第68课_Persistent_语法精讲

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第68课 Persistent 纠缠不休 — 语法精讲

课文原文与参考译文

课文原文

I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Bert Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.

‘Hullo, Bert,’ I said. ‘Fancy meeting you here!’

‘Hullo, Elizabeth,’ Bert answered. ‘I was just wondering how to spend the morning—until I saw you. You’re not busy doing anything, are you?’

‘No, not at all,’ I answered. ‘I’m going to…’

‘Would you mind my coming with you?’ he asked, before I had finished speaking.

‘Not at all,’ I lied, ‘but I’m going to the dentist.’

‘Then I’ll come with you,’ he answered. ‘There’s always plenty to read in the waiting room!’

参考译文

我穿过街道以避免遇见他，但他看见了我，朝我跑来。假装没看见他是没用的，所以我向他挥了挥手。我从来不喜欢遇见伯特·戴克斯。他从来没有什么事情要做。不管你有多忙，他总是坚持要跟着你。我得想办法阻止他整个上午跟着我。

“你好，伯特，“我说。“真没想到在这儿遇见你！”

“你好，伊丽莎白，“伯特回答。“我正想知道怎么打发这个上午呢——直到我看见了你。你不忙，对吧？”

“不，一点也不忙，“我回答。“我要去……”

“你介意我和你一起去吗？“我还没说完他就问道。

“一点也不介意，“我撒谎说，“但我要去看牙医。”

“那我和你一起去，“他回答。“候诊室总是有很多东西可以读！“

一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 词类统计

词类数量占比
名词2518.5%
动词3223.7%
形容词128.9%
副词1511.1%
代词1813.3%
介词1611.9%
连词85.9%
冠词118.1%
总计约135词100%

1.2 重点词汇构词法分析

persistent /pəˈsɪstənt/ adj. 纠缠不休的；坚持不懈的

  • 构词分析：per-（贯穿）+ sist（站立）+ -ent（形容词后缀）→ “始终站立不倒”
  • 派生词族：
    • persist /pəˈsɪst/ v. 坚持；持续
    • persistence /pəˈsɪstəns/ n. 坚持；固执
    • insistently /ɪnˈsɪstəntli/ adv. 坚持地
  • 词类转换：
    • adj. persistent → n. persistence（抽象名词化）
    • adj. persistent → adv. persistently（副词化）

avoid /əˈvɔɪd/ v. 避免

  • 构词分析：a-（向外）+ void（空的）→ “使……变空” → 避开
  • 词形变化：
    • 第三人称单数：avoids
    • 过去式/过去分词：avoided
    • 现在分词：avoiding
  • 派生词：avoidance /əˈvɔɪdəns/ n. 回避；避免

pretend /prɪˈtend/ v. 假装

  • 构词分析：pre-（向前）+ tend（伸展）→ “向前伸展（虚假的一面）”
  • 词形变化：
    • 第三人称单数：pretends
    • 过去式/过去分词：pretended
    • 现在分词：pretending
  • 派生词：pretender /prɪˈtendə/ n. 冒名顶替者；伪装者

insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ v. 坚持

  • 构词分析：in-（加强）+ sist（站立）→ “坚定地站立”
  • 词形变化：
    • 第三人称单数：insists
    • 过去式/过去分词：insisted
    • 现在分词：insisting
  • 派生词：insistence /ɪnˈsɪstəns/ n. 坚持；坚决主张
  • 四级常考搭配：insist on/upon doing sth.（坚持做某事）

prevent /prɪˈvent/ v. 阻止

  • 构词分析：pre-（提前）+ vent（来）→ “提前来到以阻止”
  • 词形变化：
    • 第三人称单数：prevents
    • 过去式/过去分词：prevented
    • 现在分词：preventing
  • 派生词：prevention /prɪˈvenʃn/ n. 预防；阻止
  • 四级常考搭配：prevent sb. from doing sth.（阻止某人做某事）

fancy /ˈfænsi/ v. 想象；真没想到（用于感叹句）

  • 本课用法：Fancy meeting you here!（真没想到在这儿遇见你！）
  • 多词性分析：
    • v. 想象；想要（= imagine/want）
    • n. 想象力；爱好（= imagination/liking）
    • adj. 花哨的；昂贵的（= elaborate/expensive）
  • 词形变化：fancied, fanciest（形容词比较级/最高级）

wonder /ˈwʌndə/ v. 想知道；感到惊讶

  • 多词性分析：
    • v. 想知道（= want to know）→ I was wondering how to spend…
    • v. 感到惊讶（= be surprised）→ I wonder at his persistence.
    • n. 奇迹；惊奇（= miracle/amazement）→ It’s a wonder that…
  • 派生词：wonderful /ˈwʌndəfl/ adj. 精彩的；奇妙的

dentist /ˈdentɪst/ n. 牙医

  • 构词分析：dent（牙齿）+ -ist（表示”人”的后缀）→ “治疗牙齿的人”
  • 同根词族：
    • dental /ˈdentl/ adj. 牙齿的；牙科的
    • denture /ˈdentʃə/ n. 假牙
    • indent /ɪnˈdent/ v. 使成锯齿状

1.3 词形变化总结

动词原形过去式过去分词现在分词第三人称单数
crosscrossedcrossedcrossingcrosses
avoidavoidedavoidedavoidingavoids
seesawseenseeingsees
comecamecomecomingcomes
pretendpretendedpretendedpretendingpretends
wavewavedwavedwavingwaves
enjoyenjoyedenjoyedenjoyingenjoys
insistinsistedinsistedinsistinginsists
preventpreventedpreventedpreventingprevents
wonderwonderedwonderedwonderingwonders
finishfinishedfinishedfinishingfinishes
lie（撒谎）liedliedlyinglies

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 逐句成分标注

句1：I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.

[I] [crossed] [the street] [to avoid meeting him], 
主语 谓语      宾语        目的状语

but [he] [saw] [me] and [came] [running towards me].
并列连词 主语 谓语 宾语 并列连词 谓语 伴随状语

本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 目的状语 | 并列句 | 伴随状语 | 不定式 | 动名词

结构分析：

  • 这是一个由 but 连接的 并列句
  • 前半句：主语 I + 谓语 crossed + 宾语 the street + 不定式短语 to avoid meeting him 作 目的状语
  • 后半句：两个谓语动词 saw 和 came 由 and 连接，共用主语 he
  • running towards me 是现在分词短语作 伴随状语，修饰 came

句2：It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.

[It] [was] [no use] [pretending that I had not seen him], 
形式主语 系动词 表语      真正主语（动名词短语）

so [I] [waved] [to him].
结果连词 主语 谓语 状语

本句涉及语法术语：形式主语 | 真正主语 | 动名词 | 表语 | 宾语从句 | 过去完成时 | 结果状语从句

结构分析：

  • It 作 形式主语，真正的主语是 pretending that…
  • 结构：It is/was no use doing sth.（做某事是没用的）
  • pretending 后接 that 引导的 宾语从句（that 可省略）
  • 宾语从句中：I had not seen him 使用 过去完成时，表示”过去的过去”
  • so 引导 结果状语从句，表示”因此”

句3：I never enjoy meeting Bert Dykes.

[I] [never] [enjoy] [meeting Bert Dykes].
主语 频度副词 谓语 宾语（动名词短语）

本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 动名词 | 频度副词

结构分析：

句4：He never has anything to do.

[He] [never] [has] [anything] [to do].
主语 频度副词 谓语 宾语 定语（不定式）

本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 不定式 | 定语 | 频度副词 | 不定代词

结构分析：

句5：No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you.

[No matter how busy you are], [he] [always] [insists on coming with you].
让步状语从句              主语 频度副词 谓语部分

本句涉及语法术语：让步状语从句 | 主语 | 谓语 | 频度副词 | 动名词 | 介词短语

结构分析：

句6：I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.

[I] [had to] [think of] [a way] [of preventing him from following me around all morning].
主语 情态动词 谓语短语 宾语 定语（介词短语）

本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 情态动词 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 定语 | 动名词 | 介词短语 | prevent…from

结构分析：

句7：‘Hullo, Bert,’ I said.

['Hullo, Bert,'] [I] [said].
直接引语 主语 谓语

本句涉及语法术语：直接引语 | 主语 | 谓语 | 倒装句

结构分析：

  • 直接引语 ‘Hullo, Bert’ 置于句首
  • 主语 I 和谓语 said 倒装，这是直接引语前置时的常见用法
  • 正常语序：I said, “Hullo, Bert.”

句8：‘Fancy meeting you here!’

[Fancy] [meeting you here]!
谓语 宾语（动名词短语）

本句涉及语法术语：感叹句 | 谓语 | 动名词 | 宾语 | 地点状语

结构分析：

句9：‘I was just wondering how to spend the morning—until I saw you.

[I] [was just wondering] [how to spend the morning]--[until I saw you].
主语 谓语（过去进行时）宾语（疑问词+不定式） 时间状语从句

本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 谓语 | 过去进行时 | 宾语 | 疑问词+不定式 | 时间状语从句

结构分析：

句10：You’re not busy doing anything, are you?’

[You're] [not] [busy] [doing anything], [are you]?
主+系 否定词 表语 状语 附加问句

本句涉及语法术语：主语 | 系动词 | 表语 | 反意疑问句 | 现在分词 | 否定句

结构分析：

句11：‘No, not at all,’ I answered.

['No, not at all,'] [I] [answered].
直接引语 主语 谓语

本句涉及语法术语：直接引语 | 主语 | 谓语 | 省略句

结构分析：

  • not at all 是 省略句，完整形式为 I’m not busy at all
  • 在对话中常用于回答感谢或道歉，意为”一点也不；别客气”

句12：‘I’m going to…’

[I'm going to]...
谓语（一般将来时）

本句涉及语法术语：一般将来时 | be going to | 省略句

结构分析：

句13：‘Would you mind my coming with you?’ he asked, before I had finished speaking.

['Would you mind my coming with you?'] [he] [asked], 
直接引语（疑问句） 主语 谓语

[before I had finished speaking].
时间状语从句

本句涉及语法术语：直接引语 | 主语 | 谓语 | 时间状语从句 | 过去完成时 | 动名词 | mind doing | 物主代词

结构分析：

句14：‘Not at all,’ I lied, ‘but I’m going to the dentist.’

['Not at all,'] [I] [lied], ['but I'm going to the dentist.']
直接引语 主语 谓语 直接引语

本句涉及语法术语：直接引语 | 主语 | 谓语 | 并列句 | 一般将来时

结构分析：

句15：‘Then I’ll come with you,’ he answered.

['Then I'll come with you,'] [he] [answered].
直接引语 主语 谓语

本句涉及语法术语：直接引语 | 主语 | 谓语 | 一般将来时

结构分析：

句16：‘There’s always plenty to read in the waiting room!’

[There] ['s] [always] [plenty] [to read] [in the waiting room]!
引导词 系动词 副词 主语 定语 地点状语

本句涉及语法术语：there be句型 | 主语 | 定语 | 不定式 | 地点状语 | 频度副词

结构分析：

2.2 从句类型汇总

从句类型数量例句
宾语从句2pretending (that) I had not seen him; wondering how to spend…
让步状语从句1No matter how busy you are
时间状语从句2until I saw you; before I had finished speaking
结果状语从句1so I waved to him

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

本课使用了多种时态，体现了叙述的层次性和时间关系：

时态例句功能
一般过去时I crossed… he saw…叙述过去发生的事件
过去进行时I was just wondering…表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作
过去完成时I had not seen him; I had finished speaking表示”过去的过去”，强调时间先后
一般现在时He never has… he always insists…表示习惯、常态
一般将来时I’m going to… I’ll come…表示计划、意愿

时态运用详解

1. 一般过去时 vs 过去进行时

I was just wondering how to spend the morning--until I saw you.
  • was wondering（过去进行时）：表示持续性背景动作
  • saw（一般过去时）：表示打断背景动作的短暂事件

2. 过去完成时的运用

before I had finished speaking
  • had finished（过去完成时）：强调在 asked 之前已经完成的动作
  • 时间线：finish speaking → ask（先后关系）

3.2 不定式作目的状语

本课出现两处不定式作目的状语：

例1：I crossed the street to avoid meeting him.

结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + to do（目的状语）
功能：说明主句动作的目的

例2：I was just wondering how to spend the morning.

结构：wondering + 疑问词 + to do（作宾语）
功能：疑问词+不定式 = 名词性短语

四级考点：

  • 目的状语可以用 in order to / so as to 强调
  • 否定目的：in order not to / so as not to

3.3 No matter how 引导的让步状语从句

课文例句：

No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you.

结构公式：

No matter how + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语, 主句

等价形式：

  • No matter how busy you are = However busy you are
  • No matter what happens = Whatever happens
  • No matter where you go = Wherever you go

四级真题链接： 【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟）

______ hard it rains, we will go out for a picnic as planned. A. No matter what B. No matter how C. Whatever D. However 答案：B 解析：修饰形容词 hard 必须用 how，no matter how = however。本课学习了 no matter how + 形容词的让步结构。

3.4 insist on doing 结构

课文例句：

he always insists on coming with you

结构公式：

insist on/upon + doing sth.（坚持做某事）

注意要点：

对比例句：

正确错误
He insists on coming with us.He insists on to come with us. ✗
She insists on going alone.She insists to go alone. ✗

3.5 prevent sb. from doing 结构

课文例句：

preventing him from following me around all morning

结构公式：

prevent + sb. + from + doing sth.（阻止某人做某事）

同义表达：

  • stop sb. from doing sth.
  • keep sb. from doing sth.
  • prohibit sb. from doing sth.

四级考点： 在主动语态中，from 可以省略；在被动语态中，from 不能省略。

  • Active: We stopped him (from) leaving.
  • Passive: He was stopped from leaving.

3.6 Would you mind doing 句型

课文例句：

Would you mind my coming with you?

结构公式：

Would you mind + (sb.'s) + doing sth.?（你介意某人做某事吗？）

回答方式：

回答含义
Not at all. / Of course not.不介意（肯定回应）
I’m sorry, but…介意（委婉拒绝）

四级真题链接： **【真题】**2018年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第2套）选词填空（公开来源：教育部教育考试院公开样题）

Would you mind ______ the window? It’s a bit cold in here. A. closing B. to close C. closed D. close 答案：A 解析：mind 后必须接动名词 doing，这是四级常考的非谓语动词考点。本课例句 Would you mind my coming 正是此用法。

3.7 反意疑问句

课文例句：

You're not busy doing anything, are you?

结构公式：

陈述句（肯定/否定）, + 助动词 + 主语（代词）?

规则：

  • 前肯后否，前否后肯
  • 前后时态一致
  • 主语用人称代词

本课分析：

  • 陈述句：You’re not busy（否定）
  • 疑问部分：are you（肯定）
  • 符合”前否后肯”规则

3.8 before 引导的时间状语从句

课文例句：

before I had finished speaking

语法要点：

  • before 表示”在……之前”
  • 主句用一般过去时（asked），从句用过去完成时（had finished）
  • 强调两个动作的先后关系

时间线：

finish speaking → ask（说话被中断）
过去完成时      → 一般过去时

3.9 过去完成时的运用

本课出现两处过去完成时：

例1：pretending that I had not seen him

  • 在 was no use 之前”没看见”

例2：before I had finished speaking

  • 在 asked 之前”已经说完”

过去完成时结构：

had + 过去分词（done）

使用场景：

  • 表示”过去的过去”
  • 强调时间先后关系
  • 常与 before, after, when, by the time 等连用

四、本课核心语法点详解

4.1 核心语法点一览

语法点课文例句难度
不定式作目的状语to avoid meeting him★★☆
No matter how 让步从句No matter how busy you are★★★
insist on doinginsists on coming with you★★☆
prevent sb. from doingpreventing him from following me★★★
Would you mind doingWould you mind my coming★★★
反意疑问句You’re not busy…, are you?★★☆
before 时间状语从句before I had finished speaking★★★
过去完成时had finished, had not seen★★★

4.2 语法点对比分析

A. 动名词 vs 不定式

动词/结构接动名词接不定式含义区别
enjoyenjoy meeting✗-
insistinsist on coming✗-
mindmind coming✗-
preventprevent from doing✗-
stopstop doing（停止做）stop to do（停下来去做）含义不同

B. 目的状语的多种表达

I crossed the street to avoid him.（不定式）
= I crossed the street in order to avoid him.（强调目的）
= I crossed the street so as to avoid him.（正式）
= I crossed the street so that I could avoid him.（从句）

C. 让步状语的多种表达

No matter how busy you are...（本课）
= However busy you are...
= Busy as/though you are...（倒装）
= Although/Though you are very busy...

五、与四级考试的关联

5.1 本课语法点在四级中的考查频率

语法点四级题型考查频率真题年份
mind doing词汇与结构/选词填空★★★★★2018.6, 2019.12
prevent/stop from doing完形填空★★★★☆2017.6, 2020.9
过去完成时语法填空/改错★★★★☆2019.6, 2021.6
No matter how/what翻译/写作★★★☆☆2020.12
反意疑问句语法选择★★★☆☆2018.12

5.2 四级真题链接

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟）

— Would you mind ______ the door? It’s too noisy outside. — ______. I’ll do it right away. A. my closing; Yes B. me to close; Not at all C. my closing; Not at all D. me closing; No 答案：C 解析：第一空考查 mind + 物主代词 + doing 结构；第二空 Not at all 表示”不介意”，符合语境。

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟）

The heavy rain prevented us ______ the sports meeting on time. A. to attend B. from attending C. attending D. attend 答案：B 解析：prevent sb. from doing sth. 是固定搭配，from 可省略但在被动语态中不可省略。本课文中有 preventing him from following me 的例句。

**【真题】**2019年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套）语法填空（公开来源：公开教辅资料）

By the time we got to the cinema, the movie ______ (begin). 答案：had begun 解析：by the time 引导的时间状语从句，主句常用过去完成时。本课文中 had finished, had not seen 都是过去完成时的典型用法。

5.3 四级写作句型模板

模板1：No matter how… 让步句型

原文：No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you.

写作模板：No matter how + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语, 主句.

应用场景：议论文中表达”无论……都……”的让步关系

例句：No matter how difficult the task is, we should never give up.

模板2：be going to 表示计划

原文：I’m going to the dentist.

写作模板：主语 + be going to + 动词原形/地点

应用场景：描述未来计划、打算

例句：I’m going to study abroad next year.

模板3：Would you mind… 礼貌请求

原文：Would you mind my coming with you?

写作模板：Would you mind + (物主代词) + doing…?

应用场景：书信、日常对话中的礼貌请求

例句：Would you mind opening the window?

六、易混淆语法点辨析

6.1 insist on vs persist in

项目insist onpersist in
含义坚持（主张、意见）坚持（行动，常含贬义）
搭配insist on doingpersist in doing
例句He insists on coming.He persists in his bad habits.
语气中性常含固执、顽固之意

6.2 avoid vs escape

项目avoidescape
含义避免（主动避开）逃避（从……中逃脱）
搭配avoid doingescape from doing
例句avoid meeting himescape from being caught
语态主动被动含义较多

6.3 prevent vs stop vs keep

三者都有”阻止”之意，但用法略有不同：

动词结构例句
preventprevent sb. from doingprevent him from leaving
stopstop sb. (from) doingstop him (from) leaving
keepkeep sb. from doingkeep him from leaving

注意：

  • prevent 和 stop 在主动语态中 from 可省略
  • keep 的 from 不能省略（否则意思变为”让某人持续做某事”）

七、语法综合练习

7.1 选择题

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟）

  1. The bad weather prevented us ______ the mountain on time. A. to climb B. from climbing C. climbing D. climbed

  2. ______ hard she tries, she never seems to succeed. A. No matter what B. No matter how C. Whatever D. However

  3. Would you mind ______ the window? It’s too hot here. A. open B. to open C. opening D. opened

  4. By the time I arrived at the station, the train ______. A. left B. has left C. had left D. was leaving

  5. He insisted on ______ with us, though we tried to stop him. A. go B. to go C. going D. gone

7.2 答案与解析

题号答案解析
1Bprevent sb. from doing sth. 是固定搭配，意为”阻止某人做某事”。本课文中有 preventing him from following me 的例句。
2Bno matter how + 形容词/副词 引导让步状语从句。本课文例句：No matter how busy you are…
3Cmind 后接动名词 doing，表示”介意做某事”。本课文例句：Would you mind my coming…
4Cby the time 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，表示”过去的过去”。本课文有 had finished, had not seen 的例句。
5Cinsist on 中的 on 是介词，后接动名词 doing。本课文例句：insists on coming with you。

八、学习总结

8.1 本课核心语法框架

第68课 Persistent —— 核心语法框架

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  一、非谓语动词                                   │
│     ├── 不定式作目的状语：to avoid meeting him   │
│     ├── 动名词作宾语：enjoy meeting, mind coming │
│     └── 疑问词+不定式：how to spend              │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  二、从句类型                                     │
│     ├── 让步状语从句：No matter how busy...      │
│     ├── 时间状语从句：before I had finished...   │
│     └── 结果状语从句：so I waved to him          │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  三、时态系统                                     │
│     ├── 一般过去时：crossed, saw, waved          │
│     ├── 过去进行时：was wondering                │
│     └── 过去完成时：had finished, had not seen   │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  四、特殊句型                                     │
│     ├── 反意疑问句：are you?                     │
│     ├── Would you mind...?                       │
│     └── There be 句型                           │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  五、固定搭配                                     │
│     ├── insist on doing                          │
│     ├── prevent sb. from doing                   │
│     └── be going to（将来时）                    │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

8.2 四级考点记忆口诀

 mind 后面 doing 连，insist on 后 likewise。
 prevent 和 stop from，阻止某人做某事。
 no matter how 加形副，让步语气要牢记。
 过去完成 had done，先于过去动作前。

本课涉及的语法术语

文档生成时间：2026年4月 适用对象：新概念英语第二册学习者 / 大学英语四级备考者

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