Lesson 90: What’s for supper? 晚餐吃什么？

深度语法分析报告

课文原文

Though Brazil is one of the richest countries in the world, much of it has not yet been developed. It was mainly for this reason that the Brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles north-west of Rio de Janeiro. Designed by the great architect Lucio Costa, the new city, Brasilia, replaced Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazil in 1960. Brasilia has been carefully planned for modern living. Its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes of traffic, have been kept away from living areas. Children do not have to cross busy streets to go to school. Housewives can visit shopping centres on foot, for in these specially designed living areas, cars are unnecessary. At first, the government had great difficulty in persuading people to leave Rio and to settle in Brasilia. Since 1960, however, the population has been growing all the time. Brasilia has quickly established itself as the capital of the country. The idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of Brazil.

一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

词汇	词类	词性变化	备注
Brazil	专有名词	Brazilian (adj./n.)	国名→国人/形容词
develop	动词	developed (adj.), development (n.)	过去分词作形容词
design	动词/名词	designed (过去分词), designer (n.)	课文两次出现
replace	动词	replacement (n.)	及物动词
persuade	动词	persuasive (adj.), persuasion (n.)	后接不定式
establish	动词	established (adj.), establishment (n.)	建立；确立
effect	名词	effective (adj.), affect (v.)	注意与affect区分
population	名词	populate (v.), populous (adj.)	集合名词

1.2 词形变化要点

1.2.1 形容词最高级

richest: rich → richer → richest (规则变化)
- 结构: one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词
- 含义: “最……之一”

1.2.2 副词派生

carefully: careful (adj.) + ly → carefully (adv.)
quickly: quick (adj.) + ly → quickly (adv.)
specially: special (adj.) + ly → specially (adv.)
mainly: main (adj.) + ly → mainly (adv.)

1.2.3 过去分词作形容词

developed: 已开发的 (vs developing 发展中的)
designed: 被设计的 → specially designed living areas 特别设计的居住区
built: 被建造的 (build → built → built)

1.2.4 复合形容词

north-west: 西北方向的 (复合方位词)
fourteen-lane: 十四车道的 (数词+名词构成复合形容词，注意用单数lane)

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

句型类型	数量	示例句号	占比
简单句	4句	4, 6, 7, 10	40%
并列句	1句	7 (含for连接)	10%
复合句	5句	1, 2, 3, 5, 9	50%
总计	10句	—	100%

2.2 逐句成分分析

Sentence 1

原文: Though Brazil is one of the richest countries in the world, much of it has not yet been developed.

[Though Brazil is one of the richest countries in the world], much of it has not yet been developed.
└────────────────── 让步状语从句 ──────────────────┘

主句分析:
much of it │ has not yet been developed
   主语    │         谓语 (现在完成时被动语态)

从句分析:
Though │ Brazil │ is │ one of the richest countries in the world
从属连词   主语    系动词            表语 (名词短语)

句型: 主从复合句（让步状语从句 + 主句） 语法要点:

though 引导让步状语从句（= although，但though更常用）
one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词 固定结构
much of it 代词+of结构作主语，谓语用单数
has not yet been developed 现在完成时被动语态，否定式

Sentence 2

原文: It was mainly for this reason that the Brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles north-west of Rio de Janeiro.

It was mainly for this reason that the Brazilian government decided to have a new city built...
│  └────── 被强调部分 ──────┘    │
└────────── 强调句型结构 ──────────┘

强调句框架: It was + 被强调部分 + that + 句子其余部分

还原为普通句: The Brazilian government decided to have... mainly for this reason.

主语: The Brazilian government
谓语: decided
宾语: to have a new city built 600 miles north-west of Rio de Janeiro
      └──────────────── 不定式短语作宾语 ────────────────┘
      
      其中: have a new city built = have + 宾语 + 过去分词 (使役结构)
            600 miles north-west of Rio de Janeiro = 地点状语

句型: 强调句 (Cleft Sentence / It-Cleft) 语法要点:

强调句型: It was… that… 强调状语 mainly for this reason
使役结构: have sth. done 使某事被做
- have (使役动词) + a new city (宾语) + built (过去分词作宾补)
- 含义: 使一座新城市被建造 = 建造一座新城市

Sentence 3

原文: Designed by the great architect Lucio Costa, the new city, Brasilia, replaced Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazil in 1960.

Designed by the great architect Lucio Costa, the new city, Brasilia, replaced Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazil in 1960.
└────────────── 过去分词短语作状语 ──────────────┘

主语: the new city, Brasilia (同位语)
谓语: replaced
宾语: Rio de Janeiro
宾语补足语: as the capital of Brazil (说明Rio de Janeiro的身份)
时间状语: in 1960

句型: 简单句（含过去分词短语作状语） 语法要点:

过去分词短语作状语: Designed by…
- 逻辑主语: the new city (与design为被动关系)
- 相当于: As it was designed by… / Because it was designed by…
- 功能: 表示原因或条件，作句子的状语
同位语: Brasilia 是 the new city 的同位语，用于具体说明
replace… as…: 取代……成为……

Sentence 4

原文: Brasilia has been carefully planned for modern living.

Brasilia │ has been carefully planned │ for modern living
   主语   │         谓语               │    目的状语
         └────── 现在完成时被动语态 ──────┘

句型: 简单句 语法要点:

has been planned 现在完成时被动语态
carefully 副词修饰谓语动词，置于been之后、planned之前
for modern living 介词短语表目的

Sentence 5

原文: Its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes of traffic, have been kept away from living areas.

Its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes of traffic, have been kept away from living areas.
        主语      └──────── 非限制性定语从句 ────────┘         谓语

定语从句分析:
which │ can take │ fourteen lanes of traffic
关系代词  谓语(情态+动原)        宾语

主句谓语分析:
have been kept away from living areas
└────── 现在完成时被动语态 ──────┘

句型: 主从复合句（含非限制性定语从句） 语法要点:

非限制性定语从句: which can take fourteen lanes of traffic
- which 指代 roads (物)
- 用逗号与主句隔开，去掉后主句意思完整
情态动词: can take 表示”能够容纳”
被动语态: have been kept away from 被远离……

Sentence 6

原文: Children do not have to cross busy streets to go to school.

Children │ do not have to cross │ busy streets │ to go to school
   主语   │        谓语          │     宾语      │   目的状语
          └──── 情态动词短语 ────┘

句型: 简单句 语法要点:

have to 情态意义短语 = must (必须)
- 否定式: do not have to = needn’t (不必)
- 本句: do not have to cross = 不必穿过
不定式作目的状语: to go to school 表示cross busy streets的目的

Sentence 7

原文: Housewives can visit shopping centres on foot, for in these specially designed living areas, cars are unnecessary.

Housewives can visit shopping centres on foot, for in these specially designed living areas, cars are unnecessary.
   主语    谓语      宾语        方式状语    连词          原因状语从句

原因状语从句分析:
for │ in these specially designed living areas │ cars │ are │ unnecessary
并列连词 │              地点状语                   │ 主语  │ 系动词 │ 表语

注意: for 在此作并列连词，引导原因分句，表示补充说明的理由

句型: 并列句 (for 连接的两个分句) 语法要点:

for 作为并列连词: 表示”因为”，引导并列分句（非从属连词）
- for 引导的分句必须放在主句之后
- 语气比 because 弱，常用于书面语
情态动词: can 表示”能够/可以”
介词短语: on foot (步行) 方式状语
过去分词作定语: specially designed 修饰 living areas

Sentence 8

原文: At first, the government had great difficulty in persuading people to leave Rio and to settle in Brasilia.

At first, the government had great difficulty in persuading people to leave Rio and to settle in Brasilia.
时间状语      主语         谓语              宾语

宾语详细分析:
great difficulty in persuading people to leave Rio and to settle in Brasilia
       │                    │                        │
       │                    │                        └── 不定式作宾补
       │                    └── 动名词短语 (in可省略)
       └── 固定搭配: have difficulty (in) doing sth.

句型: 简单句 语法要点:

固定搭配: have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
- in 可以省略
- difficulty 为不可数名词
persuade 的用法: persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
平行结构: to leave Rio and to settle in Brasilia
- 两个不定式短语由 and 连接，结构对称

Sentence 9

原文: Since 1960, however, the population has been growing all the time.

Since 1960, however, the population has been growing all the time.
 时间状语    插入语      主语            谓语              时间状语
                        └────── 现在完成进行时 ──────┘

句型: 简单句 语法要点:

现在完成进行时: has been growing
- 结构: have/has + been + doing
- 含义: 从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，强调”一直在进行”
since + 时间点: 与现在完成时/现在完成进行时连用
all the time: 一直，始终 (强调持续性)
however 作插入语: 前后用逗号隔开，表示转折

Sentence 10

原文: The idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of Brazil.

The idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of Brazil.
   主语                 定语(不定式)                   谓语              宾语

主语详细分析:
The idea to have the capital moved so far inland
    │          │
    │          └── 不定式短语作后置定语，修饰idea
    │              其中: have the capital moved = have sth. done 使役结构
    └── 中心词

谓语部分:
will have a great effect on... = 将对……产生重大影响
└──── 一般将来时 ────┘

句型: 简单句 语法要点:

不定式作定语: to have the capital moved… 修饰 the idea
- 当名词为 idea, plan, way, chance 等时，常用不定式作定语
使役结构: have the capital moved = have + 宾语 + 过去分词
- 使首都搬迁 = 迁都
固定搭配: have an effect on… 对……产生影响

2.3 从句类型识别汇总

句子	从句类型	引导词	功能
第1句	让步状语从句	Though	表示让步
第2句	强调句型	It was…that	强调状语
第5句	非限制性定语从句	which	修饰roads
第7句	并列分句(for)	for	表示原因

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

3.1.1 时态分布统计

时态	出现次数	例句	功能
一般现在时	2次	Brazil is, cars are	陈述客观事实
一般过去时	2次	government decided, Brasilia replaced	叙述过去事件
现在完成时	3次	has been developed, has been planned, has established	过去对现在的影响
现在完成进行时	1次	has been growing	持续进行的动作
一般将来时	1次	will have	预测未来
情态动词+动词原形	3次	can take, can visit, have to cross	能力/必要性

3.1.2 时态详解

1) 一般现在时 —— 陈述客观事实

Brazil is one of the richest countries... (客观事实)
cars are unnecessary (现状描述)

2) 一般过去时 —— 历史事件

decided (决定建造) — 过去的决策动作
replaced... in 1960 (取代) — 具体过去时间点的事件

3) 现在完成时 —— 过去动作对现在的影响

has not yet been developed (尚未被开发) — 从过去持续到现在
has been carefully planned (已被精心规划) — 规划完成，影响现在
has quickly established itself (已确立地位) — 结果持续到现在

4) 现在完成进行时 —— 强调持续性

has been growing all the time (一直在增长)
- 与 has grown 的区别: 前者强调"一直在进行"，后者强调"已增长完成"
- all the time 是完成进行时的典型时间状语

5) 一般将来时 —— 未来预测

will have a great effect (将产生重大影响)
- 对未来影响的预测

3.2 语态分析

3.2.1 被动语态统计

形式	例句	含义
现在完成时被动	has not yet been developed	尚未被开发
现在完成时被动	has been planned	已被规划
现在完成时被动	have been kept	被远离
过去分词短语	Designed by…	被设计
过去分词短语	built	被建造
过去分词短语	moved	被迁移
过去分词短语	specially designed	特别设计的

3.2.2 被动语态功能分析

本课大量使用被动语态，原因在于：

强调事物本身而非执行者
执行者未知或不重要
保持主语一致（全文围绕Brasilia展开）

对比:

主动: Lucio Costa designed the new city. (强调设计师)
被动: The new city was designed by Lucio Costa. (强调城市)

3.3 情态动词系统

情态动词	例句	意义	四级考点
can	which can take fourteen lanes	能力/能够	表能力
can	Housewives can visit…	许可/可以	表许可
have to	do not have to cross	必要性/必须	must vs have to
will	will have a great effect	预测/将会	表将来

情态动词用法详解

1) can 表能力

which can take fourteen lanes of traffic
能够容纳十四条车道（客观能力）

2) can 表许可/可能性

Housewives can visit shopping centres on foot
家庭主妇可以步行去购物中心（许可/可能性）

3) have to 表客观必要性

do not have to cross busy streets
不必穿过繁忙的街道

对比:
- must (主观必须): I must go. (我自己觉得必须走)
- have to (客观必须): I have to go. (客观条件要求我走)

4) will 表预测

will have a great effect on the future
将对未来产生重大影响（预测性陈述）

四、本课语法重点总结

4.1 核心语法点精讲

4.1.1 强调句型 (Cleft Sentence)

结构: It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其余部分

本课例句:

It was mainly for this reason that the Brazilian government decided...
被强调部分: mainly for this reason (状语)

强调句型检验法: 去掉 It was…that… 后，剩余部分应能组成完整句子。

检验: The Brazilian government decided... mainly for this reason. ✓ 完整

可强调成分:

成分	例句	连接词
主语	It was Tom that/who broke the window.	that/who
宾语	It was the window that Tom broke.	that
状语	It was yesterday that Tom broke the window.	that

4.1.2 过去分词短语作状语

本课例句:

Designed by the great architect Lucio Costa, the new city...

功能: 表示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况

结构分析:

Designed by the great architect Lucio Costa
└─┬─┘ └──────────── 动作执行者 ────────────┘
过去分词       by 引出施动者

= As it was designed by... (原因状语从句的省略)

用法要点:

过去分词与句子主语构成被动关系
可转换为状语从句或并列句
位置灵活：句首、句中、句末

4.1.3 have sth. done 使役结构

结构: have + 宾语 + 过去分词 (宾语补足语)

含义: 使某事被做；让别人做某事

本课例句:

decided to have a new city built
决定建造一座新城市 (使新城市被建造)

The idea to have the capital moved
迁都的想法 (使首都被迁移)

have 使役结构对比:

结构	含义	例句
have sb. do sth.	让某人做某事	I’ll have him call you.
have sb. doing sth.	让某人持续做	He had me waiting for hours.
have sth. done	使某事被做	I had my hair cut.

四级真题链接:

【2020年12月】Jenny had the washing machine ______ yesterday.

答案: repaired (have sth. done)

4.1.4 现在完成时 vs. 现在完成进行时

对比分析:

时态	结构	强调重点	例句
现在完成时	have/has done	结果/完成	has established itself (已确立)
现在完成进行时	have/has been doing	持续进行	has been growing (一直在增长)

本课对比:

Brasilia has quickly established itself as the capital.
(结果：确立地位 — 完成时)

the population has been growing all the time.
(持续过程：一直在增长 — 完成进行时)

选择原则:

强调”已完成”的结果 → 用现在完成时
强调”一直在进行”的过程 → 用现在完成进行时

4.1.5 定语从句 (非限制性)

本课例句:

Its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes of traffic, have been kept away from living areas.

特点:

用逗号与主句隔开
which 指代先行词 roads
去掉后不影响主句完整性
起补充说明作用

与限制性定语从句对比:

限制性: The roads which can take fourteen lanes are wide.
        (限定是哪些路 — 不能省略)
        
非限制性: Its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes, have been...
          (补充说明路有多宽 — 可以省略)

4.2 难句解析

难句 1: 强调句 + 使役结构

It was mainly for this reason that the Brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles north-west of Rio de Janeiro.

分层解析:

外层: It was mainly for this reason that [强调句框架]
         ↓
内层: the Brazilian government decided to have a new city built [使役结构]
                              ↓
      地点: 600 miles north-west of Rio de Janeiro

翻译: 主要由于这个原因，巴西政府决定建造一座新城市，位置在里约热内卢西北方向600英里处。

难句 2: 多重修饰

Housewives can visit shopping centres on foot, for in these specially designed living areas, cars are unnecessary.

结构分析:

主句: Housewives can visit shopping centres on foot
      (家庭主妇可以步行去购物中心)
      
并列连词 for + 原因分句:
    in these specially designed living areas (地点状语)
    cars are unnecessary (原因：汽车没有必要)

注意: for 引导的是并列分句，不是从句，需用逗号与前句隔开。

4.3 语法图谱

Lesson 90 语法结构图谱
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

【句型层级】
├── 复合句 (50%)
│   ├── 让步状语从句: Though Brazil is...
│   ├── 强调句: It was...that...
│   └── 定语从句: which can take...
│
├── 简单句 (40%)
│   └── 含分词短语、不定式短语等修饰成分
│
└── 并列句 (10%)
    └── for 引导的原因分句

【时态分布】
├── 现在时态
│   ├── 一般现在时 (陈述事实)
│   ├── 现在完成时 (结果影响)
│   └── 现在完成进行时 (持续动作)
│
└── 过去/将来时态
    ├── 一般过去时 (历史事件)
    └── 一般将来时 (未来预测)

【语态特点】
└── 被动语态高频使用 (强调事物本身)
    ├── 现在完成时被动
    └── 过去分词短语作状语/定语

【核心结构】
├── 强调句: It was + 被强调部分 + that
├── 使役句: have + sth. + done
├── 情态动词: can / have to / will
└── 分词结构: Designed by... / specially designed...

五、与四级考试关联

5.1 四级语法考点对应

本课语法点	四级考点	出现频率	典型真题
强调句型	句型转换/识别	★★★★★	【2019年6月】It was not until…that…
have sth. done	使役动词	★★★★☆	【2020年12月】have the machine repaired
现在完成进行时	时态辨析	★★★★☆	【2018年12月】has been waiting
定语从句	关系词选择	★★★★★	【2021年6月】which/that 辨析
非谓语动词	分词作状语	★★★★☆	【2019年12月】Written in…
情态动词	can/must/have to	★★★★☆	【2020年6月】needn’t have done

5.2 四级核心词组

1. have difficulty (in) doing sth.  做某事有困难
2. have an effect on...            对……产生影响
3. replace... as...                取代……成为……
4. keep away from...               远离……
5. on foot                         步行
6. at first                        起初
7. all the time                    一直
8. persuade sb. to do sth.         说服某人做某事

5.3 四级写作句型借鉴

1) 强调句型 —— 用于强调观点

原句: It was mainly for this reason that...
仿写: It is the environmental protection that should be given top priority.
     (正是环境保护应该被给予最高优先级。)

2) have sth. done —— 用于描述安排/委托

原句: have a new city built
仿写: I had my thesis checked by my professor.
     (我让我的教授帮我检查了论文。)

3) 过去分词短语作状语 —— 用于文章开头

原句: Designed by the great architect..., the new city...
仿写: Influenced by his father, he chose to become a scientist.
     (受父亲影响，他选择成为一名科学家。)

4) 现在完成进行时 —— 用于描述持续趋势

原句: the population has been growing all the time
仿写: The number of mobile users has been increasing rapidly.
     (手机用户数量一直在快速增长。)

六、学习检测

6.1 选择题

1. It was mainly for this reason ______ the government decided to build a new city. A. why B. that C. which D. because

2. The new city, ______ by the famous architect, replaced the old capital. A. designing B. designed C. to design D. design

3. Children do not have to cross busy streets ______ to school. A. going B. go C. to go D. gone

4. The population ______ since 1960. A. has grown B. has been growing C. grew D. is growing

6.2 答案与解析

题号	答案	解析
1	B	强调句型 It was…that…
2	B	过去分词短语作定语，表被动
3	C	不定式作目的状语
4	B	since + 时间点 → 现在完成进行时

七、考点清单

7.1 核心语法点

强调句型: It was…that…
使役结构: have sth. done
过去分词短语作状语: Designed by…
现在完成时: has been planned/developed
现在完成进行时: has been growing
非限制性定语从句: which can take…
情态动词: can / have to / will

7.2 核心词组

7.3 句型仿写模板

【强调句模板】
It was mainly for this reason that...
→ It was mainly for this reason that I decided to study abroad.

【使役句模板】
have sth. done
→ I need to have my computer repaired.

【分词短语模板】
Designed by..., the... replaced...
→ Built in 1950, the bridge has served the city for over 70 years.

八、总结

本课（Lesson 90）是一篇典型的说明文，介绍了巴西首都巴西利亚的建设背景和规划特点。从语法角度看，本课具有以下特色：

强调句型的开篇使用（It was…that…），突出建都原因
使役结构的核心运用（have sth. done），表达”使某事被做”
被动语态的高频出现，体现说明文的客观性
现在完成时/进行时的运用，连接过去决策与现在状况
定语从句和分词短语的修饰作用，使描述更加精确

这些语法点均为大学英语四级考试的核心考点，建议学习者通过模仿课文句式，提升写作和翻译能力。

语法分析报告完成 | Generated by AI English Grammar Expert

本课涉及的语法术语

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探索

第90课_Whats_for_supper_语法精讲

Lesson 90: What’s for supper? 晚餐吃什么？

深度语法分析报告

课文原文

一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

1.2 词形变化要点

1.2.1 形容词最高级

1.2.2 副词派生

1.2.3 过去分词作形容词

1.2.4 复合形容词

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

2.2 逐句成分分析

Sentence 1

Sentence 2

Sentence 3

Sentence 4

Sentence 5

Sentence 6

Sentence 7

Sentence 8

Sentence 9

Sentence 10

2.3 从句类型识别汇总

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

3.1.1 时态分布统计

3.1.2 时态详解

3.2 语态分析

3.2.1 被动语态统计

3.2.2 被动语态功能分析

3.3 情态动词系统

情态动词用法详解

四、本课语法重点总结

4.1 核心语法点精讲

4.1.1 强调句型 (Cleft Sentence)

4.1.2 过去分词短语作状语

4.1.3 have sth. done 使役结构

4.1.4 现在完成时 vs. 现在完成进行时

4.1.5 定语从句 (非限制性)

4.2 难句解析

难句 1: 强调句 + 使役结构

难句 2: 多重修饰

4.3 语法图谱

五、与四级考试关联

5.1 四级语法考点对应

5.2 四级核心词组

5.3 四级写作句型借鉴

六、学习检测

6.1 选择题

6.2 答案与解析

七、考点清单

7.1 核心语法点

7.2 核心词组

7.3 句型仿写模板

八、总结

本课涉及的语法术语

关系图谱

目录

反向链接