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第二册 L95 A fantasy 深度语法分析

课号:第95课(共96课)
标题:A fantasy(纯属虚构)
语法重点:虚拟语气(与过去事实相反)、被动语态综合、复杂句型结构
核心逻辑功能:对话叙事 - 层层递进的悬念揭示


课文原文

Lesson 95 A fantasy 纯属虚构

When the Ambassador of Escalopia returned home for lunch, his wife got a shock. He looked pale and his clothes were in a frightful state.

‘What has happened?’ she asked.

‘How did your clothes get into such a mess?’

‘A fire-extinguisher, my dear,’ answered the Ambassador drily. ‘University students set the Embassy on fire this morning.’

‘Good heavens!’ exclaimed his wife. ‘And where were you at the time?’

‘I was in my office as usual,’ answered the Ambassador. ‘The fire broke out in the basement. I went down immediately, of course, and that fool, Horst, aimed a fire-extinguisher at me. He thought I was on fire. I must definitely get that fellow posted.’

The Ambassador’s wife went on asking questions, when she suddenly noticed a big hole in her husband’s hat. ‘And how can you explain that?’ she asked.

‘Oh, that,’ said the Ambassador. ‘Someone fired a shot through my office window. Accurate, don’t you think? Fortunately, I wasn’t wearing it at the time. If I had been, I would not have been able to get home for lunch.‘


一、词法分析 (Morphology)

1.1 核心词汇词类标注

名词 (Nouns)

单词词性含义词法特点
Ambassadorn.大使派生词:ambassador-ship(大使职位)
Escalopian.艾斯卡罗比亚(虚构国名)专有名词
shockn./v.震惊/使震惊可作名词或动词,-ck结尾
fire-extinguishern.灭火器复合名词:fire + extinguisher
Embassyn.大使馆注意与embassy(大使馆全体人员)区别
basementn.地下室base(底部)+ ment(名词后缀)
shotn.射击/子弹不规则变化:shoot → shot → shot

动词 (Verbs)

单词词性含义词形变化
returnv.返回规则变化:return → returned → returned
exclaimv.惊呼规则变化,ex-前缀表”向外”
setv.使…/放不规则:set → set → set;set fire to 纵火
break outv. phr.爆发不及物短语,无被动
aimv.瞄准aim at 瞄准;aim to do 旨在
firev./n.开火/火作动词:fire a shot 开枪
wearv.穿戴不规则:wear → wore → worn

形容词/副词 (Adjectives & Adverbs)

单词词性含义词法特点
paleadj.苍白的以-e结尾,形容词
frightfuladj.可怕的fright(惊恐)+ -ful(充满…的)
drilyadv.冷冰冰地/干燥地dry → drily(以-y结尾变-ily)
accurateadj.准确的ac-(朝向)+ cur(关心)+ -ate
fortunateadj.幸运的fortune(运气)+ -ate → fortunately

1.2 重点词形变化

1. wear 的不规则变化(高频考点)
   原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词 → 现在分词
   wear → wore → worn → wearing
   
   课文应用:"I wasn't wearing it at the time"

2. set 的三态同形(易混淆点)
   set → set → set
   注意:set sb./sth. + adj./介词短语(使...处于某种状态)
   课文应用:"set the Embassy on fire"

3. break out 的用法特点
   - 不及物短语动词,无被动语态
   - 主语通常是疾病、战争、火灾等
   课文应用:"The fire broke out in the basement"

4. aim 的多义性
   - aim at + 目标(瞄准)
   - aim to do(旨在做某事)
   课文应用:"aimed a fire-extinguisher at me"

二、句法分析 (Syntax)

2.1 全文句型统计

句型类别数量占比典型例句
简单句1140.7%He looked pale.
并列句414.8%He looked pale and his clothes were…
复合句-名词性从句311.1%‘What has happened?’ she asked.
复合句-状语从句622.2%When the Ambassador returned…
复合句-定语从句13.7%…get that fellow posted(过去分词作宾补)
直接引语829.6%‘Good heavens!’ exclaimed his wife.
省略句27.4%‘And how can you explain that?‘
虚拟语气句13.7%If I had been, I would not have been…
总计27100%

2.2 逐句成分分析

【第1句】When the Ambassador of Escalopia returned home for lunch, his wife got a shock.

句子结构:复合句(时间状语从句 + 主句)

├─ When 引导时间状语从句
│  ├─ When:从属连词,引导时间状语从句
│  ├─ the Ambassador:主语(定冠词 + 名词)
│  ├─ of Escalopia:介词短语作后置定语
│  ├─ returned:谓语动词(一般过去时)
│  ├─ home:副词作地点状语
│  └─ for lunch:介词短语作目的状语
│
└─ 主句
   ├─ his wife:主语(形容词性物主代词 + 名词)
   ├─ got:谓语动词(一般过去时,get的过去式)
   └─ a shock:宾语(不定冠词 + 名词)

语法要点:
- 主从句时态一致:都用一般过去时
- get a shock = be shocked(受到惊吓)
- for + 名词 表目的(= to have lunch)

【第2句】He looked pale and his clothes were in a frightful state.

句子结构:并列句(简单句 + 简单句)

├─ 分句1
│  ├─ He:主语
│  ├─ looked:系动词(感官动词作系动词用)
│  └─ pale:表语(形容词)
│
├─ and:并列连词
│
└─ 分句2
   ├─ his clothes:主语
   ├─ were:系动词(be的过去式)
   ├─ in a frightful state:介词短语作表语
   │  ├─ in:介词
   │  ├─ a frightful state:名词短语
   │     └─ frightful:形容词作定语修饰state

语法要点:
- look pale:系表结构,look为系动词
- in a...state:固定搭配,表示"处于...状态"
- frightful /'fraɪtfl/:可怕的,由fright加后缀-ful构成

【第3-4句】对话分析

【第3句】'What has happened?' she asked.

句子结构:复合句(直接引语 + 主句)

├─ 直接引语(特殊疑问句作宾语从句)
│  ├─ What:疑问代词(作主语)
│  ├─ has happened:谓语(现在完成时)
│     ├─ has:助动词
│     └─ happened:过去分词
│
└─ 主句
   ├─ she:主语
   └─ asked:谓语(一般过去时)

语法要点:
- 现在完成时强调"过去动作对现在的影响"
- 疑问句语序:疑问词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词
【第4句】'How did your clothes get into such a mess?'

句子结构:简单句(特殊疑问句)

├─ How:疑问副词(作方式状语)
├─ did:助动词(do的过去式,构成疑问句)
├─ your clothes:主语
├─ get:谓语动词原形(半系动词,变得)
└─ into such a mess:介词短语作表语/补足语

语法要点:
- get into a mess:固定搭配,"弄得一团糟"
- such + a/an + 形容词 + 名词
- 过去时疑问句:did + 主语 + 动词原形

【第5-6句】大使的回答

【第5句】'A fire-extinguisher, my dear,' answered the Ambassador drily.

句子结构:倒装句(引述动词倒装)

├─ 'A fire-extinguisher, my dear,':直接宾语(省略句)
│  └─ 完整形式:It was a fire-extinguisher
├─ answered:谓语动词(引述动词)
├─ the Ambassador:主语
└─ drily:方式状语(副词,修饰answered)

语法要点:
- 倒装结构:当主语较长或强调动作时,引述动词可置于主语前
- drily:注意拼写(dry → drily,非dryly)
【第6句】'University students set the Embassy on fire this morning.'

句子结构:简单句(SVO + 宾补)

├─ University students:主语(复合名词短语)
├─ set:谓语动词(过去式,set-set-set)
├─ the Embassy:宾语
├─ on fire:宾语补足语(介词短语)
└─ this morning:时间状语

语法要点:
- set...on fire = set fire to...:使...着火,纵火
- 现在时set与过去时set同形,通过上下文判断时态

【第7-10句】对话继续

【第7句】'Good heavens!' exclaimed his wife. 'And where were you at the time?'

句子1:感叹句 + 倒装引述
├─ Good heavens!:感叹语(天哪!)
├─ exclaimed:引述动词
└─ his wife:主语

句子2:特殊疑问句
├─ And:连接副词,承接上文
├─ where:疑问副词(地点状语)
├─ were:系动词(be的过去式)
├─ you:主语
└─ at the time:时间状语

语法要点:
- Good heavens! 是固定感叹语,表示惊讶
- at the time = at that time(当时)
【第8句】'I was in my office as usual,' answered the Ambassador.

句子结构:主系表 + 引述

├─ I:主语
├─ was:系动词
├─ in my office:表语(介词短语)
├─ as usual:方式状语(像往常一样)
└─ answered the Ambassador:引述部分(倒装)

语法要点:
- as usual:固定短语,在句中作状语
【第9-10句】'The fire broke out in the basement. I went down immediately, of course, and that fool, Horst, aimed a fire-extinguisher at me.'

句子1:简单句
├─ The fire:主语
├─ broke out:谓语(不及物短语动词)
└─ in the basement:地点状语

语法要点:
- break out(爆发)为不及物短语,无被动
- 主语通常是战争、火灾、疾病等

句子2:并列句
├─ 分句1:I went down immediately, of course
│  ├─ I:主语
│  ├─ went down:谓语(down为副词)
│  ├─ immediately:时间状语
│  └─ of course:插入语
│
└─ 分句2:that fool, Horst, aimed a fire-extinguisher at me
   ├─ that fool, Horst,:主语(that表轻蔑,Horst为同位语)
   ├─ aimed...at...:谓语(aim sth. at sb./sth.)
   ├─ a fire-extinguisher:宾语
   └─ at me:介词短语(方向状语)

语法要点:
- that fool:that表示说话人的情感(此处表轻蔑)
- Horst是同位语,解释fool是谁
- aim...at...:把...瞄准...

【第11句】He thought I was on fire.

句子结构:复合句(主句 + 宾语从句)

├─ 主句
│  ├─ He:主语
│  ├─ thought:谓语(过去式)
│  └─ (that) I was on fire:宾语从句(that省略)
│
└─ 宾语从句
   ├─ I:主语
   ├─ was:系动词
   └─ on fire:表语(介词短语)

语法要点:
- 宾语从句中that可省略
- on fire:着火(表状态,非动作)
- 主句过去时,从句也用过去时(时态呼应)

【第12句】I must definitely get that fellow posted.

句子结构:简单句(情态动词 + 使役结构)

├─ I:主语
├─ must get:谓语(情态动词 + 使役动词)
├─ that fellow:宾语
└─ posted:宾语补足语(过去分词)

语法要点:
- get sb. done:使某人被...(使役结构)
- 此处posted意为"调职、派遣"
- get that fellow posted = have that fellow posted
- definitely:肯定地,修饰整个谓语

【第13-15句】帽子上的洞

【第13句】The Ambassador's wife went on asking questions, when she suddenly noticed a big hole in her husband's hat.

句子结构:复合句(主句 + 时间状语从句)

├─ 主句
│  ├─ The Ambassador's wife:主语(名词所有格)
│  ├─ went on asking:谓语(go on doing继续做)
│  │  ├─ went on:动词短语
│  │  └─ asking questions:动名词短语作宾语
│  └─ 逗号后省略了and
│
└─ when引导时间状语从句(= and at that time)
   ├─ when:从属连词(= and at that moment)
   ├─ she:主语
   ├─ suddenly:副词(状语)
   ├─ noticed:谓语(过去式)
   ├─ a big hole:宾语
   └─ in her husband's hat:地点状语

语法要点:
- go on doing sth.:继续做某事(同一件事)
- go on to do sth.:继续做某事(另一件事)
- when的特殊用法:表示"就在这时"(突然性)
- 名词双重所有格:the Ambassador's wife's...(此处只有一次所有格)
【第14句】'And how can you explain that?' she asked.

句子结构:直接引语 + 引述

├─ 'And how can you explain that?':直接引语
│  ├─ And:承接词
│  ├─ how:疑问副词(方式状语)
│  ├─ can:情态动词
│  ├─ you:主语
│  ├─ explain:谓语
│  └─ that:宾语(指代hole)
│
└─ she asked:引述部分

语法要点:
- can you explain:请求解释
- that指代上文提到的hole
【第15句】'Oh, that,' said the Ambassador.

句子结构:省略倒装句

├─ 'Oh, that,':省略的直接引语
│  └─ 完整:Oh, I can explain that / Oh, that's...
├─ said:引述动词
└─ the Ambassador:主语

语法要点:
- 口语中的省略现象
- 倒装结构(said置于主语前)

【第16-17句】枪击事件解释

【第16句】'Someone fired a shot through my office window.

句子结构:简单句

├─ Someone:主语(不定代词)
├─ fired:谓语(过去式)
├─ a shot:宾语
└─ through my office window:方式/地点状语

语法要点:
- fire a shot:开枪(fire作动词)
- through:穿过(从内部穿过)
【第17句】Accurate, don't you think?'

句子结构:省略疑问句(反意疑问变体)

├─ (It is) accurate:省略主系的主句
└─ don't you think?:附加疑问(征求同意)

完整形式:It is accurate, don't you think?
或:Accurate, isn't it?

语法要点:
- 口语中常见的省略结构
- don't you think? 是常用的征求同意的问句
- 表示:"很准,你不觉得吗?"

【第18-19句】虚拟语气(本课重点!)

【第18句】Fortunately, I wasn't wearing it at the time.

句子结构:简单句(过去进行时)

├─ Fortunately:评注性状语(幸运地)
├─ I:主语
├─ wasn't wearing:谓语(过去进行时的否定)
│  ├─ wasn't = was not
│  └─ wearing:现在分词
├─ it:宾语(指代hat)
└─ at the time:时间状语

语法要点:
- 过去进行时:was/were + doing
- 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
- at the time = at that moment
【第19句】If I had been, I would not have been able to get home for lunch.

句子结构:复合句(虚拟条件句)★★★★★【核心语法点】

├─ If从句(条件状语从句)
│  ├─ If:从属连词
│  ├─ I:主语
│  ├─ had been:谓语(过去完成时)
│  │  └─ 完整形式:had been wearing it
│  └─ 省略:wearing it(承前省略)
│
└─ 主句
   ├─ I:主语
   ├─ would not have been able to get:谓语
   │  ├─ would not have been:虚拟语气谓语形式
   │  │  └─ would + have + 过去分词
   │  └─ able to get:形容词短语
   └─ home for lunch:地点/目的状语

语法详解(与过去事实相反的虚拟语气):
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  条件句类型:与过去事实相反(Contrary to Past Fact)   │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  从句形式:If + 主语 + had + 过去分词                │
│  主句形式:主语 + would/could/might + have + 过去分词 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  本句应用:                                          │
│  - 从句:If I had been (wearing it)                  │
│  - 主句:I would not have been able to...            │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  事实对比:                                          │
│  - 假设情况:如果我那时戴着帽子(实际没戴)           │
│  - 结果预测:我就不能回家吃午饭了(幸好没发生)       │
│  - 真实情况:我没戴帽子,所以我能回家吃午饭           │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

倒装形式(正式文体):
Had I been (wearing it), I would not have been able...

语法要点:
1. 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气是四级考试高频考点
2. 从句用过去完成时,主句用would have done
3. 省略现象:had been后承前省略了wearing it
4. be able to的过去形式:would have been able to

三、功能语法分析 (Functional Grammar)

3.1 时态系统分析

时态类型出现次数例句功能说明
一般过去时15returned, got, looked, asked叙事基本时态
过去进行时4was…wearing, were, was描述背景/进行中的动作
现在完成时1has happened过去对现在的影响
过去完成时1had been虚拟语气条件从句
情态动词+完成式1would not have been虚拟语气主句

时态分布图谱

时间轴分析:

过去 ←────────────────────────────────────────────→ 现在
     │                                            │
     ├── returned, got, looked (叙事主线)         │
     │                                            │
     ├── was wearing (背景描述)                   │
     │                                            │
     ├── has happened (过去→现在)                 │
     │                                            │
     └──[虚拟]── had been ──→ would have been     │
              (与过去事实相反)

3.2 语态分析

语态类型例句说明
主动语态Students set the Embassy on fire动作执行者明确
系表结构He looked palelook为系动词
使役结构(隐含被动)get that fellow postedget sb. done = 使某事被做
不及物动词The fire broke out无被动形式

3.3 语气分析

语气类型例句功能
陈述语气He looked pale陈述事实
疑问语气What has happened?询问信息
感叹语气Good heavens!表达情感
虚拟语气If I had been…与事实相反的假设

3.4 情态动词分析

情态动词例句功能四级考点
mustI must definitely get…必须(主观)推测/必须
canhow can you explain…能力/可能性能力/许可
wouldI would not have been…虚拟结果would have done

四、本课语法重点总结

4.1 核心语法点

1. 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气 ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

【结构公式】
If + 主语 + had + p.p., 主语 + would/could/might + have + p.p.

【课文例句】
If I had been (wearing it), I would not have been able to get home for lunch.

【四级真题链接】
2019年12月真题:If I had taken your advice, I wouldn't have made such a mistake.
2018年6月真题:If he had worked harder, he would have passed the exam.

【变体形式】
- 倒装:Had I been... = If I had been...
- 省略:If I had been wearing it → If I had been

2. 使役结构 get sb. done ⭐⭐⭐⭐

【结构公式】
get + 宾语 + 过去分词 = have + 宾语 + 过去分词(使某事被做)

【课文例句】
I must definitely get that fellow posted.
(我一定要把那个家伙调走。)

【四级应用】
I need to get my hair cut.(我要理发。)
He got his car repaired.(他把车修了。)

3. break out 的用法 ⭐⭐⭐

【特点】
- 不及物短语动词
- 无被动语态
- 主语通常是战争、火灾、疾病等

【课文例句】
The fire broke out in the basement.
(地下室发生了火灾。)

【扩展】
War broke out in 1939.
An epidemic broke out in the region.

4. when 的特殊用法 ⭐⭐⭐

【课文例句】
...when she suddenly noticed a big hole...

【用法】
when = and at that time/moment(就在这时)
表示一个动作正在进行时,突然发生了另一个动作

【句型】
was/were doing... when... did...
was/were about to do... when... did...
had just done... when... did...

【四级例句】
I was walking in the street when I met an old friend.

4.2 难句解析

难句1:复杂的虚拟条件句

原文:If I had been, I would not have been able to get home for lunch.

结构拆解:
├─ If I had been [wearing it]
│  └─ 省略了wearing it(承前指代hat)
│
└─ I would not have been able to get home for lunch
   ├─ would not have been:虚拟语气谓语
   └─ able to get:be able to的完成形式

翻译要点:
- 如果我(当时)戴着(那顶帽子),我就不能回家吃午饭了。
- 注意中文需要补全省略成分

难句2:when的突然用法

原文:The Ambassador's wife went on asking questions, when she suddenly noticed...

结构拆解:
├─ The Ambassador's wife went on asking questions(主句)
│  └─ went on doing:继续做某事
│
└─ when she suddenly noticed...(时间状语从句)
   └─ when = and at that moment

注意区分:
- 普通when:当...时候(I was happy when I saw her.)
- 突然when:正在这时(I was reading when the phone rang.)

4.3 语法图谱

                    ┌─────────────────────────────┐
                    │    Lesson 95 语法体系图      │
                    └─────────────────────────────┘
                                   │
        ┌──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┐
        │                          │                          │
        ▼                          ▼                          ▼
┌───────────────┐        ┌─────────────────┐        ┌─────────────────┐
│   时态系统     │        │    句法结构      │        │    特殊结构      │
├───────────────┤        ├─────────────────┤        ├─────────────────┤
│               │        │                 │        │                 │
│ • 一般过去时   │        │ • 简单句         │        │ • 虚拟语气       │
│   (叙事主线)   │        │   (11句)         │        │   (与过去相反)   │
│               │        │                 │        │                 │
│ • 过去进行时   │        │ • 并列句         │        │ • 使役结构       │
│   (背景描述)   │        │   (4句)          │        │   (get sb.done) │
│               │        │                 │        │                 │
│ • 过去完成时   │        │ • 复合句         │        │ • 省略句        │
│   (虚拟条件)   │        │   (10句)         │        │                 │
│               │        │                 │        │ • 倒装句        │
│ • would have   │        │ • 直接引语       │        │                 │
│   (虚拟结果)   │        │   (8句)          │        │                 │
│               │        │                 │        │                 │
└───────────────┘        └─────────────────┘        └─────────────────┘

五、四级考试关联

5.1 核心考点对应

语法点四级题型难度备考建议
与过去相反的虚拟语气语法填空、改错、翻译★★★★重点掌握公式
get/have sb. done完形填空、翻译★★★注意被动含义
when表”突然”阅读理解、完形★★★区分两种用法
break out词汇题、完形★★记住无被动
不规则动词写作、翻译★★★wear-wore-worn

5.2 四级真题例句

【虚拟语气】
真题:If I ______ (know) the answer, I would have told you.
答案:had known

【使役结构】
真题:I am going to have my washing machine ______ (repair) tomorrow.
答案:repaired

【when用法】
真题:I ______ (walk) along the street when someone called my name.
答案:was walking

5.3 四级高频表达

课文表达四级同义替换应用场景
get a shockbe shocked / be surprised描述反应
in a messin disorder / chaotic描述状态
break outstart / erupt战争/疾病
go on doingcontinue to do继续动作
at the timeat that moment时间描述

六、学习检测

6.1 语法填空

  1. If I ______ (know) her address, I would have visited her.
  2. The fire ______ (break) out in the middle of the night.
  3. I need to get my hair ______ (cut) this weekend.
  4. I was reading ______ the telephone rang.
  5. He looked pale because he ______ (be) ill.

6.2 答案

  1. had known
  2. broke(break out 过去式)
  3. cut(get sth. done)
  4. when(表示”正在这时”)
  5. was(系表结构)

七、考点清单

7.1 必背语法规则

  • 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构
  • get/have sb. done 使役结构
  • when 表”突然”的用法
  • break out 等不及物短语(无被动)
  • wear 的不规则变化

7.2 重点词汇

  • fire-extinguisher(复合词)
  • set…on fire(使着火)
  • in a frightful state(处于可怕状态)
  • aim at(瞄准)
  • go on doing(继续做)

本语法分析报告基于《新概念英语》第二册第95课文编制,适用于大学英语四级备考。

文档信息

  • 版本:v1.0
  • 编制日期:2026-03-29
  • 适用范围:四级备考/语法复习

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