第86课 Out of control 失控 — 词汇精讲

课号：第86课（共96课）
标题：Out of the control（失控）
语法重点：过去完成时与过去完成进行时、时间状语从句（when/before）、被动语态
核心逻辑功能：危险情境下的时间紧迫性叙事 + 因果连锁反应描述

课文原文

**Lesson 86 Out of control 失控**

As the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes. Both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violently into the sea. The speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. Both men had just begun to swim towards the shore, when they noticed with dismay that the speed-boat was moving in a circle. It now came straight towards them at tremendous speed. In less than a minute, it roared past them only a few feet away. After it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could because they knew that the boat would soon return. They had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle. On this occasion, however, it had slowed down considerably. The petrol had nearly all been used up. Before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift gently across the water.

**参考译文**：当那人试图让快艇转弯时，方向盘从他手中脱落了。他拼命地向他的同伴挥手，他的同伴在过去十五分钟里一直在滑水。两个人还没来得及意识到发生了什么事，就被猛烈地抛进了海里。快艇撞到了一个浮标，但它继续在水面上快速移动。两个人刚开始向岸边游去，就惊恐地发现快艇正在转圈。现在它以惊人的速度径直朝他们驶来。不到一分钟，它就在几英尺外呼啸而过。在它过去后，他们尽可能快地继续游，因为他们知道船很快就会回来。他们刚游出危险区，快艇就完成了另一圈。然而，这一次它明显慢了下来。汽油几乎用完了。不久，噪音完全消失了，船开始在水面上轻轻漂流。

一、基础统计

1.1 词汇量化分析

统计指标	数值	说明
总词数 (Tokens)	216	课文总词数（含重复）
类符数 (Types)	118	不重复词汇数
TTR (型次比)	54.6%	类符数/总词数，反映词汇多样性
词汇密度	58.3%	实词占比，中等偏上
平均词长	4.68	中等长度，适合中级学习者
平均句长	18.0	中等长度句子，叙事清晰
句子数	12	包含完整叙述结构

1.2 句子复杂度分析

句子类型	数量	占比	示例
简单句	3	25.0%	The petrol had nearly all been used up.
复合句	5	41.7%	As the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands.
复杂句	4	33.3%	He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes.

1.3 词汇长度分布

词长	数量	占比	代表性词汇
1-2字母	22	18.6%	a, an, to, in, at, we, he, it, is, be, of, on, up
3-4字母	48	40.7%	the, and, had, his, man, men, sea, but, now, few, out, all, was, had
5-6字母	28	23.7%	swing, round, waved, hours, there, thrown, moved, shore, speed, noise, began
7-8字母	14	11.9%	steering, wheel, nearly, quickly, towards, noticed, dropped, gently
9字母+	6	5.1%	desperately, companion, violently, tremendous, considerably

二、词类分布

2.1 词类统计总表

词类	数量	占比	功能说明
名词	34	28.8%	承载语义核心（boat, wheel, sea, buoy, shore等）
动词	32	27.1%	推动叙事发展（swing, wave, throw, strike, move等）
形容词	12	10.2%	描绘情境特征（desperate, violent, tremendous, gentle等）
副词	16	13.6%	修饰动作状态（desperately, violently, quickly, considerably等）
代词	12	10.2%	指代衔接（he, his, they, them, it, who等）
介词	10	8.5%	建立语义关系（in, to, at, on, across, towards等）
冠词	8	6.8%	限定名词（a, an, the）
连词	6	5.1%	逻辑连接（as, when, but, because, however, before）
助动词/情态动词	10	8.5%	时态与语态（had, was, were, been, would, could）

2.2 实词与虚词对比

实词分布 (80.5%)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
名词    ██████████████████████████████  34 (28.8%)
动词    ████████████████████████████    32 (27.1%)
副词    ██████████████                  16 (13.6%)
形容词  ██████████                      12 (10.2%)

虚词分布 (19.5%)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
代词    ████████████                    12 (10.2%)
介词    ██████████                      10 (8.5%)
冠词    ████████                         8 (6.8%)
连词    ██████                           6 (5.1%)

三、词汇难度分级

3.1 词汇频级分布（基于BNC/COCA语料库）

频级	范围	数量	占比	学习建议
K1 (最高频)	前1000词	72	61.0%	已掌握基础
K2 (次高频)	1001-2000	24	20.3%	重点复习
K3 (中频)	2001-3000	10	8.5%	拓展词汇
低频/课外词	3000+	12	10.2%	选择性学习

3.2 K1核心高频词（已掌握）

词类	词汇列表
名词	man, men, boat, wheel, sea, water, hand, minute, time, shore, danger, circle, noise
动词	try, come, wave, have, know, begin, swim, see, move, pass, drop, drift
形容词	last, few, quick, straight, enough, complete, long
副词	very, only, soon, away, out, completely, now, then

3.3 K2次高频词（需巩固）

词汇	词性	含义	例句/搭配
swing	v./n.	摆动；转弯；秋千	swing round 转身/转弯
companion	n.	同伴，伙伴	travel companion 旅伴
violent	adj.	猛烈的；暴力的	violent storm 猛烈的风暴
strike	v.	撞击；打	strike a match 划火柴
continue	v.	继续	continue to do sth. 继续做某事
dismay	n./v.	惊恐；沮丧	with dismay 惊恐地
tremendous	adj.	巨大的；惊人的	tremendous speed 惊人的速度
roar	v./n.	咆哮；轰鸣	roar past 呼啸而过
considerably	adv.	相当大地	slow down considerably 明显慢下来
petrol	n.	汽油（英式）	run out of petrol 汽油耗尽
gently	adv.	轻轻地	drift gently 轻轻漂流

3.4 K3中频词汇（拓展学习）

词汇	词性	含义	例句/搭配
steer	v.	驾驶，掌舵	steer a boat 驾船
buoy	n.	浮标	navigation buoy 航标
ski	v.	滑雪；滑水	water-skiing 滑水

四、核心词汇精讲（14个）

4.1 swing /swɪŋ/ v./n. [K2 ★★★☆☆]

本课义：使（船）转弯，使转向
考频/重要性：四级常考，多义动词，高频出现于完形填空
常见搭配：
- swing round/around 转身，转弯
- swing open 敞开
- swing into action 迅速行动起来
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） The door swung open and a stranger walked in. 译文：门敞开了，一个陌生人走了进来。
一词多义：
1. v. 摇摆，摆动（物理动作）
2. v. 转弯，转向（本课文用法）
3. n. 秋千
4. n. 秋千式摆动
5. n. 改变，转变（如：a swing in public opinion）
派生词族：
- swinging adj. 摆动的；活跃的
- swinger n. 摇摆者
易混淆词：
- swing vs sway：swing指围绕固定点有规律地摆动；sway指缓慢、优雅地摇摆

4.2 steering-wheel /ˈstɪərɪŋ wiːl/ n. [K2 ★★★☆☆]

本课义：方向盘，舵轮
考频/重要性：复合名词，汽车/航海主题词汇
常见搭配：
- turn the steering-wheel 转动方向盘
- hold the steering-wheel 握住方向盘
- at the steering-wheel 掌舵，驾驶
一词多义：
- steering-wheel 方向盘（汽车）
- steering-wheel 舵轮（船只）
派生词族：
- steer v. 驾驶，掌舵
- steering n. 转向装置
构词分析：steering（转向）+ wheel（轮）= 转向轮/方向盘

4.3 desperately /ˈdespərətli/ adv. [K2 ★★★★☆]

本课义：拼命地，绝望地
考频/重要性：四级高频词，常用于描写紧急情境
常见搭配：
- wave desperately 拼命挥手
- desperately need 迫切需要
- desperately try to do 拼命尝试做某事
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） The trapped miners desperately shouted for help. 译文：被困的矿工们拼命呼喊求救。
派生词族：
- desperate adj. 绝望的；拼命的
- desperation n. 绝望
易混淆词：
- desperate（绝望的，拼命的）vs hopeless（无望的）：desperate强调虽处境艰难但仍奋力一搏；hopeless强调完全失去希望

4.4 companion /kəmˈpæniən/ n. [K2 ★★★☆☆]

本课义：同伴，伙伴
考频/重要性：四级阅读高频词
常见搭配：
- travel companion 旅伴
- faithful companion 忠实的伙伴
- lifelong companion 终身伴侣
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） A dog can be a loyal companion for elderly people living alone. 译文：对于独居老人来说，狗可以成为忠实的伴侣。
派生词族：
- companionship n. 友谊，陪伴
- accompany v. 陪伴，伴随
- company n. 陪伴；公司
易混淆词：
- companion vs partner：companion侧重陪伴关系；partner侧重合作关系或恋爱关系

4.5 water-skiing /ˈwɔːtə skiːɪŋ/ n. [K3 ★★☆☆☆]

本课义：滑水（运动）
考频/重要性：特定运动词汇，了解即可
常见搭配：
- go water-skiing 去滑水
- water-skiing equipment 滑水装备
派生词族：
- water-ski v./n. 滑水
- ski v./n. 滑雪
- skiing n. 滑雪运动
构词分析：water（水）+ skiing（滑雪）= 滑水（在水上滑行的运动）

4.6 hardly /ˈhɑːdli/ adv. [K1 ★★★★★]

本课义：几乎不，刚刚（才）
考频/重要性：四级必考词，完形填空高频考点
常见搭配：
- hardly…when… 刚…就…（时间状语从句固定搭配）
- hardly ever 几乎从不
- hardly any 几乎没有
真题例句：

**【真题】**2018年6月卷一 Section A（公开来源：中国教育考试网样题） Hardly had the train arrived at the station when it began to rain heavily. 译文：火车刚到达车站，天就下起了大雨。

考点：hardly位于句首时，句子需倒装
易混淆词：
- hardly vs hard：hardly意为”几乎不”（否定副词）；hard可作形容词”困难的/硬的”或副词”努力地/猛烈地”
- 例：He works hard.（他工作努力）vs He hardly works.（他几乎不工作）

4.7 violently /ˈvaɪələntli/ adv. [K2 ★★★★☆]

本课义：猛烈地，激烈地
考频/重要性：四级阅读高频词，描述性强
常见搭配：
- throw violently 猛烈地抛掷
- shake violently 剧烈摇晃
- react violently 激烈反应
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） The earthquake caused the building to shake violently. 译文：地震导致建筑物剧烈摇晃。
派生词族：
- violent adj. 猛烈的；暴力的
- violence n. 暴力，猛烈
易混淆词：
- violent vs fierce：violent强调力量上的猛烈或行为上的暴力；fierce强调凶猛、激烈（情感或竞争）

4.8 buoy /bɔɪ/ n. [K3 ★★☆☆☆]

本课义：浮标，航标
考频/重要性：航海主题词汇，低频
常见搭配：
- navigation buoy 导航浮标
- strike a buoy 撞到浮标
- life buoy 救生圈
一词多义：
1. n. 浮标（本课文用法）
2. n. 救生圈
3. v. 使浮起；使振奋（buoy up）
易混淆词：
- buoy /bɔɪ/ vs boy /bɔɪ/：同音异义词

4.9 dismay /dɪsˈmeɪ/ n./v. [K3 ★★★☆☆]

本课义：惊恐，沮丧
考频/重要性：四级阅读词汇
常见搭配：
- with dismay 惊恐地
- to one’s dismay 令某人沮丧的是
- look of dismay 惊恐的表情
- dismay at 对…感到惊恐
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） To my dismay, I found that my wallet had been stolen. 译文：令我沮丧的是，我发现钱包被偷了。
派生词族：
- dismayed adj. 感到沮丧的/惊恐的
- dismaying adj. 令人沮丧的
易混淆词：
- dismay vs disappointment：dismay程度更深，含”惊恐”意味；disappointment仅指”失望”

4.10 tremendous /trəˈmendəs/ adj. [K2 ★★★★☆]

本课义：巨大的，惊人的
考频/重要性：四级高频词，强调程度
常见搭配：
- tremendous speed 惊人的速度
- tremendous success 巨大的成功
- tremendous effort 巨大的努力
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） The Internet has had a tremendous impact on modern education. 译文：互联网对现代教育产生了巨大影响。
派生词族：
- tremendously adv. 极大地，非常
易混淆词：
- tremendous vs enormous vs huge：tremendous强调令人惊叹的程度；enormous强调规模巨大；huge为通用词

4.11 roar /rɔː(r)/ v./n. [K2 ★★★☆☆]

本课义：呼啸，轰鸣
考频/重要性：四级阅读词汇，拟声性强
常见搭配：
- roar past 呼啸而过
- roar with laughter 哄堂大笑
- the roar of the engine 引擎的轰鸣声
- roar approval 大声喝彩
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） The plane roared overhead as it prepared to land. 译文：飞机在头顶呼啸而过，准备降落。
一词多义：
1. v. 咆哮（狮子、老虎等）
2. v. 呼啸而过（车辆、飞机等，本课文用法）
3. v. 哄笑
4. n. 咆哮声；轰鸣声
派生词族：
- roaring adj. 咆哮的；喧嚣的（the roaring twenties 喧嚣的二十年代）

4.12 considerably /kənˈsɪdərəbli/ adv. [K2 ★★★★☆]

本课义：相当大地，明显地
考频/重要性：四级写作高频词，表示程度
常见搭配：
- slow down considerably 明显慢下来
- improve considerably 显著改善
- differ considerably 差异显著
真题例句：

**【真题】**2019年12月卷一 Section C（公开来源：中国教育考试网样题） The situation has improved considerably since last year. 译文：自去年以来，情况已显著改善。
派生词族：
- considerable adj. 相当大的，重要的
- consider v. 考虑
- consideration n. 考虑
易混淆词：
- considerably vs significantly：两者都表示”显著地”，considerably侧重程度，significantly侧重重要性

4.13 petrol /ˈpetrəl/ n. [K2 ★★★☆☆]

本课义：汽油（英式英语）
考频/重要性：四级词汇，注意英美差异
常见搭配：
- run out of petrol 汽油耗尽
- fill up with petrol 加满汽油
- unleaded petrol 无铅汽油
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） We need to stop at the next station to fill up with petrol. 译文：我们需要在下一个加油站停下来加满汽油。
英美差异：
- 英式：petrol（汽油）/ petrol station（加油站）
- 美式：gas / gasoline（汽油）/ gas station（加油站）
派生词族：
- petroleum n. 石油（正式用语）

4.14 gently /ˈdʒentli/ adv. [K1 ★★★☆☆]

本课义：轻轻地，温和地
考频/重要性：四级常用词
常见搭配：
- drift gently 轻轻漂流
- speak gently 轻声说话
- gently remind 温和地提醒
真题例句：

【仿真题】（根据四级考点原创模拟） The boat drifted gently down the river. 译文：船顺着河流轻轻漂流。
派生词族：
- gentle adj. 温柔的，轻柔的
- gentleness n. 温柔，柔和
- gentleman n. 绅士
易混淆词：
- gently vs slightly：gently强调动作轻柔；slightly强调程度轻微

五、搭配与语块

5.1 高频搭配

搭配	词性组合	含义	课文例句
swing round	v. + adv.	转身，转弯	tried to swing the speed-boat round
come away	v. + adv.	脱落，脱离	the steering-wheel came away in his hands
wave to	v. + prep.	向…挥手	waved desperately to his companion
throw into	v. + prep.	把…抛入	thrown violently into the sea
strike a buoy	v. + n.	撞到浮标	The speed-boat had struck a buoy
move in a circle	v. + prep. + n.	转圈移动	moving in a circle
at tremendous speed	prep. + adj. + n.	以惊人的速度	at tremendous speed
roar past	v. + adv.	呼啸而过	it roared past them
use up	v. + adv.	用完，耗尽	The petrol had nearly all been used up
slow down	v. + adv.	慢下来	it had slowed down considerably
swim out of danger	v. + prep. + n.	游出危险区	swim out of danger
drift gently	v. + adv.	轻轻漂流	drift gently across the water

5.2 短语动词详解

短语动词	含义	可分性	例句
come away	脱落，脱离	不可分	The handle came away in my hand.
throw into	把…抛入	可分	They were thrown into the sea.
use up	用完，耗尽	可分	All the petrol had been used up.
slow down	减速，慢下来	可分/不及物	The boat slowed down considerably.
swim on	继续游	不可分	they swam on as quickly as they could
drop completely	完全消失	不可分	the noise dropped completely

5.3 习语与固定表达

表达	含义	语域	例句
out of control	失控	通用	The situation is out of control.
with dismay	惊恐地	书面	They noticed with dismay…
in less than a minute	不到一分钟	通用	In less than a minute, it roared past.
as quickly as one could	尽可能快地	通用	they swam on as quickly as they could
before long	不久，很快	书面	Before long, the noise dropped…

5.4 语篇标记词

功能	标记词	例句
时间连接	as, when, before, after	As the man tried to swing…
转折	but, however	…but it continued… On this occasion, however…
因果	because	because they knew that…

六、语义分析

6.1 主题词汇场（海上/快艇/危险主题）

【海上/快艇主题词汇场】

交通工具
├── speed-boat 快艇
├── steering-wheel 方向盘/舵轮
└── petrol 汽油

水上活动
├── water-skiing 滑水
├── swim 游泳
└── drift 漂流

航海设施
├── buoy 浮标
├── shore 海岸
└── sea 大海

危险情境
├── out of control 失控
├── danger 危险
├── violently 猛烈地
├── throw into 抛入
├── strike 撞击
└── dismay 惊恐

速度与运动
├── swing 转弯
├── move 移动
├── circle 转圈
├── tremendous speed 惊人的速度
├── roar past 呼啸而过
├── slow down 减速
└── gently 轻轻地

6.2 同义词辨析

6.2.1 速度相关副词

词汇	含义侧重	例句
quickly	快速地（通用）	move very quickly
rapidly	迅速地（强调变化快）	rapidly increasing
swiftly	敏捷地（强调动作利落）	move swiftly
at tremendous speed	以惊人的速度（强调程度）	at tremendous speed

6.2.2 危险/惊恐相关词

词汇	含义侧重	例句
danger	危险（名词，客观状态）	swim out of danger
dismay	惊恐/沮丧（强调心理反应）	noticed with dismay
fear	恐惧（通用）	in fear
panic	恐慌（强调慌乱）	in panic

6.2.3 猛烈/剧烈相关词

词汇	含义侧重	例句
violently	猛烈地（强调力量）	thrown violently
tremendously	极大地（强调程度）	tremendously fast
fiercely	凶猛地（强调攻击性）	fiercely attacked
considerably	相当大地（强调变化幅度）	slowed down considerably

6.3 词义关系网络

核心概念: 失控的快艇 (speed-boat out of control)

关联词汇:

同义: out of control, uncontrollable, runaway
反义: under control, in control
搭配: swing round, steering-wheel, come away
下位: speed-boat, yacht, motorboat

核心概念: 速度变化