Lesson 96 The Dead Return 亡灵返乡 - 语法深度分析

一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

词汇	词类	词根/词缀分析	搭配/用法
festival	n. 名词	fest- (节日) + -ival (名词后缀)	a festival for… 为…而设的节日
cheerful	adj. 形容词	cheer (欢乐) + -ful (充满…的)	a cheerful occasion 欢乐的场合
specially-made	adj. 形容词 (复合)	specially (特别地) + made (制作的)	过去分词作定语，表被动
lantern	n. 名词	拉丁语 lanterna	hang lanterns 挂灯笼
unlucky	adj. 形容词	un- (否定) + lucky (幸运的)	be considered unlucky 被认为不吉利
spectacle	n. 名词	spect- (看) + -acle (名词后缀)	a moving spectacle 感人的场面
drift	v. 动词	古英语 drifan (漂浮)	drift out to sea 漂向大海
mournful	adj. 形容词	mourn (哀悼) + -ful (充满…的)	mournful voice 悲伤的声音

1.2 词形变化要点

动词变化：

hold → held → held (不规则动词，举行)
lay → laid → laid (不规则动词，放置，注意区分 lie/lay)
throw → threw → thrown (不规则动词，扔)
hang → hung → hung (不规则动词，悬挂；作”绞死”讲时过去式为 hanged)
eat → ate → eaten (不规则动词，吃)

形容词/副词变化：

specially (adv.) ← special (adj.) + -ly
slowly (adv.) ← slow (adj.) + -ly

派生词：

living (adj./n.) ← live (v.) + -ing (活着的；生者)
guiding (现在分词) ← guide (v.) + -ing
moving (现在分词/形容词) ← move (v.) + -ing (感人的)

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

句型类型	数量	占比	例句
简单句	5句	45%	“All night long, people dance and sing.”
并列句	2句	18%	“the dead are said to return… and they are welcomed…”
复合句	4句	37%	“the food that had been laid out… is thrown into a river”

全文共11个句子

2.2 逐句句法分析

第1句

原句: “A Festival for the Dead is held once a year in Japan.”

句子成分分析:

主语 S: A Festival for the Dead (名词短语，for the Dead 为后置定语修饰 Festival)
谓语 V: is held (被动语态，一般现在时)
[状语 Adv. 频率]: once a year (每年一次)
[状语 Adv. 地点]: in Japan (在日本)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + V (被动) (主谓结构，被动语态)
句子类型: 简单句

语法要点:

被动语态: is held (be + 过去分词)
后置定语: for the Dead (介词短语作定语)

第2句

原句: “This festival is a cheerful occasion, for on this day, the dead are said to return to their homes and they are welcomed by the living.”

句子成分分析:

主句: “This festival is a cheerful occasion”
- 主语 S: This festival
- [表语 C/Predicative]: a cheerful occasion (名词短语)
原因状语从句 (for 引导): “for on this day, the dead are said to return to their homes and they are welcomed by the living”
- [状语]: on this day (时间状语)
- 并列分句1: “the dead are said to return to their homes”
  - 主语 S: the dead (the + 形容词 = 一类人，死者)
  - 谓语 V: are said (被动语态)
  - [主语补足语 S.C.]: to return to their homes (不定式作主语补足语)
- 并列分句2: “they are welcomed by the living”
  - 谓语 V: are welcomed (被动语态)
  - [状语 Adv. 动作执行者]**: by the living (被生者，the + 形容词 = 一类人)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + V + C (主系表) + for原因状语从句 (包含两个并列分句)
句子类型: 并列复合句

语法要点:

the + 形容词 表示一类人: the dead (死者), the living (生者)
be said to do 据说…
for 作连词引导原因状语从句 (较正式/文学性)

第3句

原句: “As they are expected to be hungry after their long journey, food is laid out for them.”

句子成分分析:

原因状语从句 (As 引导): “As they are expected to be hungry after their long journey”
- 谓语 V: are expected (被动语态)
- [主语补足语 S.C.]: to be hungry (不定式)
- [状语 Adv. 时间]: after their long journey (在他们长途旅行后)
主句: “food is laid out for them”
- 谓语 V: is laid out (被动语态，lay out 摆出)
- [状语 Adv. 对象]: for them (为他们)

句型判定:

句子类型: 复合句 (As引导原因状语从句 + 主句)

语法要点:

As 引导原因状语从句 (= because/since)
be expected to do 被预料/期望做…
lay out 短语动词，摆放、布置

第4句

原句: “Specially-made lanterns are hung outside each house to help the dead to find their way.”

句子成分分析:

主语 S: Specially-made lanterns (复合形容词 + 名词)
- Specially-made: 过去分词作定语，表被动 (= which are specially made)
谓语 V: are hung (被动语态，hang-hung-hung 悬挂)
[状语 Adv. 地点]: outside each house (在每所房子外面)
[状语 Adv. 目的]: to help the dead to find their way (不定式作目的状语)
- help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事 (to 可省略)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + V (被动)
句子类型: 简单句

语法要点:

复合形容词作定语: specially-made (特别制作的)
不定式作目的状语: to help…
help 的用法: help sb. (to) do sth.

第5句

原句: “All night long, people dance and sing.”

句子成分分析:

[状语 Adv. 时间]: All night long (整晚，时间状语前置)
谓语 V: dance and sing (并列谓语)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + Vi (主谓，不及物动词)
句子类型: 简单句

第6句

原句: “In the early morning, the food that had been laid out for the dead is thrown into a river or into the sea as it is considered unlucky for anyone living to eat it.”

句子成分分析:

[状语 Adv. 时间]: In the early morning (在清晨)
主语 S: the food that had been laid out for the dead
- 中心词: the food
- 定语从句 (that 引导): that had been laid out for the dead
  - 谓语 V: had been laid out (过去完成时被动，表示”在扔之前已摆出”)
  - [状语]: for the dead (为死者)
谓语 V: is thrown (一般现在时被动)
[状语 Adv. 地点]: into a river or into the sea (进入河里或海里)
原因状语从句 (as 引导): “as it is considered unlucky for anyone living to eat it”
- 谓语 V: is considered (被动语态)
- [真正主语]: for anyone living to eat it (不定式复合结构)
  - for anyone living: 对于任何活着的人 (living = who is living，现在分词作定语)
  - to eat it: 吃它

句型判定:

句子类型: 复合句 (包含定语从句 + 原因状语从句)

语法要点:

过去完成时被动: had been laid out (在过去的动作 is thrown 之前已完成)
形式主语 it: It is considered unlucky (真正主语是后面的不定式)
不定式复合结构: for sb. to do sth.
现在分词作定语: anyone living = anyone who is living

第7句

原句: “In towns that are near the sea, the tiny lanterns which had been hung in the streets the night before, are placed into the water when the festival is over.”

句子成分分析:

[状语 Adv. 地点]: In towns that are near the sea
- 定语从句: that are near the sea (修饰 towns)
主语 S: the tiny lanterns which had been hung in the streets the night before
- 中心词: the tiny lanterns
- 定语从句 (which 引导): which had been hung in the streets the night before
  - 谓语 V: had been hung (过去完成时被动，表示”在放置之前已挂起”)
  - [状语 Adv. 地点]: in the streets (在街上)
  - [状语 Adv. 时间]: the night before (前一天晚上)
谓语 V: are placed (一般现在时被动)
[状语 Adv. 地点]: into the water (进入水中)
时间状语从句 (when 引导): when the festival is over (当节日结束时)

句型判定:

句子类型: 复合句 (包含两个定语从句 + 时间状语从句)

语法要点:

the night before (过去某时之前一天晚上) vs. last night (昨晚)
when 引导时间状语从句

第8句

原句: “Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea guiding the dead on their return journey to the other world.”

句子成分分析:

主语 S: Thousands of lanterns
谓语 V: drift out (漂出去)
[状语 Adv. 地点]: to sea (向大海)
[状语 Adv. 伴随/方式] (现在分词短语): guiding the dead on their return journey to the other world
- guiding: 现在分词，逻辑主语是 lanterns
- the dead: 死者 (the + 形容词)
- on their return journey: 在返回的旅程中
- to the other world: 去另一个世界 (指冥界/来世)

句型判定:

基本句型: S + V + Adv.
句子类型: 简单句 (含现在分词作伴随状语)

语法要点:

现在分词作伴随状语: guiding… (表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作，逻辑主语是lanterns)

第9句

原句: “This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.”

句子成分分析:

主句: “This is a moving spectacle”
- [表语 C]: a moving spectacle (感人的场面)
  - moving: 现在分词作形容词，感人的 (= touching)
原因状语从句 (for 引导): “for crowds of people stand on the shore watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more”
- 主语 S: crowds of people (成群的人)
- [状语 Adv. 地点]: on the shore (在岸边)
- [伴随状语] (现在分词短语): watching the lanterns drifting away
  - watch sb./sth. doing: 观看…正在…
  - drifting away: 正在漂走 (drift away 漂走)
- 时间状语从句 (until 引导): until they can be seen no more (直到它们再也看不见)
  - 谓语 V: can be seen (情态动词 + 被动语态)
  - [状语]: no more (不再)

句型判定:

句子类型: 复合句 (for原因从句 + until时间从句)

语法要点:

for 引导原因状语从句 (正式用语)
watch + 宾语 + doing (观看…正在做)
until 引导时间状语从句 (直到…为止)
can be seen no more = can no longer be seen (再也看不见)

2.3 句子成分统计

成分类型	出现次数	典型例句	语法功能
定语从句	4次	”the food that had been laid out”	修饰名词
状语从句	5次	”As they are expected…”, “for on this day…”, “when the festival is over”, “until they can be seen”	修饰动词/句子
现在分词作状语	2次	”guiding the dead”, “watching the lanterns”	伴随/方式状语
现在分词作定语	1次	”anyone living”	修饰名词
过去分词作定语	2次	”Specially-made lanterns”, “the food laid out”	修饰名词，表被动
不定式作目的状语	1次	”to help the dead”	表目的
不定式作主语补足语	2次	”are said to return”, “are expected to be hungry”	补充说明主语

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

时态	出现次数	例句	语法功能
一般现在时 (Simple Present)	7次	”A Festival… is held…”	叙述习惯性/规律性事件
现在完成时 (Present Perfect)	1次	”This festival has been…” (隐含)	-
过去完成时 (Past Perfect)	2次	”the food that had been laid out”	表示”过去的过去”
过去完成时被动 (Past Perfect Passive)	2次	”which had been hung”	过去的过去 + 被动
情态动词 + 被动	2次	”they can be seen”	能够被看见

时态特点：

全文以一般现在时为主，说明这是日本每年的传统习俗
过去完成时用于描述在主要动作之前已完成的动作 (先摆出食物→后扔掉；先挂灯笼→后放入水)

3.2 语态分析

语态	数量	例句	使用场景
主动语态	3句	”people dance and sing”	人们主动进行的动作
被动语态	8处	”is held”, “are welcomed”, “is laid out”, “are hung”, “is thrown”, “is considered”, “are placed”, “can be seen”	强调动作的承受者；不知道/不必说执行者

被动语态特点：

本文是说明文，大量使用了被动语态，使叙述更客观
被动语态占比高达 73%，是典型的客观说明文体特征

3.3 语气分析

语气类型	例句	语法标记	语用功能
陈述语气 (Indicative)	全文	正常语序/时态	客观陈述事实

本文全部使用陈述语气，无虚拟语气或祈使语气。

3.4 情态动词用法

情态动词	例句	语义功能
can (could)	“they can be seen no more”	能够被看见 (能力/可能性)
be said to	”are said to return”	据说 (传闻)
be expected to	”are expected to be hungry”	被预料/期望

四、本课语法重点总结

4.1 核心语法点

被动语态的大量使用 (8处被动语态)
- 本文是说明文，强调客观性，因此大量使用被动语态
- 掌握各种时态的被动语态：一般现在时、过去完成时被动
the + 形容词 = 一类人
- the dead (死者)
- the living (生者)
- 这是英语中常见的表达方式，表示某一类人
过去完成时的被动语态
- had been laid out (已被摆出)
- had been hung (已被挂上)
- 表示在过去的某个动作之前已经完成的被动动作
现在分词作伴随状语
- guiding the dead (引导亡灵)
- watching the lanterns (观看灯笼)
- 表示与谓语动词同时发生的主动动作
形式主语 it 的用法
- it is considered unlucky for anyone living to eat it
- 真正主语是后面的不定式复合结构

4.2 难句解析

难句1: “the food that had been laid out for the dead is thrown into a river or into the sea as it is considered unlucky for anyone living to eat it.”

结构拆解:

主语: the food [that had been laid out for the dead] (含定语从句)
谓语: is thrown
地点状语: into a river or into the sea
原因状语从句: as [it is considered unlucky for anyone living to eat it]
- 形式主语: it
- 真正主语: for anyone living to eat it

语法难点:

定语从句嵌套在主语中
原因状语从句中包含形式主语结构
过去完成时被动 + 一般现在时被动

中文翻译: “为死者摆出的食物被扔进河里或海里，因为认为生者吃它是不吉利的。”

难句2: “This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.”

结构拆解:

主句: This is a moving spectacle
原因状语从句: for [crowds of people stand on the shore watching…]
- 伴随状语: watching the lanterns drifting away (watch + 宾语 + doing)
- 时间状语从句: until they can be seen no more

语法难点:

for 引导原因状语从句 (较正式)
watch + 宾语 + doing (观看…正在做)
until 引导时间状语从句

中文翻译: “这是一个感人的场面，因为成群的人站在岸边，看着灯笼漂走，直到再也看不见。“

4.3 语法图谱

Lesson 96 The Dead Return
│
├── 词法 (Morphology)
│   ├── 派生词: cheerful, specially-made, unlucky, mournful
│   ├── 复合词: specially-made
│   └── 不规则动词: hold-held-held, lay-laid-laid, throw-threw-thrown
│
├── 句法 (Syntax)
│   ├── 简单句 (5句): S+V(被动), S+V(不及物)
│   ├── 并列句 (2句): for连接的原因从句
│   └── 复合句 (4句)
│       ├── 定语从句: that/which引导 (4处)
│       ├── 状语从句
│       │   ├── 原因: as, for (3处)
│       │   ├── 时间: when, until (2处)
│       │   └── 让步: - (无)
│       └── 分词短语
│           ├── 现在分词作状语: guiding, watching
│           └── 现在分词作定语: living
│
└── 功能语法 (Functional)
    ├── 时态: 一般现在时(主导) + 过去完成时(过去的过去)
    ├── 语态: 被动语态占73% (客观说明)
    └── 特殊结构
        ├── the + 形容词: the dead, the living
        ├── be said to: are said to return
        └── 形式主语 it: it is considered unlucky...

五、与四级考试的关联

语法点	四级考点	真题例句/考点
被动语态	翻译、阅读、完形	各种时态的被动语态转换
the + 形容词	词汇语法题	the rich/poor/old/young
过去完成时	时态辨析	表示”过去的过去”
定语从句	翻译、阅读	that/which引导的定语从句
分词作状语	翻译、写作	现在分词表主动/进行
形式主语 it	翻译重点	It is + adj. + for sb. to do
情态动词 + 被动	语法题	can be seen, must be done

四级翻译预测: 本课涉及日本传统文化，四级翻译可能涉及类似话题：

“日本亡灵节每年举行一次”
“灯笼被放入水中引导亡灵”
“食物被认为不吉利”

分析完成时间: 2026-03-29 课号: Lesson 96 文本长度: 206词 / 9句 语法复杂度: ★★★★☆ (中等偏上) 主要语法特征: 被动语态密集、定语从句嵌套、分词作状语

本课涉及的语法术语

提示：点击术语链接可跳转到详细解释，使用 Obsidian 可查看双向链接关系。

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第96课_The_dead_return_语法深度分析

Lesson 96 The Dead Return 亡灵返乡 - 语法深度分析

一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

1.2 词形变化要点

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

2.2 逐句句法分析

第1句

第2句

第3句

第4句

第5句

第6句

第7句

第8句

第9句

2.3 句子成分统计

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

3.2 语态分析

3.3 语气分析

3.4 情态动词用法

四、本课语法重点总结

4.1 核心语法点

4.2 难句解析

4.3 语法图谱

五、与四级考试的关联

本课涉及的语法术语

关系图谱

目录

反向链接