + 过去分词

课文例句：

  • “…they were thrown violently into the sea.” （他们被猛烈地抛进了海里）

被动语态的使用场景：

  • 当动作的承受者（而非执行者）是叙述重点时
  • 当动作执行者未知或不重要时

1.4 过去将来时

形式：would + 动词原形

课文例句：

  • “…they knew that the boat would soon return.” （他们知道船很快就会回来）

用法：

  • 表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作
  • 常用于宾语从句中

二、从句分析

2.1 时间状语从句

引导词：as, when, after, before

引导词含义课文例句
as当…时（同时性）As the man tried to swing…
when当…时（时间点）…when they were thrown violently…
after在…之后After it had passed…
before在…之前Before long, the noise dropped…

2.2 hardly…when… 结构

结构形式：

主语 + had hardly + 过去分词 + when + 主语 + 过去式

课文例句：

  • “Both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violently into the sea.” （两人还没来得及意识到发生了什么事，就被猛烈地抛进了海里）

功能：

  • 表示”刚…就…”
  • 强调两个动作之间几乎没有间隔
  • 营造突发性和紧迫感

类似结构：

  • scarcely…when…
  • no sooner…than…

2.3 定语从句

课文例句：

  • “…his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes.” （他的同伴，在过去十五分钟里一直在滑水）

分析：

  • 先行词：companion
  • 关系代词：who（指人）
  • 从句类型：非限制性定语从句（提供补充信息）

2.4 宾语从句

课文例句：

  • “…to realize what was happening…”（what 引导的宾语从句）
  • “…they knew that the boat would soon return…”（that 引导的宾语从句）

2.5 原因状语从句

引导词：because

课文例句：

  • “…they swam on as quickly as they could because they knew that the boat would soon return.” （他们尽可能快地继续游，因为他们知道船很快就会回来）

三、并列结构

3.1 并列句

连接词：and, but

连接词功能课文例句
and并列/顺承Before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift…
but转折…but it continued to move very quickly across the water.

四、短语动词

4.1 重要短语动词

短语动词含义课文例句
come away脱落，脱离the steering-wheel came away in his hands
slow down减速，慢下来it had slowed down considerably
use up用完，耗尽The petrol had nearly all been used up
swim out of游出…to swim out of danger
swing round转身，转弯tried to swing the speed-boat round

五、语法要点总结

5.1 时态对比

时态形式功能例句
一般过去时did叙述过去发生的动作The speed-boat struck a buoy.
过去完成时had done表示”过去的过去”The speed-boat had struck a buoy before it stopped.
过去完成进行时had been doing表示过去持续进行的动作who had been water-skiing
过去将来时would do从过去看将来the boat would soon return

5.2 从句类型汇总

从句类型引导词功能
时间状语从句as, when, after, before表示时间关系
原因状语从句because表示原因
定语从句who, which, that修饰名词
宾语从句that, what充当宾语

本课涉及的语法术语

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语法分析报告生成时间: 2026-04-02
建议学习时长: 60-90分钟
难度评级: ★★★☆☆

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